Full
Outline
Macromolecular drugs, due to their high specificity and excellent biological activity, play a crucial role in disease treatment. The oral administration route, with its advantages of high patient compliance and safety, is considered an ideal approach for delivering macromolecular drugs. However, various biological barriers in the gastrointestinal tract significantly limit the oral bioavailability and targeted delivery efficiency of macromolecular drugs. Existing research has primarily focused on overcoming single barriers or designing single carriers, this paper systematically addresses the multiple biological barriers encountered during the targeted delivery of orally administered macromolecular drugs. It provides an overview of various nanocarriers suitable for the targeted oral delivery of macromolecular drugs and delves into the latest advances in organ-specific targeting strategies, offering new perspectives for the precision treatment of orally administered macromolecular drugs. Furthermore, it incorporates examples of applications involving macromolecular drugs such as peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids, providing theoretical insights and research directions for enhancing the oral delivery efficiency of macromolecular drugs.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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