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To identify the authenticity of the Longgu, and reveal the scientific illustration for superior quality of white Longgu.
In this study, the quality of 88 batches of Longgu was evaluated by cluster analysis, principal component analysis and correlation analysis based on character, ultraviolet fluorescence and results obtained with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, color analyzer and nuclear radiation detector.
The Longgu spots on the surface of Longgu were the key identification points of genuine Longgu, and the Longgu spots were mainly composed of Mn elements. Bright blue fluorescence could be seen in the fresh section of keel under 365 nm. Among the 42 elements determined, only Mg and Zn were higher in the fake Longgu than in the genuine Longgu. Other elements were lower in the fake Longgu than in the genuine Longgu. Heavy metals and harmful elements in counterfeit samples were below limits in pharmacopoeia, and cluster analysis showed that all counterfeit samples were grouped into one group separately. The Longgu could be divided into four color types: white, cyan, yellow and brown. The larger a * was, the redder the color of Longgu was, the higher the contents of Fe and harmful elements (As, Cu, Pb and Cd) were. And the contents of element V were strongly correlated with those of As, Cu, Pb and U, which could be used as index element of heavy metals and harmful elements. The contents of radioactive element U and the radiation values were highest in brown Longgu, second highest in yellow Longgu was the, lower in cyan Longgu, and lowest in white Longgu. The average content of U in brown Longgu was 0.021% with the highest content of 0.09%, and the average radiation value was 0.33 μSv·h-1 (Background value was 0.18 μSv·h-1) with the highest value of 0.47 μSv·h-1. The average content of U in yellow Longgu was 0.012% with the highest content of 0.021%, and the average radiation value was 0.32 μSv·h-1 with the highest value of 0.39 μSv·h-1. The average content of U in cyan Longgu was 0.008 9% with the highest content of 0.012%, and the average radiation value was 0.30 μSv·h-1 with the highest value of 0.35 μSv·h-1. The average content of U in white Longgu was 0.006 7% with the highest content of 0.009 1%, and the average radiation value was 0.28 μSv·h-1 with the highest value of 0.32 μSv·h-1.
Considering the harmful elements and radiation safety, the white Longgu has better quality, and the brown Longgu has worse quality.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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