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Article(id=1324078452579644246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078333767594037, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508282, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755360000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614503282, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614503282, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614503282, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614503282, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324078333767594037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614474956, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614571752, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078739914621270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078333767594037, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078739914621271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078333767594037, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=77, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324078452881634135, articleId=1324078452579644246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Monitoring and risk assessment of anticoccidial drug residues in chicken and eggs in Henan Province from 2022 to 2024, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the residue levels of anticoccidial drugs in chicken meat and eggs in Henan Province and to assess the risk of dietary exposure.

Methods

A total of 323 chicken and 326 eggs were randomly collected in Henan Province from 2022 to 2024, and residues of four anticoccidial drugs were detected according to the standard operating procedures in the“National Food Contaminants and Hazardous Factors Risk Monitoring Manual”, the χ2 test was used for the comparison of rates.The exposure levels of anticoccidial drugs were calculated through probabilistic assessment methods combined with the residents’ consumption data of chicken and eggs, and the health risks of exposure were evaluated using hazard quotients.

Results

The overall detection rate of anticoccidial drugs in chicken and eggs was 18.95%, and the passing rate was 99.85%.The detection rate of chicken was higher than that of eggs (χ2=107.602, P<0.001). The detection rates of anticoccidial drugs in chicken from high to low were diclazuril, nicarbazin, and toltrazuril sulfone (χ2=188.986, P<0.001). The detection rate of diclazuril in eggs was higher than that of nicarbazin (χ2=6.500, P=0.011). Toltrazuril was not detected in chicken and egg samples. There were no statistically significant differences in the detection rates of anticoccidial drugs in bulk and prepackaged chicken and eggs (χ2=0.406, P=0.524; χ2=0.694, P=0.405). There was no statistically significant difference in the detection rates of anticoccidial drugs in chicken samples from different circulation links (χ2=5.106, P=0.078). The detection rate of anticoccidial drugs in egg samples from online stores was higher than that from farmers’ markets and shops (χ2=8.514, P=0.014). The P99 exposure levels of diclazuril and nicarbazin in chicken, and diclazuril in eggs were 2.78×10-2 [μg/(kg BW·d)],2.14×10-3 [μg/(kg BW·d)], 6.41×10-4 [μg/(kg BW·d)], respectively. The hazard quotients of diclazuril in chicken and eggs for 99% of adults in Henan Province were 9.27×10-4 and 0.21×10-4 respectively, and the hazard quotient of nicarbazin in chicken for 99% of adults was 5.35×10-6.

Conclusion

The overall detection rate of anticoccidial drugs in chicken and eggs is relatively low in Henan Province, and the risk of human intake is also relatively low.

, authors=Li-feng ZHANG, Yong-heng SU, Rui-chun YANG, Rui-ling LIANG, authorsList=Li-feng ZHANG, Yong-heng SU, Rui-chun YANG, Rui-ling LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li-feng ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324078453808575320, articleId=1324078452579644246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=2022—2024年河南省鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药残留监测及风险评估, columnId=1228016573034721597, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=营养与食品卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解河南省鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药的残留情况，并评估膳食暴露风险。

方法

2022—2024年在河南省随机采集鸡肉323份、鸡蛋326份，依据《国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》中的标准操作程序检测四种抗球虫药残留量，用χ2检验进行率的比较。结合居民鸡肉和鸡蛋消费量，采用概率评估方法计算抗球虫药的暴露量，采用危害商评估暴露风险。

结果

鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药的整体检出率为18.95%，合格率为99.85%。鸡肉的检出率高于鸡蛋（χ2=107.602，P<0.001），鸡肉中抗球虫药的检出率从高到低依次为地克珠利、尼卡巴嗪、托曲珠利砜（χ2=188.986，P<0.001），鸡蛋中地克珠利的检出率高于尼卡巴嗪（χ2=6.500，P=0.011），鸡肉和鸡蛋样品均没有检出托曲珠利。散装和定型包装的鸡肉、鸡蛋中抗球虫药的检出率差异均无统计学意义（χ2=0.406，P=0.524；χ2=0.694，P=0.405）。不同流通环节鸡肉中抗球虫药的检出率差异无统计学意义（χ2=5.106，P=0.078），网店鸡蛋样品中抗球虫药的检出率高于农贸市场和商店（χ2=8.514，P=0.014）。鸡肉中地克珠利、尼卡巴嗪和鸡蛋中地克珠利的P99暴露量分别为2.78×10-2、2.14×10-3和6.41×10-4[μg/(kg BW·d)]。河南省99%的成年人通过鸡肉、鸡蛋摄入地克珠利的危害商分别为9.27×10-4、0.21×10-4，99%的成年人通过鸡肉摄入尼卡巴嗪的危害商为5.35×10-6。

结论

河南省鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药的整体检出率较低，人体摄入风险较低。

, authors=张利锋, 苏永恒, 杨瑞春, 梁瑞玲, authorsList=张利锋, 苏永恒, 杨瑞春, 梁瑞玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张利锋, authorNote=

张利锋（1985—），女，硕士，副主任技师，研究方向：食品安全风险监测

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张利锋，E-mail:
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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Probability assessment of dietary exposure risk to Aluminum in flour foods by Monte Carlo simulation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324078462406898560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, awardId=LHGJ20190677; LHGJ20220166, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省医学科技攻关计划联合共建项目(LHGJ20190677; LHGJ20220166), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324078455876367193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078455901533018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, companyId=1324078455876367193, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Monitoring and Assessment,Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078455943476059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, companyId=1324078455876367193, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河南省疾病预防控制中心 河南省食品安全风险监测与评价重点实验室，河南 郑州 450016)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324078460636902262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detection of anticoccidial drugs in chicken and egg samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本种类污染物检出数检出率（%）结果（μg/kg）
平均值P25P50P75P95最大值
鸡肉地克珠利10532.516.390.300.303.3040.8113
尼卡巴嗪123.720.420.300.300.300.3020.6
托曲珠利砜10.311.041.001.001.001.0012.4
鸡蛋地克珠利92.760.360.300.300.300.3010.2
尼卡巴嗪10.310.320.300.300.300.306.45
), ArticleFig(id=1324078460737565559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

鸡肉和鸡蛋样品中抗球虫药检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本种类污染物检出数检出率（%）结果（μg/kg）
平均值P25P50P75P95最大值
鸡肉地克珠利10532.516.390.300.303.3040.8113
尼卡巴嗪123.720.420.300.300.300.3020.6
托曲珠利砜10.311.041.001.001.001.0012.4
鸡蛋地克珠利92.760.360.300.300.300.3010.2
尼卡巴嗪10.310.320.300.300.300.306.45
), ArticleFig(id=1324078461169578872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detection of anticoccidial drugs in chicken and eggs with different packaging types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
包装类型合计鸡肉鸡蛋
样品数检出数检出率（%）样品数检出数检出率（%）样品数检出数检出率（%）
散装60211519.1030210735.4330082.67
定型47817.0221628.572627.69
合计64912318.9532311334.98326103.07
), ArticleFig(id=1324078461274436473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同包装类型鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药物检测情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
包装类型合计鸡肉鸡蛋
样品数检出数检出率（%）样品数检出数检出率（%）样品数检出数检出率（%）
散装60211519.1030210735.4330082.67
定型47817.0221628.572627.69
合计64912318.9532311334.98326103.07
), ArticleFig(id=1324078461383488378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Detection of anticoccidial drugs in chicken and eggs at different circulation stages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流通环节合计鸡肉鸡蛋
样品数检出数检出率（%）样品数检出数检出率（%）样品数检出数检出率（%）
农贸市场2474518.221294333.3311821.69
商店3336419.221626037.0417142.34
网店691420.29321031.2537410.81
合计64912318.9532311334.98326103.07
), ArticleFig(id=1324078461509317499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同流通环节鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药检测情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流通环节合计鸡肉鸡蛋
样品数检出数检出率（%）样品数检出数检出率（%）样品数检出数检出率（%）
农贸市场2474518.221294333.3311821.69
商店3336419.221626037.0417142.34
网店691420.29321031.2537410.81
合计64912318.9532311334.98326103.07
), ArticleFig(id=1324078461597397884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fitted distributions of variables in the dietary exposure assessment model for anticoccidial drugs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称单位拟合分布数据来源
地克珠利（鸡肉）浓度μg/kgLognorm（0.64, 1.31）食品安全风险监测
尼卡巴嗪（鸡肉）浓度μg/kgExp（2.15）食品安全风险监测
地克珠利（鸡蛋）浓度μg/kgLogistic（0.30, 0.09）食品安全风险监测
鸡肉摄入量g/dNormal（30.21, 8.33）居民营养与健康监测
鸡蛋摄入量g/dNormal（49.71, 13.52）居民营养与健康监测
体重kgNormal（60.28, 16.96）居民营养与健康监测
), ArticleFig(id=1324078461719032701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

抗球虫药膳食暴露评估模型中的变量拟合分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称单位拟合分布数据来源
地克珠利（鸡肉）浓度μg/kgLognorm（0.64, 1.31）食品安全风险监测
尼卡巴嗪（鸡肉）浓度μg/kgExp（2.15）食品安全风险监测
地克珠利（鸡蛋）浓度μg/kgLogistic（0.30, 0.09）食品安全风险监测
鸡肉摄入量g/dNormal（30.21, 8.33）居民营养与健康监测
鸡蛋摄入量g/dNormal（49.71, 13.52）居民营养与健康监测
体重kgNormal（60.28, 16.96）居民营养与健康监测
), ArticleFig(id=1324078461853250430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Dietary exposure distribution of anticoccidial drugs in chicken and eggs [μg/(kg BW·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗球虫药均值P50P75P90P95P99
地克珠利（鸡肉）2.19×10-34.69×10-41.53×10-34.44×10-38.41×10-32.78×10-2
尼卡巴嗪（鸡肉）4.76×10-43.28×10-46.52×10-41.07×10-31.39×10-32.14×10-3
地克珠利（鸡蛋）2.51×10-42.45×10-43.34×10-44.26×10-44.97×10-46.41×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1324078461991662463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078452579644246, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药膳食暴露量百分位数[μg/(kg BW·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗球虫药均值P50P75P90P95P99
地克珠利（鸡肉）2.19×10-34.69×10-41.53×10-34.44×10-38.41×10-32.78×10-2
尼卡巴嗪（鸡肉）4.76×10-43.28×10-46.52×10-41.07×10-31.39×10-32.14×10-3
地克珠利（鸡蛋）2.51×10-42.45×10-43.34×10-44.26×10-44.97×10-46.41×10-4
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2022—2024年河南省鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药残留监测及风险评估
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张利锋 , 苏永恒 , 杨瑞春 , 梁瑞玲
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2026,53(1): 77-81
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现代预防医学 |营养与食品卫生 2026 , 53 (1) : 77 -81
2022—2024年河南省鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药残留监测及风险评估
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张利锋（1985—），女，硕士，副主任技师，研究方向：食品安全风险监测

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张利锋 , 苏永恒, 杨瑞春, 梁瑞玲
作者信息
  • 河南省疾病预防控制中心 河南省食品安全风险监测与评价重点实验室，河南 郑州 450016
通讯作者:
张利锋，E-mail:
作者简介:

张利锋（1985—），女，硕士，副主任技师，研究方向：食品安全风险监测

Monitoring and risk assessment of anticoccidial drug residues in chicken and eggs in Henan Province from 2022 to 2024
Li-feng ZHANG , Yong-heng SU, Rui-chun YANG, Rui-ling LIANG
Affiliations
  • Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Monitoring and Assessment,Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, China
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508282
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摘要
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目的

了解河南省鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药的残留情况，并评估膳食暴露风险。

方法

2022—2024年在河南省随机采集鸡肉323份、鸡蛋326份，依据《国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》中的标准操作程序检测四种抗球虫药残留量，用χ2检验进行率的比较。结合居民鸡肉和鸡蛋消费量，采用概率评估方法计算抗球虫药的暴露量，采用危害商评估暴露风险。

结果

鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药的整体检出率为18.95%，合格率为99.85%。鸡肉的检出率高于鸡蛋（χ2=107.602，P<0.001），鸡肉中抗球虫药的检出率从高到低依次为地克珠利、尼卡巴嗪、托曲珠利砜（χ2=188.986，P<0.001），鸡蛋中地克珠利的检出率高于尼卡巴嗪（χ2=6.500，P=0.011），鸡肉和鸡蛋样品均没有检出托曲珠利。散装和定型包装的鸡肉、鸡蛋中抗球虫药的检出率差异均无统计学意义（χ2=0.406，P=0.524；χ2=0.694，P=0.405）。不同流通环节鸡肉中抗球虫药的检出率差异无统计学意义（χ2=5.106，P=0.078），网店鸡蛋样品中抗球虫药的检出率高于农贸市场和商店（χ2=8.514，P=0.014）。鸡肉中地克珠利、尼卡巴嗪和鸡蛋中地克珠利的P99暴露量分别为2.78×10-2、2.14×10-3和6.41×10-4[μg/(kg BW·d)]。河南省99%的成年人通过鸡肉、鸡蛋摄入地克珠利的危害商分别为9.27×10-4、0.21×10-4，99%的成年人通过鸡肉摄入尼卡巴嗪的危害商为5.35×10-6。

结论

河南省鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药的整体检出率较低，人体摄入风险较低。

鸡肉和鸡蛋  /  抗球虫药  /  风险评估
Objective

To understand the residue levels of anticoccidial drugs in chicken meat and eggs in Henan Province and to assess the risk of dietary exposure.

Methods

A total of 323 chicken and 326 eggs were randomly collected in Henan Province from 2022 to 2024, and residues of four anticoccidial drugs were detected according to the standard operating procedures in the“National Food Contaminants and Hazardous Factors Risk Monitoring Manual”, the χ2 test was used for the comparison of rates.The exposure levels of anticoccidial drugs were calculated through probabilistic assessment methods combined with the residents’ consumption data of chicken and eggs, and the health risks of exposure were evaluated using hazard quotients.

Results

The overall detection rate of anticoccidial drugs in chicken and eggs was 18.95%, and the passing rate was 99.85%.The detection rate of chicken was higher than that of eggs (χ2=107.602, P<0.001). The detection rates of anticoccidial drugs in chicken from high to low were diclazuril, nicarbazin, and toltrazuril sulfone (χ2=188.986, P<0.001). The detection rate of diclazuril in eggs was higher than that of nicarbazin (χ2=6.500, P=0.011). Toltrazuril was not detected in chicken and egg samples. There were no statistically significant differences in the detection rates of anticoccidial drugs in bulk and prepackaged chicken and eggs (χ2=0.406, P=0.524; χ2=0.694, P=0.405). There was no statistically significant difference in the detection rates of anticoccidial drugs in chicken samples from different circulation links (χ2=5.106, P=0.078). The detection rate of anticoccidial drugs in egg samples from online stores was higher than that from farmers’ markets and shops (χ2=8.514, P=0.014). The P99 exposure levels of diclazuril and nicarbazin in chicken, and diclazuril in eggs were 2.78×10-2 [μg/(kg BW·d)],2.14×10-3 [μg/(kg BW·d)], 6.41×10-4 [μg/(kg BW·d)], respectively. The hazard quotients of diclazuril in chicken and eggs for 99% of adults in Henan Province were 9.27×10-4 and 0.21×10-4 respectively, and the hazard quotient of nicarbazin in chicken for 99% of adults was 5.35×10-6.

Conclusion

The overall detection rate of anticoccidial drugs in chicken and eggs is relatively low in Henan Province, and the risk of human intake is also relatively low.

Chicken and eggs  /  Anticoccidial drugs  /  Risk assessment
张利锋, 苏永恒, 杨瑞春, 梁瑞玲. 2022—2024年河南省鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药残留监测及风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (1) : 77 -81 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508282
Li-feng ZHANG, Yong-heng SU, Rui-chun YANG, Rui-ling LIANG. Monitoring and risk assessment of anticoccidial drug residues in chicken and eggs in Henan Province from 2022 to 2024[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (1) : 77 -81 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508282
正文
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球虫病是由艾美耳科艾美耳属多种球虫寄生于鸡鸭等禽类肠道上皮细胞内引起的一种原虫病[1-2]，是集约化家禽生产中危害最严重的寄生虫病之一。据统计，全球每年因球虫病造成的禽类肠道损伤、增重下降和死亡率升高等经济损失超过30亿美元[3]。为防止临床和亚临床感染，全球肉鸡、蛋雏鸡乃至种鸡场普遍采用“全群预防”策略，即在日粮或饮水中连续、低剂量添加抗球虫药[4]。这一做法显著降低了球虫病的暴发风险，但也带来了新的食品安全隐患，即鸡肉、鸡蛋及其制品持续检出抗球虫药物原形及代谢产物，通过食物链传递，人们摄入含有抗球虫药残留尤其是过量残留的食品时，会干扰人体正常的生理和代谢功能，造成耐药性、过敏反应、急慢性中毒、胎儿畸形或早产、流产、严重者甚至诱发急慢性肿瘤等[5-6]，危害人类身体健康。
目前，国内对抗球虫药的研究[7-8]多为检测技术及其耐药性，对药物残留情况及其潜在风险评估的研究较少。我国[6]鸡蛋和云南省[9]鸡肉鸡蛋的监测结果均显示抗球虫药有不同程度的检出，且存在超标样品；风险评估的结果均表明这些残留对人体健康的直接风险较低。此外，我国现行的食品安全国家标准仍未明确规定鸡蛋中尼卡巴嗪的最大残留限量标准。更为关键的是，有关河南省鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药的残留监测和风险评估的研究鲜有报道。因此，为了解河南省鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药的残留状况，本研究对2022—2024年河南省鸡肉和鸡蛋中四种抗球虫药（地克珠利、尼卡巴嗪、托曲珠利、托曲珠利砜）残留量进行监测分析，并通过概率评估模型系统分析人群暴露于抗球虫药的健康风险，为食品质量安全、标准研制和监管体系优化提供数据支撑和科学依据。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　样本来源
根据国家食品安全风险监测计划，结合河南省地域特征和人口分布情况，考虑区域经济发展程度，居民饮食特征等实际情况，科学设计采样方案。为确保样品的代表性，采样范围覆盖河南省18个地市和112个县、区，样品采集主要在流通环节开展。2022—2024年共采集样本649份，其中鸡肉323份，鸡蛋326份。流通环节覆盖农贸市场、商店（超市、便利店、专营店）、网店，各环节采样份数分别为247、333和69份；包装类型包括散装和定型包装，各类型采样份数分别为602和47份。
1.2　检测方法
依据《国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》中的标准操作程序，采用固相萃取填料净化，液相色谱-质谱/质谱法测定尼卡巴嗪、地克珠利、托曲珠利、托曲珠利砜四种抗球虫药，同位素内标法定量。地克珠利和尼卡巴嗪的检出限和定量限分别为0.30和1.00 μg/kg，托曲珠利和托曲珠利砜的检出限和定量限分别为1.00和3.00 μg/kg。检测前对方法进行实验室确认，为保证数据准确性，采取空白实验、平行实验、加标实验、标准物质再测等质量控制措施。
1.3　判定标准
依据《食品安全国家标准 食品中兽药最大残留限量》[10]（GB 31650—2019）的规定，鸡肉中地克珠利≤500 μg/kg、尼卡巴嗪≤200 μg/kg、托曲珠利和托曲珠利砜均为≤100 μg/kg。依据《食品安全国家标准 食品中41种兽药最大残留限量》[11]（GB 31650.1—2022）的规定，鸡蛋中地克珠利、托曲珠利、托曲珠利砜均为≤10.0 μg/kg。抗球虫药残留量超过最大残留限量即判定为不合格。鸡蛋中尼卡巴嗪无限量标准，暂不做合格评价，仅考虑检出情况。
1.4　数据处理和统计
对低水平数据的处理参照王绪卿[12]等的“食品污染监测低水平数据问题”中的处理原则，未检出率>60%时，未检出数据以检出限替代；未检出数据≤60%时，未检出数据以1/2检出限替代。本研究中未检出数据均用检出限替代。
用Excel录入样品信息和数据信息，用SAS 9.2软件对数据进行统计分析，采用平均值、P25、P50、P75、P95、最大值进行一般性描述，率的比较采用χ2检验，检验水准α=0.05。
1.5　评估方法
采用联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织推荐的食品中化学物质膳食暴露评估方法[13]计算鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药的暴露量。计算公式为：EDIc=（Ci×Fi）/BW，EDIc为人群通过鸡肉或鸡蛋暴露于抗球虫药的量[μg/(kg BW·d)]，Ci为食品中抗球虫药含量（μg/kg），Fi为食物消费量（g/d），BW为人群体重（kg）。采用Crystal ball软件对鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药残留量进行分布拟合，采用拉丁超立方抽样方法，随机抽样并进行10 000次迭加，利用Monte Carlo模拟建立鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药的残留水平模型。
采用危害商评估鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药暴露风险，计算公式为：HQ=EDIc/ADI，ADI为健康指导值（每日允许摄入量）。HQ<1，认为药物对人体健康风险影响较小，可以接受；HQ≥1，认为药物对人体健康存在不利风险，应进行风险管控。
2　结果
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2.1　总体情况
649份鸡肉和鸡蛋中4种抗球虫药的整体检出率为18.95%，合格率为99.85%。323份鸡肉样品中共113份样品检出抗球虫药残留，检出率为34.98%。检出样品中，4份鸡肉同时检出地克珠利和尼卡巴嗪，1份鸡肉同时检出地克珠利和托曲珠利砜。326份鸡蛋样品中共10份样品检出药物残留，检出率为3.07%。鸡肉的检出率高于鸡蛋（χ2=107.602，P<0.001）。鸡肉样品合格率100%；1份鸡蛋样品不合格，不合格率为0.31%。
2.2　鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药检测情况
鸡肉样品中共检出地克珠利、尼卡巴嗪、托曲珠利砜三种抗球虫药，检出率分别为32.51%、3.72%、0.31%，检出率高低依次为地克珠利>尼卡巴嗪>托曲珠利砜（χ2=188.986，P<0.001）。鸡蛋样品中共检出地克珠利和尼卡巴嗪两种药物残留，检出率分别为2.76%、0.31%，地克珠利的检出率高于尼卡巴嗪（χ2=6.500，P=0.0108）。鸡肉和鸡蛋样品均没有检出托曲珠利。此外，一份鸡蛋中的地克珠利残留量超过限量标准。见表1。
2.3　不同包装类型鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药检测情况
散装样品中抗球虫药的总体检出率为19.10%，定型包装样品的总体检出率为17.02%。散装、定型包装的鸡肉和鸡蛋中均检出抗球虫药，散装和定型包装的鸡肉、鸡蛋的抗球虫药物的检出率差异均无统计学意义（χ2=0.406，P=0.524；χ2=0.694，P=0.405）。见表2。
2.4　不同流通环节鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药检测情况
农贸市场、商店、网店样品中抗球虫药的总体检出率分别为18.22%、19.22%、20.29%。不同流通环节鸡肉样品抗球虫药的检出率差异无统计学意义（χ2=5.106，P=0.078），网店鸡蛋样品的抗球虫药的检出率高于农贸市场和商店（χ2=8.514，P=0.014）。见表3。
2.5　鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药物暴露风险评估
因鸡肉中托曲珠利砜和鸡蛋中尼卡巴嗪的检出率较低，本研究仅评估鸡肉中地克珠利、尼卡巴嗪和鸡蛋中地克珠利的暴露风险。抗球虫药数据来源于2022—2024年河南省食品安全风险监测项目，膳食摄入量及体重数据来源于2015年河南省居民营养与健康监测项目。暴露模型中的变量分布见表4。通过食用鸡肉、鸡蛋，每人每日暴露于抗球虫药暴露量的大小依次均为地克珠利（鸡肉）、尼卡巴嗪（鸡肉）、地克珠利（鸡蛋），且高端暴露量差距变大，见表5。地克珠利、尼卡巴嗪的ADI值分别为30和400[μg/(kg BW·d)]，根据鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药暴露量，通过计算可知99%的成年人通过鸡肉、鸡蛋摄入地克珠利的危害商分别为9.27×10-4、0.21×10-4，99%的成年人通过鸡肉摄入尼卡巴嗪的危害商为5.35×10-6，均远远小于1，即河南省成年人通过鸡肉、鸡蛋摄入抗球虫药的膳食暴露风险较小，健康影响可以忽略。
3　讨论
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抗球虫药是现代养殖业防控球虫病的关键手段，长期、大量使用后导致鸡球虫耐药性和药物残留等问题，进而通过食物链的传递危害消费者健康。本研究结果显示，2022—2024年649份鸡肉和鸡蛋样品中抗球虫药的整体检出率为18.95%，将近1/5样品检测到药物残留，说明抗球虫要给药非常普遍。此外，鸡肉中抗球虫药检出率是鸡蛋的10倍多。这可能与抗球虫药的使用场景有关。集约化养殖模式的肉鸡需全程添加抗球虫药，导致脂溶性高的抗球虫药在肌肉组织中蓄积，且代谢缓慢易于残留；蛋鸡在产蛋期禁止使用抗球虫药，即便是违规使用的药物进入蛋鸡体内通过代谢，残留物也优先富集于肝脏和肌肉，而非卵巢和鸡蛋，导致鸡蛋残留的概率和水平均较低。鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药的合格率为99.85%，1份鸡蛋样品中的地克珠利超标，说明在现行抽样方案和判定标准下，绝大多数鸡肉和鸡蛋的抗球虫药残留都在限量标准内，食品安全状况较好，对消费者健康的直接风险较低。高合格率一定程度反映出多数养殖户在使用抗球虫药时较为规范，能够遵守用药剂量、休药期等兽药使用的相关规定。但是，0.15%的不合格率提示仍需进一步加强监管，以确保相关产品的安全性。
鸡肉和鸡蛋中地克珠利的检出率高于其它抗球虫药，这可能是由以下原因所致：一是活性高、用量少。地克珠利是目前活性最高和作用浓度最低的抗球虫药，它通过影响球虫核酸的合成达到驱虫效果[14]。地克珠利价格低廉，具有广谱、高效、低毒的特点，是中小养殖场、散养户的“首选”抗球虫药。二是性质稳定、代谢缓慢，易在鸡体内蓄积残留。地克珠利在体内几乎不转化，原形药物直接蓄积于肌肉、肝脏中。外加作用时间短，需连续用药，但连续用药后在鸡体内消除缓慢，仅5%的残留也需要长达两周消除；蛋鸡用药后，脂溶性高的地克珠利可在蛋黄中持续蓄积，停药后10 d仍可检出[15]。三是地克珠利的检测灵敏度高、检出限和定量限相对较低，其在鸡蛋中的限量标准为10 μg/kg，在鸡肉中的最大残留限量标准为500 μg/kg，远高于实际检出水平，导致低剂量残留被检出但合格，推高检出率。
网店销售的鸡蛋中抗球虫药检出率高于商店和农贸市场，可能由以下三方面原因造成的，一是网店经营分散、跨地域且具有虚拟性，导致抽检覆盖不足，监管难度加大。二是监管盲区叠加低价竞争，促使散养户、中小养殖户及中间批发商转向电商平台销售。三是平台对检验报告审核不严，处罚力度不足，流于形式。由此可见，线上鸡蛋供应链已成为抗球虫药残留监管的薄弱环节，风险高于传统渠道。因此，应将把电商平台纳入鸡蛋质量安全监管重点，通过入网备案、带码销售、平台连带责任等措施堵住抗球虫药残留漏洞。
本研究采用概率评估方法，结合河南省居民营养与健康监测中的成年人体重数据和膳食消费量数据，利用Monte Carlo技术分别对成年人体重数据、膳食消费量数据和鸡肉鸡蛋中抗球虫药残留数据分布类型进行拟合，模拟计算人群每人每日鸡肉鸡蛋来源的抗球虫药暴露量的概率分布及不同百分位数，反应了抗球虫药残留量和体重、摄入量差异造成的暴露评估结果的变异性；通过10 000次拉丁超立方抽样，量化分析了暴露评估结果的不确定性，使评估结果更科学可靠[16]。结果表明，鸡肉中地克珠利的暴露量高于尼卡巴嗪和鸡蛋中地克珠利，且高端暴露量差距扩大，这与鸡肉中地克珠利中的检出率和最大残留浓度均相对较高有关。另外，鸡肉中尼卡巴嗪的暴露量高于鸡蛋中地克珠利也与鸡肉中尼卡巴嗪最大残留浓度高于鸡蛋中地克珠利有关。这说明在此评估模型中，抗球虫药的阳性率及最大残留浓度是影响暴露量的关键因素。危害商结果表明，99%的成年人通过鸡肉、鸡蛋摄入抗球虫药的危害商为5.35×10-6～0.21×10-4，远小于1，表明鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药对人体健康的影响非常小。
综上，2022—2024年河南省鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药的检出率为18.95%，合格率为99.85%，反映抗球虫药在生产链中的普遍使用，也说明休药期管理、饲料交叉污染、环境残留等导致的“背景值”长期存在。但长期低剂量的暴露可能助推其耐药性，未来仍需加强用药记录和休药期监管，尤其是对重点地区、监管盲区进行追踪抽检，强化对散户、中小养殖户的用药培训与奖惩机制。风险评估结果显示，鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药对人体健康的危害极小，但资料和数据方面的原因，仅考虑成年人的暴露量，没有分析不同性别、不同年龄段、更没有分析未成年人鸡肉和鸡蛋中抗球虫药的膳食暴露风险。另外，膳食消费量和体重数据采用2015年河南省居民营养与健康监测项目，年份较早，随着时间的推移，这些数据可能会发生变化，今后应加强这方面的数据储备，以更全面评估全人群的健康风险。
基金
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  • 河南省医学科技攻关计划联合共建项目(LHGJ20190677; LHGJ20220166)
文献
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2026年第53卷第1期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508282
  • 接收时间：2025-08-17
  • 首发时间：2026-11-02
  • 出版时间：2026-01-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-08-17
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河南省医学科技攻关计划联合共建项目(LHGJ20190677; LHGJ20220166)
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    河南省疾病预防控制中心 河南省食品安全风险监测与评价重点实验室，河南 郑州 450016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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