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Outline
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) mainly consist of natural killer (NK) cells, type 1 ILC (ILC1), type 2 ILC (ILC2), and type 3 ILC (ILC3), all exhibiting rapid responsiveness to pathogens and tumor cells. NK cells execute antitumor and antiviral functions through cytotoxic activity, cytokine secretion, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), whereas ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3 modulate immune regulation and inflammatory responses within tissue microenvironments. Emerging evidence highlights the pivotal role of metabolic reprogramming in the development, activation, and effector functions of ILCs. Recent studies have further revealed that metabolic pathways are the core link regulating the development, maturation, activation and functional execution of ILCs. By precisely regulating the metabolic flux of substances such as glucose, amino acids and lipids, ILCs can achieve functional transition from a quiescent state to an effector state, while metabolic imbalance directly leads to abnormalities in their immune effects. This review systematically summarizes the metabolic characteristics of NK cells and other ILC subsets, and also discusses their underlying molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss how metabolic dysregulation in NK cells and ILCs contributes to pathological conditions such as obesity, cancer, and chronic viral infections, alongside potential therapeutic interventions. Finally, we elaborate on novel immunotherapeutic strategies targeting the metabolic reprogramming of ILCs, addressing unresolved questions in this rapidly evolving field. These insights establish a theoretical framework for developing next-generation ILC-based immunotherapies.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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