Aortic aneurysm (AA), an irreversible pathological dilation of the aorta exceeding 50% of its normal diameter, significantly increases the risk of aortic dissection and rupture-related sudden death, causing approximately 200 000 global deaths annually. AA can occur in various aortic segments and is primarily categorized into thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) and abdominal aortic aneurysm. TAA, though less common, has a worse prognosis. While the etiology and molecular mechanisms differ between the two types, both are closely linked to inflammatory responses and the activation of various proteases. This review will focus on the general cellular and molecular events applicable to both conditions. AA is usually asymptomatic, and even when detected via ultrasonography, it is usually monitored due to not meeting surgical criteria. As no effective medication currently exists to halt its growth or reduce rupture risk, this review will briefly cover animal and clinical drug trials to explore potential therapeutic strategies.