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Outline
To investigate the oral bioaccessible contents of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) in the animal-derived traditional Chinese medicine earthworm and to assess the associated health risks, the contents of Pb and As in earthworm were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). An in vitro digestion/intestinal organ-on-a-chip model suitable for the matrix of traditional Chinese medicine was established for the first time to simulate the gastrointestinal digestion and absorption processes of Pb and As from earthworm, and their bioaccessible contents was determined. The health risks were assessed using the hazard index (HI) method based on both the total contents and the bioavailable contents of the heavy metals. The results indicated that the total contents of Pb and As in 9 batches of earthworm ranged from 0.16-12.10 and 0.15-1.20 mg·kg-1, respectively. After transported by the intestinal organ-on-a-chip, the bioavailable concentrations ranged from 0.02-0.92 mg·kg-1 for Pb and 0.01-0.09 mg·kg-1 for As. The risk assessment based on total contents revealed that the HI for Pb and As in multiple batches exceeded 1, indicating an unacceptable risk. In contrast, the HI values based on bioavailable concentrations were all below 1, suggesting an acceptable risk. The in vitro digestion/intestinal organ-on-a-chip model established in this study for the first time can more accurately reflect the actual exposure risk of heavy metals in traditional Chinese medicine following oral intake, providing a methodological foundation for the safety evaluation and standard setting of traditional Chinese medicines.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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