Article(id=1324078385474961545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078175000605624, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507394, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753459200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614487284, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614487284, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614487284, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614487284, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324078175000605624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='193', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614437103, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614526046, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078548130082942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078175000605624, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078548130082943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078175000605624, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=332, endPage=338, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324078385697259658, articleId=1324078385474961545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Application of nucleic acid mass spectrometry in pathogen detection, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nucleic acid mass spectrometry (NAMS) has emerged as a multi-target parallel detection platform, demonstrating its high efficiency and accuracy in the field of infectious disease detection in recent years. The core technologies of NAMS include PCR-MALDI-TOF (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight), Single-base Extension (SBE), PCR/ESI-MS (Polymerase Chain Reaction/Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry), and isothermal amplification techniques such as Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA), Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), and Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) combined with MALDI-TOF. These technologies enable highly efficient nucleic acid detection for bacteria, viruses, and parasites. In bacterial detection, NAMS allows for rapid typing of drug-resistant sites in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), while supporting multiplex detection of foodborne pathogens. In viral detection, it is suitable for monitoring HIV drug-resistant mutations and for the typing and trend tracking of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 variants. In parasitic detection, it covers drug-resistant sites in Plasmodium spp. and supports species/strain identification. Furthermore, with the continuous development of technology, NAMS has demonstrated significant advantages in multi-pathogen co-detection, typing, and traceability, especially in improving typing efficiency and detecting mixed infections. As a panel-based, scalable, and expandable technology, NAMS provides an efficient detection solution for clinical diagnosis and public health monitoring, with broad prospects for infectious disease control at ports of entry. However, NAMS still faces challenges in sample processing, data analysis, and platform standardization. Future advancements will further promote its widespread use and improvement in clinical applications.

, authors=Si-min WANG1, Luo YANG2, Qing ZHANG3, 4, Yang LIU3, 4, Ying SHI3, 4, Juan PAN5, Lv-bo TIAN3, 4, authorsList=Si-min WANG, Luo YANG, Qing ZHANG, Yang LIU, Ying SHI, Juan PAN, Lv-bo TIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lv-bo TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324078386334793869, articleId=1324078385474961545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=核酸质谱技术在病原体检测中的应用, columnId=1228016572288135432, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=实验技术及其应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

核酸质谱(nucleic acid mass spectrometry,NAMS)作为一种多靶标并行检测平台,近年来在传染病检测领域显示出了其高效、精准的潜力。NAMS的技术基础包括PCR-MALDI-TOF(聚合酶链式反应-基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱,Polymerase Chain Reaction-Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight)(单碱基延伸,Single-base Extension,SBE)、PCR/ESI-MS(聚合酶链式反应/电喷雾电离-质谱,Polymerase Chain Reaction/Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry)(电喷雾电离-碱基组成指纹)以及等温扩增(等温核酸扩增技术,包括重组酶聚合酶扩增法,Recombinase Polymerase Amplification,RPA;环介导等温扩增法,Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification,LAMP;滚环扩增法,Rolling Circle Amplification,RCA)结合MALDI-TOF,这些技术使其能够在细菌、病毒和寄生虫的核酸检测中提供更高效的解决方案。在细菌检测中,能够实现结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)/非结核分枝杆菌(non-tuberculous mycobacteria,NTM)耐药位点的快速分型,并支持食源性致病菌的一次性多重检测;在病毒检测方面,适用于HIV耐药突变监测及流感(Influenza)、SARS-CoV-2变异(SARS-CoV-2 variant)分型与趋势追踪;在寄生虫检测中,能够覆盖疟原虫(Plasmodium spp.)等耐药相关位点并用于物种/型别判定。此外随着技术的不断发展,NAMS在多病原体联合检测、分型与溯源监测中展现了显著的优势,尤其在提高分型效率与识别混合感染方面。作为一种面板化、可扩展且具有规模化潜力的技术,NAMS能够为临床诊断和公共卫生监测提供高效的检测方案,尤其在口岸传染病防控领域有着广泛的应用前景。尽管如此,NAMS技术在样本处理、数据分析以及平台标准化等方面仍面临一些挑战,未来的发展将进一步推动其在临床应用中的普及和完善。

, authors=王思敏1, 杨罗2, 张青3, 4, 刘杨3, 4, 石莹3, 4, 潘娟5, 田绿波3, 4, authorsList=王思敏, 杨罗, 张青, 刘杨, 石莹, 潘娟, 田绿波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=田绿波, authorNote=

王思敏(1996—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

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田绿波,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=dUMCzGbpV0cHDfWZYsW3EA==, magXml=iGyTE8MuilKxFGZgqxAVqQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=EUiR97nDB/xPNnWEUgGkhg==, pdfFileSize=1040255, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=kCEwMe6x9x3Mi9Dh4e3OkA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=9WK2ZWya7+l+lqwpkMCQvg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1324078387022659738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078385474961545, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324078387098157212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078385474961545, authorId=1324078387022659738, language=EN, stringName=Si-min WANG, firstName=Si-min, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=Department of Hygienic Inspection and Quarantine, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324078387182043293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078385474961545, authorId=1324078387022659738, language=CN, stringName=王思敏, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院卫生检验与检疫系,四川 成都 610041, bio={"content":"

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Comparison of pathogen detection methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法优点局限性典型应用
培养法金标准,能进行药敏试验耗时长,对部分病原体不适用临床细菌感染诊断
PCR灵敏度和特异性高,检测速度快易受抑制物影响导致假阴性,需精密设备病毒、细菌核酸检测
ELISA操作简便,适合大规模筛查易出现交叉反应,特异性有限抗原抗体检测
等温扩增 (LAMP等)快速、无需昂贵设备灵敏度受限,易污染基层检测、现场应用
基因芯片可进行多重检测,高通量成本高,灵敏度有限病原谱筛查
高通量测序 (NGS)全面、无偏向性,发现未知病原体成本高、分析复杂、周期长复杂感染、耐药监测
核酸质谱 (NAMS)高灵敏度、多重检测能力、可进行基因变异分析仪器昂贵、操作复杂、数据库依赖性强多病原体检测、分型与溯源
), ArticleFig(id=1324078392190042321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078385474961545, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

病原体检测对比表

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方法优点局限性典型应用
培养法金标准,能进行药敏试验耗时长,对部分病原体不适用临床细菌感染诊断
PCR灵敏度和特异性高,检测速度快易受抑制物影响导致假阴性,需精密设备病毒、细菌核酸检测
ELISA操作简便,适合大规模筛查易出现交叉反应,特异性有限抗原抗体检测
等温扩增 (LAMP等)快速、无需昂贵设备灵敏度受限,易污染基层检测、现场应用
基因芯片可进行多重检测,高通量成本高,灵敏度有限病原谱筛查
高通量测序 (NGS)全面、无偏向性,发现未知病原体成本高、分析复杂、周期长复杂感染、耐药监测
核酸质谱 (NAMS)高灵敏度、多重检测能力、可进行基因变异分析仪器昂贵、操作复杂、数据库依赖性强多病原体检测、分型与溯源
), ArticleFig(id=1324078393867763922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078385474961545, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of common nucleic acid mass spectrometry detection methods

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检测方法原理检测对象优势应用场景
PCR-MALDI-TOF(SBE 分型)PCR 扩增→单碱基延伸→产物质量差异由 MALDI-TOF 检测已知 SNP/突变位点、耐药相关位点、特定病原标志基因高多重并行、结果快速、面板可迭代、成本低于测序SARS-CoV-2多靶标检测与变异监测、结核/非结核分枝杆菌物种和耐药检测、肠道致病菌多重检测[11]
PCR/ESI-MS(碱基组成指纹)多对保守引物 PCR→产物 ESI-MS→碱基组成指纹比对数据库各类病原体,尤其是混合感染或未知样本广谱覆盖、可识别混合感染、对未知序列有发现潜力败血症/血流感染广谱筛查、呼吸道/真菌感染快速鉴别[12-13]
等温扩增结合 MALDI-TOFRPA/LAMP/RCA 等快速扩增→寡核苷酸产物质谱检测常见细菌/病毒的特定基因片段反应快、无需热循环仪、保留多重能力SARS-CoV-2快速诊断探索、床旁检测研究[14-15]
), ArticleFig(id=1324078393939067091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078385474961545, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

常用核酸质谱检测方法的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法原理检测对象优势应用场景
PCR-MALDI-TOF(SBE 分型)PCR 扩增→单碱基延伸→产物质量差异由 MALDI-TOF 检测已知 SNP/突变位点、耐药相关位点、特定病原标志基因高多重并行、结果快速、面板可迭代、成本低于测序SARS-CoV-2多靶标检测与变异监测、结核/非结核分枝杆菌物种和耐药检测、肠道致病菌多重检测[11]
PCR/ESI-MS(碱基组成指纹)多对保守引物 PCR→产物 ESI-MS→碱基组成指纹比对数据库各类病原体,尤其是混合感染或未知样本广谱覆盖、可识别混合感染、对未知序列有发现潜力败血症/血流感染广谱筛查、呼吸道/真菌感染快速鉴别[12-13]
等温扩增结合 MALDI-TOFRPA/LAMP/RCA 等快速扩增→寡核苷酸产物质谱检测常见细菌/病毒的特定基因片段反应快、无需热循环仪、保留多重能力SARS-CoV-2快速诊断探索、床旁检测研究[14-15]
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核酸质谱技术在病原体检测中的应用
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王思敏 1 , 杨罗 2 , 张青 3, 4 , 刘杨 3, 4 , 石莹 3, 4 , 潘娟 5 , 田绿波 3, 4
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2026,53(2): 332-338
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现代预防医学 |实验技术及其应用 2026 , 53 (2) : 332 -338
核酸质谱技术在病原体检测中的应用
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王思敏1, 杨罗2, 张青3, 4, 刘杨3, 4, 石莹3, 4, 潘娟5, 田绿波3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院卫生检验与检疫系,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院泌尿盆底外科
  • 3.四川国际旅行卫生保健中心(成都海关口岸门诊部
  • 4.口岸疫病疫情监测四川省重点实验室
  • 5.天津国际旅行卫生保健中心(天津海关口岸门诊部
通讯作者:
田绿波,E-mail:
作者简介:

王思敏(1996—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

Application of nucleic acid mass spectrometry in pathogen detection
Si-min WANG1, Luo YANG2, Qing ZHANG3, 4, Yang LIU3, 4, Ying SHI3, 4, Juan PAN5, Lv-bo TIAN3, 4
Affiliations
  • Department of Hygienic Inspection and Quarantine, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507394
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核酸质谱(nucleic acid mass spectrometry,NAMS)作为一种多靶标并行检测平台,近年来在传染病检测领域显示出了其高效、精准的潜力。NAMS的技术基础包括PCR-MALDI-TOF(聚合酶链式反应-基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱,Polymerase Chain Reaction-Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight)(单碱基延伸,Single-base Extension,SBE)、PCR/ESI-MS(聚合酶链式反应/电喷雾电离-质谱,Polymerase Chain Reaction/Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry)(电喷雾电离-碱基组成指纹)以及等温扩增(等温核酸扩增技术,包括重组酶聚合酶扩增法,Recombinase Polymerase Amplification,RPA;环介导等温扩增法,Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification,LAMP;滚环扩增法,Rolling Circle Amplification,RCA)结合MALDI-TOF,这些技术使其能够在细菌、病毒和寄生虫的核酸检测中提供更高效的解决方案。在细菌检测中,能够实现结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)/非结核分枝杆菌(non-tuberculous mycobacteria,NTM)耐药位点的快速分型,并支持食源性致病菌的一次性多重检测;在病毒检测方面,适用于HIV耐药突变监测及流感(Influenza)、SARS-CoV-2变异(SARS-CoV-2 variant)分型与趋势追踪;在寄生虫检测中,能够覆盖疟原虫(Plasmodium spp.)等耐药相关位点并用于物种/型别判定。此外随着技术的不断发展,NAMS在多病原体联合检测、分型与溯源监测中展现了显著的优势,尤其在提高分型效率与识别混合感染方面。作为一种面板化、可扩展且具有规模化潜力的技术,NAMS能够为临床诊断和公共卫生监测提供高效的检测方案,尤其在口岸传染病防控领域有着广泛的应用前景。尽管如此,NAMS技术在样本处理、数据分析以及平台标准化等方面仍面临一些挑战,未来的发展将进一步推动其在临床应用中的普及和完善。

核酸质谱  /  PCR-MALDI-TOF  /  PCR/ESI-MS  /  等温扩增  /  多病原体检测  /  耐药监测  /  分型与溯源

Nucleic acid mass spectrometry (NAMS) has emerged as a multi-target parallel detection platform, demonstrating its high efficiency and accuracy in the field of infectious disease detection in recent years. The core technologies of NAMS include PCR-MALDI-TOF (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight), Single-base Extension (SBE), PCR/ESI-MS (Polymerase Chain Reaction/Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry), and isothermal amplification techniques such as Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA), Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), and Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) combined with MALDI-TOF. These technologies enable highly efficient nucleic acid detection for bacteria, viruses, and parasites. In bacterial detection, NAMS allows for rapid typing of drug-resistant sites in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), while supporting multiplex detection of foodborne pathogens. In viral detection, it is suitable for monitoring HIV drug-resistant mutations and for the typing and trend tracking of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 variants. In parasitic detection, it covers drug-resistant sites in Plasmodium spp. and supports species/strain identification. Furthermore, with the continuous development of technology, NAMS has demonstrated significant advantages in multi-pathogen co-detection, typing, and traceability, especially in improving typing efficiency and detecting mixed infections. As a panel-based, scalable, and expandable technology, NAMS provides an efficient detection solution for clinical diagnosis and public health monitoring, with broad prospects for infectious disease control at ports of entry. However, NAMS still faces challenges in sample processing, data analysis, and platform standardization. Future advancements will further promote its widespread use and improvement in clinical applications.

Nucleic acid mass spectrometry  /  PCR-MALDI-TOF  /  PCR/ESI-MS  /  Isothermal amplification  /  Multi-pathogen testing  /  Antimicrobial resistance  /  Typing and surveillance
王思敏, 杨罗, 张青, 刘杨, 石莹, 潘娟, 田绿波. 核酸质谱技术在病原体检测中的应用. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (2) : 332 -338 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507394
Si-min WANG, Luo YANG, Qing ZHANG, Yang LIU, Ying SHI, Juan PAN, Lv-bo TIAN. Application of nucleic acid mass spectrometry in pathogen detection[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (2) : 332 -338 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507394
传染病对全球公共卫生造成了严重威胁。在过去30年中,全球至少出现了30种新型传染病,危及数百万人的健康,其特点包括高传染性、多样性和病原体的变异性[1],这使得传染病容易引发大规模疫情并带来严重的健康、社会和经济影响。
传统检测技术如PCR、ELISA和培养法在传染病诊断中广泛应用[2],具有一定优势,但也存在局限性,例如PCR灵敏度和特异性高,但临床应用受采样与样本因素影响假阴性仍可发生[3-4];ELISA操作简便,但容易出现交叉反应[2];培养法虽为金标准但耗时长且对某些病原体难以检测[3]。等温扩增反应、基因芯片和高通量测序技术等现代分子诊断技术具备多靶标并行检测、较高的信息通量与覆盖度、良好的分型与耐药位点解析能力,以及更丰富的结果信息等突出特点,但在成本、设备要求和数据分析等方面存在不同程度的限制,从而对实际应用造成不同层次的难度[4]。在这一背景下,核酸质谱技术(nucleic acid mass spectrometry,NAMS)因其高灵敏度和多重检测能力的特点[5],成为一种潜在的突破性工具,为传染病的快速、精准检测提供新的解决方案。核酸质谱通过质谱技术(mass spectrometry, MS)结合核酸分子检测,对目标DNA或RNA进行高分辨率的定性和定量分析,其应用涵盖了基因突变检测、病原体多重筛查以及小片段缺失/插入变异的分析等[6],本综述将主要对核酸质谱技术在传染病病原体检测领域的研究进展进行介绍。为便于直观比较不同病原体检测方法的优缺点,本文在表1中对常用技术进行了归纳。
质谱是一种用于分析分子质量的技术。该技术通过将样品离子化,简单来说是将分子从溶液转变为气相。然后将产生的离子聚焦到光束中并引导到碰撞池中,在碰撞池中可以诱导它们的解离,并依据其质量与电荷比(m/z)进行检测,从而确定被测分子的质量。主要包含离子化、质量分析和信号检测步骤,能检测蛋白质、多肽和小分子代谢物,也可通过间接方法分析核酸修饰,尤其在传染病病原体检测领域具有巨大潜力[7]。此外,质谱技术在单细胞水平上具有独特优势,能够在微量样品条件下高效、灵敏地进行生物分子分析[2]。考虑到本文聚焦病原体检测,核酸质谱有多种技术路线(PCR-MALDI-TOF、PCR/ESI-MS、等温扩增结合MALDI-TOF等),其中PCR-MALDI-TOF(单碱基延伸,SBE)特别适合对已知位点进行快速分型与耐药突变监测,周转快、可多位点并行、面板易更新;因此本文选用“PCR-MALDI-TOF(SBE)核酸检测流程”作为原理示意:目标片段先经 PCR扩增,在位点进行单碱基延伸(ddNTP),产生质量不同的寡核苷酸,随后用MALDI-TOF按m/z读取等位基因并完成分型(见图1)。
按质谱学原理,核酸质谱可依离子化方式与质量分析器分类:如基质辅助激光解吸电离(MALDI,matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization)与电喷雾电离(ESI,electrospray ionization);以及飞行时间分析器(TOF,time-of-flight)、四极杆(Q,quadrupole)与 Orbitrap(orbitrap mass analyzer)等[10]。然在病原体检测的实际应用中,更常按方法学路径来归类,即围绕核酸扩增与化学反应流程进行区分。如表2所示,本文将以常用检测方法为主线,概述其原理、检测对象、优势与应用场景。
核酸质谱在病原体检测领域已经形成了以PCR-MALDI-TOF和 PCR/ESI-MS为代表的两大主流方法:前者以靶向高多重突变分型为优势,尤其适合病毒变异监测和细菌耐药位点检测;后者则以广谱性和混合样本解析能力见长,更适合未知或复杂感染的初筛[9,11]。
核酸质谱技术在病原体检测领域展现出显著优势,尤其是在基因突变识别、耐药性分析及多重病原体联合检测等方面,提供了兼具快速性、准确性与高通量的解决方案。近年来,其应用不断拓展,从细菌、病毒到寄生虫病原体均已有大量研究报道,为临床诊断和流行病学监测提供了新的工具和思路。
在细菌病原体的检测中,MALDI-TOF MS技术被广泛应用于结核分枝杆菌的快速鉴定及耐药性分析,该技术能够在数小时内获取详细的基因组信息,支持药物耐药性的快速检测,特别是对异烟肼和利福平的耐药性分析。此外,LC-MS/MS技术通过精确的基因突变定量分析,为临床医生提供了更深入的分子诊断工具。如在结核分枝杆菌中,rpoB基因的突变常与利福平耐药性相关,而katG和inhA基因的突变则与异烟肼耐药性相关。通过LC-MS/MS技术对这些突变进行定量分析,可以帮助医生制定个性化的治疗方案,如针对耐药性突变选择替代药物或调整药物剂量[16]。
近年来,核酸质谱技术在细菌检测中的应用进一步扩展,如基于高分辨率质谱(HRMS)的检测方法能够识别低频突变(如rpoB基因的罕见突变),从而为临床提供更全面的耐药性信息[17]。此外,新型离子化技术(解吸电喷雾电离DESI)在细菌检测中的应用也逐渐增多,特别是在痰液或血液等复杂样本的直接分析中,DESI-MSI(质谱成像)技术能够同时获得病原体的空间分布信息,为流行病学调查提供新的视角[18]。
而在细菌表观遗传调控方面,有研究利用质谱辅助的SMRT-seq分析,揭示了铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)致病性亚型中DNA甲基化的功能作用:LC-MS/MS 确认了甲基化修饰位点与宿主对抗机制和毒力相关,证明此技术在分析病原体 DNA甲基化与基因表达调控之间关系中的价值;此外,质谱还能同时鉴定 6mA与磷硫化修饰等复杂修饰的共存模式,为理解微生物防御与进化机制提供新线索[19]。对公共卫生而言,以上这类“修饰—表型”连结为高毒力或高传播谱系的早期识别提供了候选生物标志物,但是仍需要建立与临床结局的稳健关联模型。
并且LC-MS/MS技术在细菌检测中的应用则侧重于多重检测和基因信息的动态分析。通过设计多重引物组,LC-MS/MS可以同时检测如blaCTX-M、ermB和tetM等多个耐药基因,从而全面评估细菌的耐药性特征。例如,在一项针对大肠杆菌的研究中,LC-MS/MS技术成功检测10种常见的耐药基因,发现blaCTX-M基因的突变与第三代头孢菌素耐药性显著相关。这种多重检测技术为流行病学研究提供更加详细的基因信息,比如在耐药菌株的传播动态监测中,LC-MS/MS能够实时追踪耐药基因的变异和流行趋势,为公共卫生干预提供科学依据[20]。
此外,MassARRAY© MALDI-TOF平台也在细菌病原体检测中展现出优势,比如在结核及非结核分枝杆菌中,可同时鉴定8种NTM、M. tuberculosis 复合群及耐药突变,整体灵敏度超过94%,特异性接近100%[21];在食源性病原体检测中,可覆盖Salmonella、E. coli、Listeria monocytogenes 等10种主要致病菌,并在临床样本中与标准方法保持100%一致性[22]。故在实际工作场景中,当目标明确、需快速给出耐药阳性/阴性并支持批量样本时,MassARRAY© 具有一定优势。
若是先以核酸质谱作为“批量分型”的前哨,对重点样本再做测序或药敏复核,并以面板快速迭代与标准化质控作保障;在这一框架下,既能在新发/罕见突变与多基质情境下稳住检测效能,也可覆盖低频突变与复杂样本,从而提升临床决策与流行病学监测效率。
应用于病毒病原体检测中,LC-MS/MS技术在HIV感染的诊断中发挥了重要作用,尤其是在抗药性分析和病毒载量监测中。研究表明,LC-MS/MS能够精准识别HIV基因组中的特定突变,并结合临床数据为抗病毒治疗提供个性化、精准的支持[23]。近年来,核酸质谱技术在病毒检测中的应用进一步扩展到高通量检测和低丰度病毒核酸的精准定量:基于微流控芯片的核酸质谱平台能够实现多重病毒检测,同时分析HIV、流感病毒和新冠病毒的基因突变,显著提高了检测通量和效率[24],这类“多病原—多位点”面板适合作为哨点监测与院感分层的前置筛查,但是面板需按季节与流行谱快速迭代,避免遗漏新出现的关键位点。在低丰度核酸检测方面,核酸质谱技术的灵敏度可达1~10 copies/μL,研究表明,在HIV感染者中,LC-MS/MS能够检测到低于1%的K103N和M184V耐药突变,为临床治疗提供了重要依据[25]。
在呼吸道病原体检测中,基于多重RT-PCR与MassARRAY的方法可同时检测27种细菌和病毒,检出限达10~100 copies/μl,在207例临床样本中总符合率为99.03%[26]。当在混合感染场景下,质谱读出的“位点级”信息有助于区分共存毒株/型别,但当目标过多时需要平衡通量与信噪比。也有报道称[27],在流感病毒的检测中,核酸质谱技术能够高效监测病毒基因突变,比如血凝素(HA)基因的H275Y突变与奥司他韦耐药性相关,而神经氨酸酶(NA)基因的E119V突变与扎那米韦耐药性相关。研究表明,基于LC-MS/MS的流感病毒检测平台能够在4 h内完成96个样本的分析,检测效率比传统PCR方法提高50%以上[28]。
对于新冠病毒(SARS-CoV-2),核酸质谱技术不仅能够检测S蛋白D614G的突变,还可以通过全基因组测序结合质谱分析,快速识别新型变异株Omicron的E484K和N501Y关键突变位点[29]。并且MALDI-TOF MS平台已应用于新冠病毒转录本变异检测,开发的点突变阵列(PMA)可在单次检测中识别 Alpha、Beta、Delta、Omicron 等主要变异株及其亚型,最低检出限达10 copies/μl,并在256份临床样本中与二代测序结果一致率达100%,在Ct值较高样本中甚至表现出更高灵敏度;该方法可灵活增加新引物以覆盖新发突变,且检测周期小于8 h,特别适用于快速分型与流行病学监测[11]。所以,当公共卫生需要“快速分型+动态更新位点面板”时,核酸质谱具备面板可扩展与批处理的优势。
在寄生虫病原体的检测中,LC-MS/MS技术在疟原虫的抗药性突变检测中尤为突出,能够精准识别如K76T突变等关键变异,把“是否耐药”的关键判断前置到分子层面,可直接缩短从检出到用药调整的时间窗,从而为耐药性分析提供重要数据,帮助临床制定更有效的治疗策略。近年来,核酸质谱技术在寄生虫检测中的应用进一步扩展到复杂样本的多重检测和低丰度突变的精准识别,如基于纳米材料富集技术的LC-MS/MS平台能够显著提高疟原虫K76T抗药性突变的检测灵敏度,并且在低寄生虫血症样本中仍能实现精准分析;这表明在消除阶段、低载量与混合株感染等难样本场景下仍能产出可操作结果,从而提升哨点监测与用药评估的敏感度。
MALDI-TOF MS技术在利什曼原虫的检测中,结合机器学习算法,能够自动识别特征性核酸片段,显著提高了检测效率和准确性[30]。此外,利什曼原虫的基因突变检测同样得益于MALDI-TOF MS和LC-MS/MS技术的优势,支持了药物抗性监测和治疗方案的优化,为寄生虫疾病的精准防控提供了有力保障[31]。物种鉴定及耐药位点一体化的结果为个体化用药与区域耐药图谱更新提供同步证据,但仍建议与测序联动以持续迭代面板并保持覆盖能力。
核酸质谱凭借其多靶标并行检测能力,已在多病原体联合检测中展现优势。在血流感染方面,PCR/ESI-MS的“广谱检测”策略已被用于血培养阳性样本的多病原鉴定。例如,有研究验证该技术可在一次检测中识别常见革兰阳性、革兰阴性菌以及真菌,结果显示其在病原体属/种水平的鉴定上具有较高特异性,提示其适合作为败血症的广谱初筛,再结合靶向检测和培养确认[32]。此外,真菌感染的多病原检测亦有探索。近年有研究报道利用 MALDI-TOF NA-MS面板,可在一次反应中检测白念珠菌、热带念珠菌、光滑念珠菌和曲霉属真菌,并能同时覆盖比如 ERG11、FKS 基因突变等耐药相关位点,在临床样本中与测序结果高度一致,为真菌混合感染的快速检测与耐药预警提供了新途径[33]。
通过上述列子可看出核酸质谱能以一次反应实现物种鉴定和关键耐药位点结果的并行读出,覆盖细菌、真菌与呼吸道病毒等多类病原体。简言之,它为多病原体联合检测带来高并发、快周转和可执行的检测闭环,但仍需与培养/AST及WGS联动并持续迭代面板,确保在新发或罕见病原体面前保持检测效能。
在流行病学监测和院感暴发控制中,病原体的型别鉴定与溯源至关重要。除了前文已述及的SARS-CoV-2 变异分型、结核分枝杆菌耐药型鉴定和Plasmodium falciparum 遗传条形码等应用外,核酸质谱在其他病原体的多型别检测中也显示出独特价值。核酸质谱的核心优势在于不追求全基因组的全面性,而是以多位点并行读出(multiplex SNP/INDEL/小片段差异)支撑流调与感染控制中的“是否同源”“是否耐药”“属于何型”这三类最常被问到的问题。相较于全基因组测序(WGS),在交付速度、成本与通量上更适合批量常规监测与快速应急;相较于qPCR/探针法,核酸质谱可在一次反应内可容纳更高位点数且具备质量—电荷读出带来的判读稳定性。
在病毒检测中,质谱平台能够快速识别流感病毒NA基因上的H275Y、E119V耐药突变[34],并已应用于呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV) A/B 型及亚型的快速鉴定,为流行季节监测和疫苗评估提供支持[35]。在细菌方面,基于MassARRAY的艰难梭菌核糖体分型可区分常见比如RT027、RT078流行株,在院感暴发溯源中表现出高一致性和实用性[34]。在真菌层面,MALDI-TOF NA-MS已用于隐球菌复合群 (Cryptococcus complex)的分型,可在一次反应中区分C. neoformans与C. gattii及其亚型,结果与MLST高度一致[36]。
尽管核酸质谱技术在病原体检测和基因突变分析中提供了强有力的支持,其高通量、多重检测能力和高精准度使其在耐药性监测、病原体溯源及个体化医疗中具有显著优势。例如,核酸质谱能够同时检测多个病原体及其基因突变,提高了检测效率和准确性,并能够识别低丰度的基因突变及RNA修饰,广泛应用于癌症、病毒检测等领域[37]。MALDI-TOF MS技术可同时鉴定沙门氏菌(Salmonella spp.)、志贺菌(Shigella spp.)及大肠杆菌(E. coli),助力食品安全及流行病学调查[38]。
虽说核酸质谱技术在以上这些领域取得了重要进展,其仍存在一定的局限性,首先,样本前处理复杂,RNA降解问题显著影响分析精度。研究表明[39],RNA降解可能导致目标片段信号强度降低40%以上;其次,离子化效率差异导致低丰度核酸检测灵敏度不足,低丰度RNA信号强度可能比高丰度RNA低10倍以上;最后,数据分析依赖人工且数据库不完善,修饰核酸的鉴定错误率可能高达20%,现有的核酸质谱数据分析软件(如Mascot、MaxQuant等)虽然在蛋白质组学中表现优异,但在核酸分析中存在一定的局限性,这些软件通常缺乏针对核酸特定修饰(比如甲基化、乙酰化)的识别算法,导致修饰位点的漏检率较高[40]。此外,现有的核酸质谱数据库(如NCBI、ENA)虽然涵盖了大量的序列信息,但在修饰核酸和非编码RNA的注释方面仍待完善,这限制了质谱数据的解析深度和准确性[41]。
为克服上述局限并实现更高效、快速的检测,可将核酸质谱技术与其他先进技术联合使用。例如,结合下一代测序(NGS)技术,可在核酸质谱检测基础上进一步验证基因突变和耐药性信息,提高检测可靠性和全面性[42];基于CRISPR 的核酸检测技术与核酸质谱联用,能够显著提高低丰度病原体的检测灵敏度,特别是在病毒和寄生虫检测中展现巨大潜力[43];在数据分析方面,人工智能(AI)技术的引入可以优化质谱数据解析效率,例如通过机器学习算法自动识别病原体特征峰并预测耐药性突变[44]。
未来需优化样本处理、改进离子化技术,结合人工智能升数据分析能力,并建立更全面的数据库,以降低设备成本并提高检测效率,从而推动核酸质谱在精准医学、耐药性监测和公共卫生安全中的广泛应用。
随着国际贸易和人员流动的加速,口岸已成为跨境病原体传播防控的关键前沿环节。潜伏期短、传播速度快的输入性传染病更容易通过口岸传播,常见的输入性传染病包括流感、登革热、新冠(SARS-CoV-2)、埃博拉出血热、寨卡病毒病,以及霍乱等。这些传染病在早期可能呈现与其他常见疾病相似的临床表现,常规传统检测技术难以及时筛查潜在感染者,从而增加了疫情扩散的风险。
针对这一挑战,核酸质谱技术凭借高灵敏度、多重检测和快速响应,显示出在口岸检验检疫中应用的巨大潜力。基于MALDI-TOF MS 的平台可实现对多种病原体的快速鉴定,适用于突发疫情防控;LC-MS/MS技术能精准检测 SARS-CoV-2 变异,提高耐药性和传播风险评估精度。此外,已有研究表明,核酸质谱技术在霍乱弧菌、结核分枝杆菌及寄生虫病(如疟疾、利什曼病)检测中同样具备应用潜力,有助于早期精准防控。
相较传统PCR,核酸质谱可一次性检测多种病原体,提高筛查效率,尤其适用于输入性疾病的复杂筛查。然而,因高成本、复杂前处理及数据库依赖性限制了其普及。未来,应优化流程、降低成本,并结合AI提升数据解读能力,以增强核酸质谱在口岸传染病防控中的应用,助力全球公共卫生安全。
  • 海关总署科技计划项目(2024HK034)
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2026年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507394
  • 接收时间:2025-07-26
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-26
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海关总署科技计划项目(2024HK034)
作者信息
    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院卫生检验与检疫系,四川 成都 610041
    2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院泌尿盆底外科
    3.四川国际旅行卫生保健中心(成都海关口岸门诊部
    4.口岸疫病疫情监测四川省重点实验室
    5.天津国际旅行卫生保健中心(天津海关口岸门诊部

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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