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Article(id=1324078354256765854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078175000605624, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509260, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757952000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614479841, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614479841, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614479841, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614479841, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324078175000605624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='193', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614437103, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614526046, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078548130082942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078175000605624, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078548130082943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078175000605624, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=363, endPage=369, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324078354483258271, articleId=1324078354256765854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Study on the epidemic characteristics and VP1 gene molecular typing of human bocavirus, Guizhou, 2024, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the detection situation and epidemiological characteristics of human bocavirus (HBoV) in influenza-like cases in Guizhou Province in 2024, and analyze the molecular typing characteristics of its VP1 gene.

Methods

10 823 throat swab samples of influenza-like cases in Guizhou Province in 2024 were collected.Usingthe multiplex fluorescence quantitative PCR method, common respiratory pathogens were analyzed, and the detection rates across different genders, ages, and seasons were described. Qualified HBoV-positive samples were screened for VP1 gene sequencing. Genotype using BLAST and MEGA 11, and constructing a phylogenetic tree using the adjacency method.

Results

A total of 97 cases of HBoV were detected, with a detection rate of 0.90%. Among them, 44 cases were mixed infections, with a detection rate of 0.41% (44/10 823), and rhinovirus (HRV) was the main pathogen of mixed infections. There was no statistically significant difference in the detection rate of HBoV among different genders (χ2=2.732, P=0.098) and seasons (χ2=5.989, P=0.112). There was a statistically significant difference in the detection rate among different age groups (χ2=92.019, P<0.001), with the 0-4 age group having the highest detection rate, which was significantly different from the detection rates of the other three age groups. A total of 25 VP1 gene sequences of HBoV were obtained, all of which are HBoV1 type, including three evolutionary branches: 1b (17 strains), 1a (7 strains), and 1e (1 strain).

Conclusion

In the influenza-like cases in Guizhou Province in 2024, HBoV is at a low level of prevalence, all of which are HBoV1 type, with 1b as the main epidemic strain. The main infected population is 0-4 years old, and the monitoring of HBoV in young age groups should be continuously strengthened.

, authors=Li ZHUANG, Qian KE, Ju ZHENG, Ping WU, Wei-jia JIANG, authorsList=Li ZHUANG, Qian KE, Ju ZHENG, Ping WU, Wei-jia JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei-jia JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324078355108209570, articleId=1324078354256765854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=2024年贵州省人博卡病毒流行特征及VP1基因分子分型研究, columnId=1228016573844226129, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=疾病预防控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解贵州省2024年流感样病例中人博卡病毒（HBoV）的的检出情况及流行特征，分析其VP1基因的分子分型特征。

方法

收集10 823份贵州省2024年流感样病例咽拭子样本，利用多重荧光定量PCR方法对呼吸道常见病原体进行检测，描述不同性别、年龄、季节的检出率，并筛选合格HBoV阳性样本进行VP1基因测序，采用BLAST、MEGA 11进行基因分型，使用邻接法构建系统进化树。

结果

共检测出HBoV 97份，检出率0.90%。其中混合感染44份，检出率0.41%（44/10 823），鼻病毒（HRV）是主要的混合感染病原体。不同性别（χ2=2.732，P=0.098）、季节（χ2=5.989，P=0.112）HBoV检出率差异无统计学意义。不同年龄组（χ2=92.019，P<0.001）间检出率差异有统计学意义，0～4岁组样本检出率最高，与其他三个年龄组间检出率均存在显著性差异。共获得25条HBoV的VP1基因序列，均为HBoV1型，包括1b（17株）、1a（7株）、1e（1株）3种进化分支。

结论

2024年贵州省流感样病例中HBoV处于低水平流行，均为HBoV1型，以1b为主要流行株。0～4岁为主要感染人群，应持续加强小年龄人群的HBoV监测。

, authors=庄丽, 柯倩, 郑菊, 吴萍, 蒋维佳, authorsList=庄丽, 柯倩, 郑菊, 吴萍, 蒋维佳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蒋维佳, authorNote=

庄丽（1980—），女，硕士，副主任医师，研究方向：呼吸道病毒检测与研究

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蒋维佳，E-mail:
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Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 2018, 12(2): 279-286., articleTitle=Human bocavirus and human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract illness in Changsha, China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324078365258425332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=345, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Liu WK, Chen DH, Liu Q, journalName=BMC Infectious Diseases, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu WK, Chen DH, Liu Q, et al. Detection of human bocavirus from children and adults with acute respiratory tract illness in Guangzhou, southern China[J]. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2011, 11: 345., articleTitle=Detection of human bocavirus from children and adults with acute respiratory tract illness in Guangzhou, southern China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324078365329728501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=51, issue=1, pageStart=45, pageEnd=51, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Mohammadi M, Armin S, Yazdanpour Z, journalName=Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mohammadi M, Armin S, Yazdanpour Z. Human bocavirus infections and co-infections with respiratory syncytial virus and Rotavirus in children with acute respiratory or gastrointestinal disease[J]. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2020, 51(1): 45-51., articleTitle=Human bocavirus infections and co-infections with respiratory syncytial virus and Rotavirus in children with acute respiratory or gastrointestinal disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324078367145862134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Wang WJ, Guan RZ, Liu ZR, journalName=Frontiers in Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang WJ, Guan RZ, Liu ZR, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of human bocavirus infection in children hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infection in Qingdao, China[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2022, 13: 935688., articleTitle=Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of human bocavirus infection in children hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infection in Qingdao, China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324078367246525431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=11, issue=5, pageStart=1243, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Trapani S, Caporizzi A, Ricci S, journalName=Microorganisms, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Trapani S, Caporizzi A, Ricci S, et al. Human bocavirus in childhood: a true respiratory pathogen or a “passenger” virus? A comprehensive review[J]. Microorganisms, 2023, 11(5): 1243., articleTitle=Human bocavirus in childhood: a true respiratory pathogen or a “passenger” virus? A comprehensive review, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324078360502084561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, awardId=黔科合平台人才-ZDSYS[2023]004, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合平台人才-ZDSYS[2023]004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1324078360602747858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, awardId=黔科合支撑【2021】一般025, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑【2021】一般025), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324078355418588067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078355435365284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, companyId=1324078355418588067, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Virology Department of Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention Experimental Center, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078355443753893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, companyId=1324078355418588067, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=贵州省疾病预防控制中心实验中心病毒科，贵阳 550004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324078359570949065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Constructing a phylogenetic tree based on HBoV VP1 gene, figureFileSmall=3AjXuRbrZxrDPxuNVc1LPg==, figureFileBig=DuzttvDTC0heeuRC3rdF+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078359650640842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于人博卡病毒的VP1基因构建系统进化树

注：△本研究VP1基因序列；◆人博卡病毒1型原型株VP1基因序列；▲人博卡病毒1型近源株VP1基因序列。

, figureFileSmall=3AjXuRbrZxrDPxuNVc1LPg==, figureFileBig=DuzttvDTC0heeuRC3rdF+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078359851967435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detection of HBoV mixed infection in Guizhou Province in 2024（n=10 823）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
混合感染类型病原体阳性样本数
（份）		检出率
（%）		在混合感染中的占比（%）
两种病原体的混合感染HBoV+ADV50.0511.36
HBoV+HRV60.0613.64
HBoV+EV40.049.09
HBoV+MP20.024.55
HBoV+RSV50.0511.36
HBoV+HPIV30.036.82
HBoV+HCoV20.024.55
HBoV+HMPV1<0.012.27
HBoV+CP40.049.09
HBoV+H1N11<0.012.27
三种病原体的混合感染HBoV+ADV+HCoV40.049.09
HBoV+RSV+HPIV1<0.012.27
HBoV+HRV+EV1<0.012.27
HBoV+SARS-CoV-2+MP1<0.012.27
HBoV+ADV+EV1<0.012.27
HBoV+HRV+MP1<0.012.27
HBoV+HCoV+EV1<0.012.27
HBoV+RSV+HMPV1<0.012.27
总计440.41100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1324078359935853516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2024年贵州省HBoV混合感染检出情况（n=10 823）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
混合感染类型病原体阳性样本数
（份）		检出率
（%）		在混合感染中的占比（%）
两种病原体的混合感染HBoV+ADV50.0511.36
HBoV+HRV60.0613.64
HBoV+EV40.049.09
HBoV+MP20.024.55
HBoV+RSV50.0511.36
HBoV+HPIV30.036.82
HBoV+HCoV20.024.55
HBoV+HMPV1<0.012.27
HBoV+CP40.049.09
HBoV+H1N11<0.012.27
三种病原体的混合感染HBoV+ADV+HCoV40.049.09
HBoV+RSV+HPIV1<0.012.27
HBoV+HRV+EV1<0.012.27
HBoV+SARS-CoV-2+MP1<0.012.27
HBoV+ADV+EV1<0.012.27
HBoV+HRV+MP1<0.012.27
HBoV+HCoV+EV1<0.012.27
HBoV+RSV+HMPV1<0.012.27
总计440.41100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1324078360040711117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of Differences in HBoV detection rates by gender, age, and season in Guizhou Province in 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类总检测数
（份）		阳性数
（份）		检出率
（%）		χ2值P值
性别2.7320.098
男性5 811440.76
女性5 012531.06
年龄（岁）92.019<0.001
0~44 371851.94
5~141 62760.37
15~593 10260.19
≥601 72300.00
季节5.9890.112
春季1 601100.62
夏季3 611300.83
秋季3 858330.86
冬季1 753241.37
), ArticleFig(id=1324078360158151630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2024年贵州省HBoV不同性别、不同年龄组、不同季节检出率差异分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类总检测数
（份）		阳性数
（份）		检出率
（%）		χ2值P值
性别2.7320.098
男性5 811440.76
女性5 012531.06
年龄（岁）92.019<0.001
0~44 371851.94
5~141 62760.37
15~593 10260.19
≥601 72300.00
季节5.9890.112
春季1 601100.62
夏季3 611300.83
秋季3 858330.86
冬季1 753241.37
), ArticleFig(id=1324078360288175055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Monthly detection of HBoV in Guizhou Province in 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份检测样本数
（份）		阳性样本数
（份）		检出率
（%）
121000.00
212254.10
335910.28
445230.66
579060.76
61 02790.88
71 342110.82
81 242100.81
91 37880.58
101 242131.05
111 237120.97
121 422191.34
总计10 823970.90
), ArticleFig(id=1324078360384644048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078354256765854, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2024年贵州省HBoV每月检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份检测样本数
（份）		阳性样本数
（份）		检出率
（%）
121000.00
212254.10
335910.28
445230.66
579060.76
61 02790.88
71 342110.82
81 242100.81
91 37880.58
101 242131.05
111 237120.97
121 422191.34
总计10 823970.90
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2024年贵州省人博卡病毒流行特征及VP1基因分子分型研究
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庄丽 , 柯倩 , 郑菊 , 吴萍 , 蒋维佳
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2026,53(2): 363-369
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现代预防医学 |疾病预防控制 2026 , 53 (2) : 363 -369
2024年贵州省人博卡病毒流行特征及VP1基因分子分型研究
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庄丽, 柯倩, 郑菊, 吴萍, 蒋维佳
作者信息
  • 贵州省疾病预防控制中心实验中心病毒科，贵阳 550004
通讯作者:
蒋维佳，E-mail:
作者简介:

庄丽（1980—），女，硕士，副主任医师，研究方向：呼吸道病毒检测与研究

Study on the epidemic characteristics and VP1 gene molecular typing of human bocavirus, Guizhou, 2024
Li ZHUANG, Qian KE, Ju ZHENG, Ping WU, Wei-jia JIANG
Affiliations
  • Virology Department of Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention Experimental Center, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509260
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摘要
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目的

了解贵州省2024年流感样病例中人博卡病毒（HBoV）的的检出情况及流行特征，分析其VP1基因的分子分型特征。

方法

收集10 823份贵州省2024年流感样病例咽拭子样本，利用多重荧光定量PCR方法对呼吸道常见病原体进行检测，描述不同性别、年龄、季节的检出率，并筛选合格HBoV阳性样本进行VP1基因测序，采用BLAST、MEGA 11进行基因分型，使用邻接法构建系统进化树。

结果

共检测出HBoV 97份，检出率0.90%。其中混合感染44份，检出率0.41%（44/10 823），鼻病毒（HRV）是主要的混合感染病原体。不同性别（χ2=2.732，P=0.098）、季节（χ2=5.989，P=0.112）HBoV检出率差异无统计学意义。不同年龄组（χ2=92.019，P<0.001）间检出率差异有统计学意义，0～4岁组样本检出率最高，与其他三个年龄组间检出率均存在显著性差异。共获得25条HBoV的VP1基因序列，均为HBoV1型，包括1b（17株）、1a（7株）、1e（1株）3种进化分支。

结论

2024年贵州省流感样病例中HBoV处于低水平流行，均为HBoV1型，以1b为主要流行株。0～4岁为主要感染人群，应持续加强小年龄人群的HBoV监测。

贵州省  /  流感样病例  /  人博卡病毒  /  流行特征  /  分子分型
Objective

To understand the detection situation and epidemiological characteristics of human bocavirus (HBoV) in influenza-like cases in Guizhou Province in 2024, and analyze the molecular typing characteristics of its VP1 gene.

Methods

10 823 throat swab samples of influenza-like cases in Guizhou Province in 2024 were collected.Usingthe multiplex fluorescence quantitative PCR method, common respiratory pathogens were analyzed, and the detection rates across different genders, ages, and seasons were described. Qualified HBoV-positive samples were screened for VP1 gene sequencing. Genotype using BLAST and MEGA 11, and constructing a phylogenetic tree using the adjacency method.

Results

A total of 97 cases of HBoV were detected, with a detection rate of 0.90%. Among them, 44 cases were mixed infections, with a detection rate of 0.41% (44/10 823), and rhinovirus (HRV) was the main pathogen of mixed infections. There was no statistically significant difference in the detection rate of HBoV among different genders (χ2=2.732, P=0.098) and seasons (χ2=5.989, P=0.112). There was a statistically significant difference in the detection rate among different age groups (χ2=92.019, P<0.001), with the 0-4 age group having the highest detection rate, which was significantly different from the detection rates of the other three age groups. A total of 25 VP1 gene sequences of HBoV were obtained, all of which are HBoV1 type, including three evolutionary branches: 1b (17 strains), 1a (7 strains), and 1e (1 strain).

Conclusion

In the influenza-like cases in Guizhou Province in 2024, HBoV is at a low level of prevalence, all of which are HBoV1 type, with 1b as the main epidemic strain. The main infected population is 0-4 years old, and the monitoring of HBoV in young age groups should be continuously strengthened.

Guizhou Province  /  Influenza-like cases  /  Human bocavirus  /  Epidemiology  /  Molecular typing
庄丽, 柯倩, 郑菊, 吴萍, 蒋维佳. 2024年贵州省人博卡病毒流行特征及VP1基因分子分型研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (2) : 363 -369 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509260
Li ZHUANG, Qian KE, Ju ZHENG, Ping WU, Wei-jia JIANG. Study on the epidemic characteristics and VP1 gene molecular typing of human bocavirus, Guizhou, 2024[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (2) : 363 -369 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509260
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人博卡病毒（human bocavirus，HBoV）为无包膜的单链线状DNA病毒，属于细小病毒科，博卡病毒属。2005年HBoV在瑞典[1]呼吸道感染病例中首次检出，2006年在中国儿童急性呼吸道感染病例中[2]检出；同年，在法国、美国、日本、澳大利亚等地[3]的呼吸道感染病例中陆续检出HBoV，造成世界范围内广泛传播。感染HBoV后可引起急性呼吸道症状，还可能促进哮喘急性发作、慢性阻塞性肺病、肺气肿、急性呼吸衰竭等，严重者可危及生命，部分患者会出现呕吐或腹泻症状[4]。HBoV编码三种结构蛋白：VP1、VP2 和VP3，它们共同组成病毒衣壳，共用一个开放阅读框。VP2 和VP3 基因编码区均起始于VP1内部，属于重叠基因。VP1、VP2基因是HBoV的基因高变区，但VP1具有独特N端区域(VP1u)并包含VP2全部序列，VP1u对于维持病毒抗原性至关重要,同时还具有磷脂酶A2(PLA2)活性，在受体介导的病毒内吞及逃脱溶酶体进入细胞核的过程起到重要作用，故VP1常用于HBoV分子分型[1]。根据VP1基因核苷酸的差异，将HBoV分为HBoV1、HBoV2、HBoV3 和 HBoV4四种血清型。不同血清型的HBoV可能具有不同的致病性和流行趋势[5]。HBoV的发现时间较短，致病机制尚不明确，河北省[6]、苏州市[7]汕头市[8]及四川省[9]等地急性呼吸道病例中HBoV检出率为1.50%-5.00%,以HBoV1的1b分支为主要流行株。目前尚未发现贵州省HBoV相关流行病学及分子分型研究。本研究对贵州省流感样病例HBoV的检出情况进行分析，同时筛选合格HBoV阳性样本基于VP1基因进行Sanger测序及分子分型，以期掌握贵州省HBoV的流行特征及分子分型规律，为制定贵州省HBoV地方性防控策略提供科学支撑。
1　材料和方法
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1.1　实验材料
采集2024年1月—2024年12月贵州省流感哨点医院的流感样病例（Influenza-like illness，ILI）样本。哨点医院共计10家，省级医院1家，市级医院9家。其中综合医院9家，专科医院1家。流感样病例是指体温高于38 ℃（包括38 ℃）并伴有咳嗽或咽痛之一的患者，样本类型为咽拭子样本。
1.2　研究方法
使用西安天隆科技有限公司的核酸提取试剂及自动核酸提取仪进行病原体核酸提取；使用深圳生科原有限公司的呼吸道多病原检测试剂盒通过多重荧光定量PCR（multiplex real time polymerase chain reaction, MRT-PCR）[10]进行常见呼吸道病原体核酸检测。检测内容包括HBoV、鼻病毒（human rhinovirus，HRV）、呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus，RSV）、腺病毒(respiratory adenovirus，ADV）、肠道病毒（enterovirus，EV）、普通冠状病毒（human coronavirus，HCoV）、偏肺病毒（metapneumovirus，HMPV）、流感病毒（influenzavirus，IFV）H1N1/H3N2/victoria/yamagata亚型、副流感病毒（human parainfluenza，HPIV）、新型冠状病毒 (severeacuterespiratory syndromecoronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)、肺炎衣原体（chlamydia pneumoniae，CP）和肺炎支原体（mycoplasma pneumoniae，MP）共12种常见呼吸道病原体。
1.3　HBoV的VP1基因测序
1.3.1　使用HBoV-qPCR试剂盒（上海伯杰）对所有核酸进行质量控制评估，选取CT值≤30的HBoV阳性核酸，送至上海伯杰有限公司通过Sanger测序技术进行VP1基因测序。利用博卡病毒VP1基因富集试剂盒（上海伯杰）进行靶向扩增。95 ℃预变性5 min；95 ℃ 30 s，52 ℃ 30 s，72 ℃ 30 s，40个循环；延伸72 ℃，5 min。对扩增产物使用1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证目的片段长度，目的片段1约1 200 bp，片段2约1 050 bp。以BigDye○ Terminator V3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit（赛默飞），ABI3730XL（赛默飞）进行Sanger测序。
1.3.2　本研究比对参考株选取HBoV1原型株及近源株，通过NCBI（https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/）下载2条HBoV1原型株DQ000495.1（st1）、DQ000496.1（st2）及29条HBoV1国内外近源株的VP1基因序列。基于VP1基因通过BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool及MEGA 11软件进行基因分型，使用邻接（neighbor-joining method，NJ）法构建系统进化树,bootstrap值设置为1 000。
1.4　统计学分析
通过 Excel 2021和SPSS 22软件进行不同性别、年龄组和不同季节检出率差异分析。组间率的比较采用χ2检验或Fisher 确切概率法，采用双侧检验，检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　HBoV检出情况
共检测10 823份流感样病例咽拭子样本，检出HBoV 97份，检出率0.90%。贵州省9个市州HBoV检出率差异有统计学意义（χ2=47.061，P<0.001）。其中检出率前三位为贵阳市（2.05%，37/1 803），黔西南州（1.26%，12/952），毕节市（1.05%，11/1 043）。97份HBoV阳性样本中，单一HBoV感染53份,检出率0.49%（53/10 823），占比54.64%（53/97）；HBoV与其他病原体混合感染44份，检出率0.41%（44/10 823），占比45.36%（44/97），其中两种病原体的混合感染检出率0.30%（33/10 823），占合并感染中的75%（33/44），共有10种组合方式，HBoV与HRV的组合方式占比最高，为13.64%（6/44），其次为与RSV、ADV、EV、CP、HPIV、HCoV的混合感染，检出最少是与HMPV、H1N1的混合感染。三种病原体的混合感染检出率0.10%（11/10 823），占合并感染中的25%（11/44），共有8种组合方式，HBoV与ADV+HCoV的组合方式占比最高，为0.91%（4/44），其他混合感染类型HRV与RSV+HPIV、HRV+EV、SARS-CoV-2+MP、ADV+EV、HRV+MP、HCoV+EV、RSV+HMPV检出最少，均为1例，在混合感染中占比均为2.27%（1/44）。见表1。
2.2　不同性别HBoV检出率
本研究男性患者样本HBoV检出率0.76%（44/5 811）；女性患者样本检出率1.06%（53/5 012），男性与女性样本间HBoV检出率差异无统计学意义（χ2=2.732，P=0.098），见表2。
2.3　不同年龄组HBoV检出率
不同年龄组HBoV检出率差异有统计学意义（χ2=92.019，P<0.001），见表2。针对不同年龄组间HBoV检出率进行χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法两两比较，发现0～4岁与5～14岁（χ2=19.706，P<0.001）、15～59岁（χ2=46.257，P<0.001）、≥60岁（χ2=33.980，P<0.001）间检出率差异均有统计学意义。
2.4　不同季节HBoV检出率
全年除去1月外，其余月份均有HBoV检出，检出率最高为2月（4.10%）。不同季节HBoV检出率差异无统计学意义（χ2=5.989，P=0.112）。见表2、表3。
2.5　HBoV的VP1基因分子分型及进化分析
共获得25条病例HBoV的VP1基因序列,通过在线网站BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool进行比对，25株HBoV分型结果均为HBoV1型。将25株HBoV1与2株HBoV1原型株、29株HBoV1国内外近源株的VP1基因序列构建系统发育树。结果显示，17株HBoV1与原型株DQ000496.1（st2）聚成一个分支，属于 1b 进化分支。与1b原型株DQ000496.1（st2）相比，17株VP1基因序列中共发生30个核苷酸位点变异，5个氨基酸位点变异。分析结果显示17株均发生了N474S，1株发生了R17K、A37T、D72N、L353I；7株HBoV1与原型株 DQ000495.1（st1）聚成一个分支，属于 1a 进化分支。与1a原型株DQ000495.1（st1）相比，7株VP1基因序列共发生25个核苷酸位点变异，5个氨基酸位点变异。7株均发生了A149T，5株发生了R17K，2株发生了L353I，1株发生了V31I、T590S；GZHBoV202521与近源株KJ684071.1聚为一支，属于1e 进化分支，GZHBoV202521与KJ684071.1相比，共发生8个核苷酸位点变异，均为同义突变；与1a原型株DQ000495.1（st1）相比，共发生21个核苷酸位点变异，3个氨基酸位点变异；与1b原型株DQ000496.1（st2）相比，共发生11个核苷酸位点变异，3个氨基酸位点变异。见图1。
3　讨论
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HBoV是一种常见的呼吸道病原体，不仅能引起急性呼吸道症状、消化道症状，还可促进哮喘急性发作[11]。HBoV可单独致病，也可与其他病原体发生混合感染。本研究HBoV 检出率0.90%，低于河北省[6]、苏州市[7]及汕头市[8]，与四川省[9]、珠海市[12]。出现检出率差异的原因可能是由于不同地区的地理位置、样本类型、气候因素、诊断方法、人群抗体水平、研究时间等因素的不同。
研究表明，检出HBoV混合感染的患儿比单一感染的患儿住院时间更长，临床症状表现得更复杂、更严重[13-15]，同时还会影响临床治疗药物的选择，不同病原体的敏感药物存在差异，需考虑不同药物同时使用时的相互促进及拮抗作用。本研究97份HBoV阳性样本中，除去53份HBoV单一感染（占比54.64%）外，同时还存在44份（占比45.36%）混合感染。其中两种病原体的混合感染类型检出较多，感染模式复杂，包括10种组合方式。三种病原体的混合感染检出较少，未检出四种及四种以上病原体的混合感染。与HBoV发生混合感染的病原体主要是HRV，共检出8份，其中6份为HBoV与HRV的两种病原体混合感染，2份为包含HRV的三种病原体的混合感染。与河北省[6]和宁夏回族自治区[16]的研究结果相似。此外，RSV、ADV、EV、CP、HPIV、HCoV等也是HBoV混合感染的常见病原体。HBoV出现较高的混合感染检出率可能是由于HBoV感染后，机体免疫力遭受一定程度破坏，导致其他病原体更容易感染宿主。也可能是HBoV可以作为其他病原体的桥梁，在病毒的复制过程中需要其他病原体的参与[13]。
贵州省流感样病例中，不同年龄组HBoV检出率差异有统计学意义，0～4岁学龄前组HBoV检出最高，在所有阳性样本中占比87.63%（85/97），随着年龄增加，HBoV检出率逐渐降低，与河南省漯河市[17]和河北省[6]相似。小年龄人群检出率高的原因可能是学龄前期的儿童免疫系统发育不成熟，导致宿主对HBoV普遍易感。随着年龄增加，人体免疫系统逐渐发育成熟，对HBoV抵抗力有所增强；同时部分人群存在HBoV既往感染史，以上因素共同促进人群抗体水平的提高，最终导致对HBoV易感性逐渐降低，提示贵州省在后续工作中要继续加强小年龄人群，尤其是0～4岁儿童的HBoV监测。
研究显示温带地区HBoV在冬、春季可达到峰值[18]。本研究HBoV在2月检出率全年最高（4.10%），但不同季节检出率无差异。贵州省HBoV冬季检出率最高，与汕头市[8]相似，与海南省[19]、广西桂林市[20]、长沙市[21] 和广州市[22]有差异。存在以上季节差异的主要原因是不同地区存在不同的地域特征及气候特征，导致不同地区HBoV季节流行模式存在差异。贵州省为中国西部亚热带温润季风气候，同时存在丘陵、山地、高原、盆地各种地貌，雨热同季，独特的气候特征形成了贵州省地方特色的季节流行模式。
HBoV存在四种血清型，HBoV1主要通过呼吸道传播，通常在呼吸道样本中检出，HBoV2～4主要在人类粪便样本中检出[23]。VP1为HBoV的基因高变区，通常用于HBoV的分子分型检测及基因进化分析[24-25]。本研究以HBoV1原型株DQ000495.1（st1）和DQ000496.1（st2）为参考株，通过基因进化分析，发现贵州省25株博卡病毒均为 HBoV1型，存在1a、1b、1e三种进化分支，以Ⅰb为优势进化分支。既往研究表明，中国11个省市流行的HBoV1均以1b分支为主要优势分支，仅有少量1a或1c[11]，与本研究相同。提示HBoV血清型可能在全国范围内存在相似的流行模式。在VP基因中影响HBoV抗原性的主要区域为VP1u（1～129aa）、VP3的N端区域（130～165aa）和βG-βH插入序列区域（374～576aa）。VP1u是位于VP1基因氨基端的一段独特区域，与病毒抗原性的稳定高度相关，VP1u在还11～66氨基酸具有磷脂酶A2活性，是病毒入胞的关键部位[1]。本研究位于Ⅰb分支的17条VP1基因序列中均发生N474S，N474S位于VP1蛋白C末端结构域，可能更利于HBoV的传播[20]。位于Ⅰa分支的7株VP1基因序列均发生了A149T，A149T位于VP1蛋白表面，改变了氨基酸性质（疏水→亲水），可能影响抗原性或与受体的相互作用；6株发生R17K，R17K 位于VP1u区（磷脂酶A2活性域），可能影响病毒入侵；3株发生L353I，L353I属于保守替换，对蛋白结构影响可能较小。此外，本次还发现GZHBoV202521为1e进化分支。关于1e进化分支的报道非常少，周边省份未发现相关报道。本研究单个样本的氨基酸突变位点较少，为1～3个，突变对蛋白结构影响较为有限，表明博卡病毒VP1基因仍然高度保守，但存在持续的进化压力，病毒不断的变异会导致越来越多新分支的出现，故应进一步加强对HBoV的分子分型检测，建立预警机制，以便尽早识别新的进化分支，有效应对HBoV流行。
本研究局限性在于研究对象仅针对呼吸道样本，后续应补充肠道样本进行分析。2024年贵州省流感样病例中HBoV检出率低于其他省市，处于低水平流行，均为HBoV1型，以1b为主要流行株。HBoV VP1基因仍然高度保守，但存在持续的进化压力。0～4岁为主要感染人群，应持续加强小年龄人群的HBoV监测，并结合贵州省HBoV流行特征及分子分型规律，制定适合贵州省HBoV防控的地方性公共卫生策略，以有效控制 HBoV的传播。
基金
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  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合平台人才-ZDSYS[2023]004)
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑【2021】一般025)
文献
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2026年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509260
  • 接收时间：2025-09-16
  • 首发时间：2026-11-02
  • 出版时间：2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-09-16
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贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合平台人才-ZDSYS[2023]004)
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑【2021】一般025)
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    贵州省疾病预防控制中心实验中心病毒科，贵阳 550004

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蒋维佳，E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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