Article(id=1324078496930202305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078333767594037, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506380, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750694400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614513856, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614513856, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614513856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614513856, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324078333767594037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614474956, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614571752, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078739914621270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078333767594037, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078739914621271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078333767594037, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=160, endPage=165, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324078497169277634, articleId=1324078496930202305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Construction of a drug resistance risk model for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus comorbidity, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To develop and validate a nomogram prediction model for assessing drug resistance risk in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus comorbidity (PTB-DM), identify associated risk factors, and provide a scientific basis for preventing and controlling drug resistance in this population.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted on 546 PTB-DM patients hospitalized in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine at Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2024. Data collected included sex, age, marital status, smoking, alcohol use, hypertension, hepatitis B, admission type,pulmonary cavity formation, sputum smear results, drug resistance status, diabetes duration, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c),hemoglobin (Hb), and albumin (ALB).

Results

The indicators filtered by the lasso regression model were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, identifying age, admission type, diabetes duration, HbA1c, Hb, and ALB as six predictive factors. A predictive risk nomogram model was developed based on these risk factors. Internal validation using the bootstrap method demonstrated that the model exhibited good discrimination and calibration, with a corrected AUC of 0.781 (95% CI: 0.768-0.789). The calibration slope and intercept were 1.020 and -0.003, respectively, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated good model fit (χ2=4.06,P=0.852). The Brier score was 0.113 (95% CI: 0.111-0.116). This model may serve as a reference for clinical assessment of drug resistance risk in patients with PTB-DM.

Conclusion

The nomogram model, developed based on LASSO and Logistic regression analyses, demonstrated satisfactory performance in internal validation. It provides an initial predictive tool for assessing the risk of drug resistance in PTB-DM patients. However, its clinical applicability requires further validation with external data.

, authors=Ling DENG1, Wen-jie LAI2, Xue-jiao LIAO2, Qing-yao XIE2, Jiu-xin QU2, Hou-ming LIU2, authorsList=Ling DENG, Wen-jie LAI, Xue-jiao LIAO, Qing-yao XIE, Jiu-xin QU, Hou-ming LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hou-ming LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324078500268868301, articleId=1324078496930202305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=糖尿病共病的肺结核患者耐药风险模型构建, columnId=1228016573844226129, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=疾病预防控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

构建针对肺结核与糖尿病共病(pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus comorbidity,PTB-DM)患者耐药风险的Nomogram预测模型并进行验证,分析其发生耐药的危险因素,为预防与控制PTB-DM患者发生耐药提供科学依据。

方法

采用回顾性研究的方法,选取2019年1月1日—2024年12月31日在深圳市第三人民医院肺病医学部住院的PTB-DM患者546例。收集资料包括患者性别、年龄、婚姻状况、吸烟、嗜酒、有无高血压、乙型肝炎、入院类型、肺部空洞发生情况、痰菌检查结果、是否发生肺结核耐药、糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、血红蛋白、白蛋白。

结果

将LASSO回归模型筛选出的指标纳入多因素logistic回归分析得到年龄、入院类型、糖尿病病程、HbA1c、血红蛋白和白蛋白六个预测因子,通过上述危险因素建立预测风险nomogram模型,通过bootstrap法进行内部验证,结果显示该模型具有良好的区分度和校准度,校正后曲线下面积为0.781 (95% CI: 0.768~0.789),校准斜率与截距分别为1.020和-0.003,Hosmer-Lemeshow检验提示拟合良好 (χ2=4.06, P=0.852),Brier Score为0.113 (95% CI: 0.111~0.116)。该模型可为临床评估PTB-DM患者耐药风险提供参考。

结论

基于LASSO回归和logistic回归分析建立的nomogram模型,内部验证结果较好,初步构建了一个用于评估PTB-DM患者耐药风险的预测工具,但其临床适用性仍需外部数据进一步验证。

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邓玲(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生

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刘厚明,E-mail:
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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2022, 12: 1013751., articleTitle=Associations between nutritional and immune status and clinicopathologic factors in patients with tuberculosis: A comprehensive analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324078513682252551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, awardId=JCYJ20240813101800001, language=CN, fundingSource=深圳市基础研究专项(JCYJ20240813101800001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324078501581685454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078501590074063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, companyId=1324078501581685454, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078501602656976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, companyId=1324078501581685454, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.深圳大学公共卫生学院,广东 深圳 518037)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324078501900452561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078501925618386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, companyId=1324078501900452561, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.深圳市第三人民医院 国家感染性疾病临床医学研究中心,广东 深圳 518112)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324078509701858043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Process of variable screening by LASSO regression, figureFileSmall=5Qgzr2TwzFni+eGppJSg8w==, figureFileBig=jPX+PJ55OKZuu1a2IhjbXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078509873824508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, language=CN, label=图1, caption=LASSO回归筛选变量过程, figureFileSmall=5Qgzr2TwzFni+eGppJSg8w==, figureFileBig=jPX+PJ55OKZuu1a2IhjbXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078510406501117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Coefficient path plot of the LASSO regression, figureFileSmall=nW5rSPUuLnBvI/Y1mZ6+cg==, figureFileBig=N9Xj36d7k5PuQNq3+dXkhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078510700102398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, language=CN, label=图2, caption=LASSO系数路径图, figureFileSmall=nW5rSPUuLnBvI/Y1mZ6+cg==, figureFileBig=N9Xj36d7k5PuQNq3+dXkhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078510817542911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Prognostic nomogram for drug resistance risk in patients with PTB-DM, figureFileSmall=+LfpYbyCo9hGncW2nts8pw==, figureFileBig=vLDmduABG1P4dAityRxbaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078510905623296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PTB-DM患者耐药风险的nomogram模型, figureFileSmall=+LfpYbyCo9hGncW2nts8pw==, figureFileBig=vLDmduABG1P4dAityRxbaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078511195030273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=ROC curve for the drug resistance risk model in patients with PTB-DM, figureFileSmall=CPYDJw0mgd+l4Ehh6fNxRw==, figureFileBig=jtyL4sA/80vNtW3ZfJvyeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078511278916354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PTB-DM患者耐药风险模型的ROC曲线, figureFileSmall=CPYDJw0mgd+l4Ehh6fNxRw==, figureFileBig=jtyL4sA/80vNtW3ZfJvyeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078511606072067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Calibration curve of the PTB-DM drug resistance risk model, figureFileSmall=IuCzBT1o0z8pEUAknweEhQ==, figureFileBig=6614sRk4bbew776WVKq9JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078511698346756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PTB-DM患者耐药风险模型的校准曲线, figureFileSmall=IuCzBT1o0z8pEUAknweEhQ==, figureFileBig=6614sRk4bbew776WVKq9JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078511803204357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of drug resistance in patients with PTB-DM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量系数(β)标准误P值OR(95%CI)
入院类型1.5290.294<0.0014.614(2.590~8.213)
糖尿病病程0.1050.024<0.0011.111(1.061~1.164)
HbA1c0.0960.048<0.0501.101(1.002~1.210)
血红蛋白0.0170.007<0.0501.017(1.004~1.031)
年龄-0.0420.012<0.0010.959(0.938~0.981)
白蛋白-0.1240.028<0.0010.884(0.837~0.933)
), ArticleFig(id=1324078513510286086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078496930202305, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PTB-DM患者耐药多因素logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量系数(β)标准误P值OR(95%CI)
入院类型1.5290.294<0.0014.614(2.590~8.213)
糖尿病病程0.1050.024<0.0011.111(1.061~1.164)
HbA1c0.0960.048<0.0501.101(1.002~1.210)
血红蛋白0.0170.007<0.0501.017(1.004~1.031)
年龄-0.0420.012<0.0010.959(0.938~0.981)
白蛋白-0.1240.028<0.0010.884(0.837~0.933)
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糖尿病共病的肺结核患者耐药风险模型构建
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邓玲 1 , 赖文杰 2 , 廖雪姣 2 , 谢清尧 2 , 曲久鑫 2 , 刘厚明 2
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2026,53(1): 160-165
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现代预防医学 |疾病预防控制 2026 , 53 (1) : 160 -165
糖尿病共病的肺结核患者耐药风险模型构建
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邓玲1, 赖文杰2, 廖雪姣2, 谢清尧2, 曲久鑫2, 刘厚明2
作者信息
  • 1.深圳大学公共卫生学院,广东 深圳 518037
  • 2.深圳市第三人民医院 国家感染性疾病临床医学研究中心,广东 深圳 518112
通讯作者:
刘厚明,E-mail:
作者简介:

邓玲(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生

Construction of a drug resistance risk model for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus comorbidity
Ling DENG1, Wen-jie LAI2, Xue-jiao LIAO2, Qing-yao XIE2, Jiu-xin QU2, Hou-ming LIU2
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518037, China
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506380
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目的

构建针对肺结核与糖尿病共病(pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus comorbidity,PTB-DM)患者耐药风险的Nomogram预测模型并进行验证,分析其发生耐药的危险因素,为预防与控制PTB-DM患者发生耐药提供科学依据。

方法

采用回顾性研究的方法,选取2019年1月1日—2024年12月31日在深圳市第三人民医院肺病医学部住院的PTB-DM患者546例。收集资料包括患者性别、年龄、婚姻状况、吸烟、嗜酒、有无高血压、乙型肝炎、入院类型、肺部空洞发生情况、痰菌检查结果、是否发生肺结核耐药、糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、血红蛋白、白蛋白。

结果

将LASSO回归模型筛选出的指标纳入多因素logistic回归分析得到年龄、入院类型、糖尿病病程、HbA1c、血红蛋白和白蛋白六个预测因子,通过上述危险因素建立预测风险nomogram模型,通过bootstrap法进行内部验证,结果显示该模型具有良好的区分度和校准度,校正后曲线下面积为0.781 (95% CI: 0.768~0.789),校准斜率与截距分别为1.020和-0.003,Hosmer-Lemeshow检验提示拟合良好 (χ2=4.06, P=0.852),Brier Score为0.113 (95% CI: 0.111~0.116)。该模型可为临床评估PTB-DM患者耐药风险提供参考。

结论

基于LASSO回归和logistic回归分析建立的nomogram模型,内部验证结果较好,初步构建了一个用于评估PTB-DM患者耐药风险的预测工具,但其临床适用性仍需外部数据进一步验证。

肺结核  /  糖尿病  /  共病  /  耐药  /  影响因素
Objective

To develop and validate a nomogram prediction model for assessing drug resistance risk in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus comorbidity (PTB-DM), identify associated risk factors, and provide a scientific basis for preventing and controlling drug resistance in this population.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted on 546 PTB-DM patients hospitalized in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine at Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2024. Data collected included sex, age, marital status, smoking, alcohol use, hypertension, hepatitis B, admission type,pulmonary cavity formation, sputum smear results, drug resistance status, diabetes duration, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c),hemoglobin (Hb), and albumin (ALB).

Results

The indicators filtered by the lasso regression model were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, identifying age, admission type, diabetes duration, HbA1c, Hb, and ALB as six predictive factors. A predictive risk nomogram model was developed based on these risk factors. Internal validation using the bootstrap method demonstrated that the model exhibited good discrimination and calibration, with a corrected AUC of 0.781 (95% CI: 0.768-0.789). The calibration slope and intercept were 1.020 and -0.003, respectively, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated good model fit (χ2=4.06,P=0.852). The Brier score was 0.113 (95% CI: 0.111-0.116). This model may serve as a reference for clinical assessment of drug resistance risk in patients with PTB-DM.

Conclusion

The nomogram model, developed based on LASSO and Logistic regression analyses, demonstrated satisfactory performance in internal validation. It provides an initial predictive tool for assessing the risk of drug resistance in PTB-DM patients. However, its clinical applicability requires further validation with external data.

Pulmonary tuberculosis  /  Diabetes mellitus  /  Comorbidity  /  Drug resistance  /  Influencing factors
邓玲, 赖文杰, 廖雪姣, 谢清尧, 曲久鑫, 刘厚明. 糖尿病共病的肺结核患者耐药风险模型构建. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (1) : 160 -165 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506380
Ling DENG, Wen-jie LAI, Xue-jiao LIAO, Qing-yao XIE, Jiu-xin QU, Hou-ming LIU. Construction of a drug resistance risk model for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus comorbidity[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (1) : 160 -165 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506380
结核病至今仍是全球最致命的传染性疾病之一,而糖尿病的全球流行进一步加剧了结核病防控的复杂性[1]。糖尿病是潜伏性结核感染转化为活动性结核病的危险因素,与非糖尿病患者相比糖尿病患者患活动性结核病的风险增加了3倍[2]。在结核病患者中糖尿病的患病率为1.9%~45%[3],研究表明结核病可在一定程度上影响机体的糖代谢[4]。大多数糖尿病患者生活在结核病占主导地位的低收入和中等收入国家的城市地区;而在结核病发病率最高的八个国家中,有五个国家属于糖尿病发病率最高的十个国家[3]。临床上肺结核与糖尿病共病(pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus comorbidity,PTB-DM)患者较为常见,两种疾病可共同存在,彼此相互影响,在肺结核与糖尿病两种疾病患者日益重叠的背景下,PTB-DM正成为全球一大公共卫生事件。更严峻的是,耐药结核病的出现,尤其是耐多药结核病加剧了这一群体面临“双重疾病负担”的威胁。现有研究表明糖尿病不仅增加结核病发病风险,还会导致PTB-DM患者发生耐药的风险显著升高[5-6]。耐药结核病的出现使治疗周期延长至18~24个月,治疗费用增加10倍以上,治愈率降低至50%以下[7],给患者和医疗系统带来了沉重的负担。
本研究针对PTB-DM患者这一高风险群体,构建感染风险的nomogram预测模型并进行验证,分析其发生耐药的危险因素,为预防与控制PTB-DM患者发生耐药提供科学依据。
回顾性选取2019年1月1日—2024年12月31日在深圳市第三人民医院肺病医学部住院的PTB-DM患者,本研究最初共筛选出582例患者。通过查阅电子病历,收集所有预设变量。其中,有36例患者因关键变量数据缺失而被排除,如糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、痰菌检查结果等指标。最终,共546例具有完整数据的患者被纳入最终分析,其中男性457例,女性89例。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)在2019年1月1日—2024年12月31日入院;(3)以《肺结核诊断标准(WS 288—2017)》中肺结核诊断标准入院的患者;(4)既往诊断符合世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)于1999年作出糖尿病标准的或新发符合诊断标准的患者。排除标准:(1)肺外结核患者;(2)诊断变更排除肺结核的患者;(3)住院期间转院的患者;(4)资料严重缺失的患者;(5)恶性肿瘤患者。本研究已通过深圳市第三人民医院审批及伦理审查(批件号为深圳三院伦审科研字[2024-175]号)。
根据临床专业知识与既往文献,本研究收集了可能对PTB-DM发生耐药有预测价值的变量。主要包括以下五类:人口社会学特征、营养与实验室指标、糖尿病相关指标、肺结核相关特征、合并症等。(1)人口社会学特征包括性别、年龄、居住地、婚姻状况、生活方式等,其中生活方式包括吸烟史、嗜酒史;(2)营养与实验室指标包括入院时血红蛋白、白蛋白两项实验室检测指标;(3)糖尿病相关指标包括糖尿病病程、入院时HbA1c;(4)肺结核相关特征包括入院方式、肺部空洞发生情况、痰菌检查结果,入院方式根据患者既往抗结核治疗史,分为初治与复治,痰菌检查结果包括痰涂片和痰分枝杆菌培养结果;(5)除糖尿病外,患者有无合并其他疾病或基础慢性疾病,包括有无高血压、乙型肝炎。
本研究的结局变量为肺结核耐药情况,耐药指至少一种一线抗结核药物(包括异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇、吡嗪酰胺或链霉素)耐药,耐药性以菌株药物敏感性试验为金标准。对于耐药的患者遵循WHO标准[8]进一步将其分为三类:(1)单耐药结核:对一种一线抗结核药物耐药;(2)多耐药结核:对一种以上的一线抗结核药物耐药,但不包括异烟肼和利福平同时耐药;(3)耐多药结核:对异烟肼和利福平同时耐药,可伴或不伴其他一线药物耐药。采用此宽泛定义旨在广泛识别所有非药物敏感的肺结核患者,以期实现早期临床预警。
采用R 4.5.0进行数据统计分析。首先通过LASSO回归(λ值通过10折交叉验证确定)从收集的变量中筛选潜在预测因子,再将筛选出的变量纳入多因素logistic回归模型,计算比值比及其95%置信区间。基于logistic回归模型来构建nomogram模型,以直观展示各变量对耐药风险的贡献。采用bootstrap法(500次重抽样)对模型进行内部验证,评估指标包括区分度[受试者工作特征曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)]、校准度(校准斜率、校准截距、Hosmer-Lemeshow检验)和整体准确性(Brier Score)。检验水准α=0.05。
本研究为一项单中心回顾性研究,所有样本均用于模型构建。样本量充足性依据预测模型研究的10 EPV(events per variable)法[9]进行评估,以本研究的耐药发生率为16.8%,最终纳入的6个预测因子、EPV=10进行计算得出对应最小样本量为357例,研究实际纳入546例样本,样本量符合该经验性准则的要求。
在纳入分析的546例患者中,共92例(16.8%)被确定为耐药肺结核。根据WHO的耐药分类标准,这些耐药患者的具体耐药谱分布如下:单耐药结核病46例(50%),多耐药结核病8例(8.7%),耐多药结核38例(41.3%)。使用LASSO回归对预测变量进行筛选,随着惩罚系数λ增大,筛选变量的惩罚效果增大,导致非特征变量系数逐渐趋近于零。绘制LASSO回归10折交叉验证图,左右虚线分别代表λmin(λ=0.013 996 08, Logλ=-4.268 978)和λ1se(λ=0.046 909 32, Logλ=-3.059 539 6),本研究选取λ1se作为最佳值,当λ取值为0.046 909 32时,LASSO回归模型表现出最佳的精度。筛选出的变量有年龄、入院类型、糖尿病病程、HbA1c标化值、血红蛋白标化值、白蛋白标化值。见图1、2。
将LASSO回归模型筛选出的指标纳入多因素logistic回归分析,见表1。基于多因素logistic回归分析结果,构建回归方程如下:Logit(P)=1.111 2 + (-0.041 6×年龄) + (1.528 8×入院类型) + (0.105 4×糖尿病病程) + (0.096 1×HbA1c) + (0.017 3×血红蛋白) + (-0.123 5× 白蛋白)。其中入院类型为二分类变量(赋值:初治=0;复治=1),其他变量(年龄、糖尿病病程、HbA1c、血红蛋白、白蛋白)为连续变量,直接代入原始数值即可。
基于此,构建PTB-DM患者发生耐药风险的nomogram预测模型,见图3。本研究构建的nomogram预测模型整合了年龄、入院类型、糖尿病病程、HbA1c、血红蛋白和白蛋白六个预测因子。该模型的使用方法为:首先获取每个变量的数值,将每个变量对应数值的端点向上作一条垂直线,对应得到上方的分值,将每个变量的分数相加得出总分,总分向下作一垂线对应最底部预测概率即可得到共病患者耐药发生的风险。模型显示,复治患者较初治者评分增加约35分,HbA1c每升高1%评分增加约3分。例如,一名65岁复治患者,糖尿病病程15年,HbA1c=9%,血红蛋白= 120g/L,白蛋白=32 g/L,总分约200分,对应55%的耐药发生风险。
该预测模型在训练集中表现出良好的区分能力,其AUC值为0.786(95% CI:0.733~0.840),敏感度与特异度分别为0.750和0.711,见图4。为评估模型的稳健性与泛化能力,我们采用bootstrap法(500次重抽样)进行了内部验证。验证结果显示,校正后的AUC为0.781(95% CI: 0.768~0.789)。在校准度方面,校准曲线显示预测值与观测值高度一致,校准斜率为1.020,截距为-0.003,Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果显示模型拟合良好(χ2=4.06, P=0.852),见图5。模型的整体预测准确性较高,Brier Score为0.111,其bootstrap验证值为0.113(95% CI: 0.111~0.116)。
近年来,抗结核药物耐药性在全球范围内日益加剧,已经成为全球结核病控制所面临的重大挑战[10]。最新流行病学数据显示,2023年我国耐多药/利福平耐药结核病病例占全球负担的7.3%,位居全球第四[1]。我国作为全球结核病及耐药结核病高负担国家之一,为实现终止结核病的全球战略目标,需加强对PTB-DM患者这一高危人群的耐药监测与干预。本研究通过LASSO回归和多因素logistic回归分析,明确了影响共病患者耐药风险的关键影响因素,构建了具有良好性能的列线图预测模型,这对于初步识别耐药患者、优化临床治疗方案具有重要意义。研究结果表明,年龄、入院类型、糖尿病病程、HbA1c、血红蛋白和白蛋白是PTB-DM患者发生耐药风险的关键影响因素。
年龄与耐药风险呈负相关,值得注意的是本研究中青年占比突出,这一现象与两类疾病的年轻化趋势相呼应:一方面,结核耐药在年轻群体中高发[11-12];另一方面,糖尿病在青年人群中的疾病负担快速攀升[13],两种疾病在年轻群体中的双重负担可能加剧结核耐药防控难度。但与此同时,老年群体作为结核病高发人群也不可忽视,老年患者由于免疫衰老状态、多重用药风险及治疗依从性障碍,仍是值得高度关注的年龄段[14]。
多项研究表明复治是影响肺结核患者发生耐药的独立危险因素[15-17],在共病患者中也发现这一现象,初始治疗的患者可能对药物的敏感性较高,而再治疗的患者可能因之前药物暴露史而更易产生耐药[18-19]。
糖尿病病程较长的患者可能因长期的免疫激活和炎症反应,增加了耐药的风险;HbA1c水平高反映了患者血糖控制不佳,而高血糖环境有利于结核分枝杆菌的生长和耐药性的发展[5,20-21]。糖尿病与控制结核分枝杆菌生长的关键细胞因子(如IFN-γ和TNF-α)的水平降低有关[22],糖尿病患者的巨噬细胞表现出炎性细胞因子(如IL-1β和TNF-α)的分泌减少,PTB-DM与促炎细胞因子(如IL-1 β、IL-6、IL-18)和抗炎细胞因子(IL-10)水平升高有关[23],长时间暴露于高血糖会使巨噬细胞对细胞因子刺激更敏感,同时降低其吞噬活性,这可能与代谢通路改变有关[21]。
血红蛋白与白蛋白水平是评估个人的营养状况的重要指标[24-26]。本研究发现血红蛋白与共病患者耐药风险呈正相关,当前文献主要集中于低血红蛋白对结核病耐药性的负面影响[27-28],而高血红蛋白与耐药性的关联尚未明确。抗结核药物的药代动力学特点对抗结核治疗至关重要,不同的患者因个体差异可能对抗结核药物的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄存在不同影响,从而可能导致药物在体内的浓度和作用时间有所不同,高血红蛋白水平可能加速抗结核药物代谢,如激活肝酶 CYP450、增加肾清除率等,使药物浓度降低,影响抗结核效果,甚至促进耐药产生[29]。另一方面,白蛋白水平低通常反映患者营养状况不良或存在慢性炎症,营养不良可导致免疫功能下降,增加耐药风险,这可能与低蛋白血症可直接影响抗结核药物的血液中浓度、损伤机体修复能力和免疫功能有关[27,30]。值得注意的是,共病患者的上述机制较单纯结核病患者可能更为复杂,糖尿病相关的代谢紊乱可能放大血红蛋白与白蛋白的病理效应。未来需针对共病人群开展前瞻性队列研究,以量化各营养指标对耐药风险的影响。
本研究构建了一个预测PTB-DM患者耐药风险的列线图模型,该模型展现出良好的区分能力和校准性能,可以帮助临床医生早期识别耐药风险高危个体,从而制定更精准的治疗方案,有效控制耐药结核病的传播。然而,本研究也存在一定局限性。首先,作为一项单中心回顾性研究,研究结果会受到选择偏倚的影响。研究所纳入的对象来自同一医院,受到人口学特征、医疗水平、结核分枝杆菌的流行菌株等因素的影响,对于研究的代表性有限。尽管我们已通过严格的纳入排除标准确保数据质量,但仍存在因病历记录不完整而导致病例被排除的情况。其次,模型的预测性能依赖于纳入的变量,可能未能涵盖所有潜在的影响因素(如患者用药情况、影像学特征等)。最后,在模型验证方面,尽管bootstrap内部验证显示了良好的模型区分度,但其验证效能仅限于内部,缺乏独立的外部验证,模型在其他人群中的效果仍未知;校准度的评估基于整体数据集,可能导致其评价结果过于乐观。因此,目前本模型更适用于相对风险的评估,在直接应用于临床决策或外推广至其他地区患者前须谨慎,其价值仍有待未来外部研究验证。
综上,本研究通过LASSO回归严格筛选变量并结合bootstrap内部验证,确保了模型构建的稳健性,为初步评估PTB-DM患者发生耐药风险提供了可视化工具。未来的研究应聚焦在多中心、前瞻性、大样本的队列,同时纳入更多潜在的影响因素,以进一步优化模型并评估其实际临床应用价值。
  • 深圳市基础研究专项(JCYJ20240813101800001)
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2026年第53卷第1期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506380
  • 接收时间:2025-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-24
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深圳市基础研究专项(JCYJ20240813101800001)
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    1.深圳大学公共卫生学院,广东 深圳 518037
    2.深圳市第三人民医院 国家感染性疾病临床医学研究中心,广东 深圳 518112

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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