Article(id=1324078295901418303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078175000605624, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509426, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758729600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614465927, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614465927, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614465927, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614465927, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324078175000605624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='193', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614437103, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614526046, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078548130082942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078175000605624, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078548130082943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078175000605624, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=311, endPage=315, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324078296115327808, articleId=1324078295901418303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=A study on the structural characteristics and optimization pathways of medical data trading policies in China, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To systematically analyze the overall architecture, evolution, and core issues of medical data trading policies in China, identify deficiencies within the policy system, and to provide a basis for subsequent policy optimization.

Methods

Using NVivo 12 Plus software, we conducted content mining and thematic coding of 48 policy texts related to medical data trading issued at the national level between 2015 and 2025. A structural model of policy elements was constructed, and a combined qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed.

Results

Medical data trading policies in China have formed a three-tier governance structure of “top level design-institutional mechanisms-development pathways.” However, the system exhibits significant structural imbalances, including a fragmented framework and lack of industry-specific legislation at the top-level design tier; a dual weakness in operational safety rules and supplier incentives at the institutional mechanism tier; and lagging development of infrastructure and the professional service ecosystem at the development pathway tier.

Conclusion

The policy system should be improved by strengthening top-level design through industry-specific legislation, improving institutional mechanisms with operational safety rules and incentive schemes, and bolstering development pathways by fostering a professional service ecosystem. These measures aim to enhance the efficiency and security of medical data factor market allocation, thereby supporting the deep integration of the “Healthy China” and “Digital China” strategies.

, authors=Su HAN1, Yu-ke SHI2, Yong-zhong CHENG3, authorsList=Su HAN, Yu-ke SHI, Yong-zhong CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yong-zhong CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324078296920634181, articleId=1324078295901418303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=我国医疗数据交易政策的结构特征与优化路径研究, columnId=1228016568014139551, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=卫生政策与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

系统梳理我国医疗数据交易政策的架构与核心议题,识别政策不足,为后续优化提供依据。

方法

检索2015—2025年国家层面发布的医疗数据交易相关政策文件48份。借助NVivo 12 Plus软件,对政策文本进行内容挖掘与主题编码,构建政策要素的结构模型,并开展定性与量化相结合的分析。

结果

我国医疗数据交易政策已形成“顶层设计-制度机制-发展路径”的三层次治理架构。但该体系存在显著的结构性失衡:顶层设计层面,政策框架零散、行业专项法规缺位;制度机制层面,呈现出安全规范操作性弱与供给方激励不足的双重困境;发展路径层面,基础设施与专业服务生态的支撑能力滞后于宏观发展目标。

结论

为提升医疗数据要素市场化配置效率与安全水平,支撑“健康中国”与“数字中国”战略,建议从三个层面完善政策体系:顶层设计层面,应推动行业专门立法与跨法规协同;制度机制层面,需制定可操作的安全细则并构建激励相容的收益分配机制;发展路径层面,应加速培育第三方服务生态与基础设施建设。核心在于推动政策从宏观导向转向微观赋能,以支撑“健康中国”与“数字中国”战略的深度融合。

, authors=韩俗1, 施羽珂2, 程永忠3, authorsList=韩俗, 施羽珂, 程永忠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=程永忠, authorNote=

韩俗(1980—),女,博士在读,副研究员,研究方向:卫生政策与管理

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程永忠,E-mail:
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韩俗(1980—),女,博士在读,副研究员,研究方向:卫生政策与管理

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Evolution of policy themes and interprovincial differences in China’s digital economy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324078304906589056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=20, issue=4, pageStart=12, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=15, authorNames=金璐瑶, 曾静静, journalName=数字图书馆论坛, refType=null, unstructuredReference=金璐瑶,曾静静.政策文本量化研究:概念、方法与研究视角[J].数字图书馆论坛,2024,20(4):12-21., articleTitle=政策文本量化研究:概念、方法与研究视角, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324078304973697921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=20, issue=4, pageStart=12, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Jin LY, Zeng JJ, journalName=Digital Library Forum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jin LY, Zeng JJ. 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(In Chinese), articleTitle=White Paper on the Development Trends of the Cloud Marketplace in 2025, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324078305477014407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=88, pageEnd=94, 242, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=22, authorNames=乔夫, 王庆德, journalName=价格理论与实践, refType=null, unstructuredReference=乔夫,王庆德.加快我国数据交易所生态系统建设的现实基础与发展路径研究[J].价格理论与实践,2025,(5):88-94, 242., articleTitle=加快我国数据交易所生态系统建设的现实基础与发展路径研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324078305548317576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=88, pageEnd=94, 242, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Qiao F, Wang QD, journalName=Price: Theory & Practice, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qiao F, Wang QD. 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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Research on the realistic foundation and implementation pathways for accelerating the construction of China’s data exchange ecosystem, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324078301769249648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, awardId=2025SCWJ013, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省卫生经济学会2025年科研课题(2025SCWJ013), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324078297151320902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078297159709511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, companyId=1324078297151320902, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Operation and Management, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078297168098120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, companyId=1324078297151320902, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院运营管理部,成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324078297226818377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078297235206986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, companyId=1324078297226818377, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院卫生政策与管理系)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324078297323287371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078297331675980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, companyId=1324078297323287371, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.四川大学华西医院党办)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324078300733256550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=National policy text word frequency map, figureFileSmall=yDnQO+W5fgMIuA5o6iiNRA==, figureFileBig=Ft8f15jALm2pELUUhXIiLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078300829725543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, language=CN, label=图1, caption=国家政策文本词频图, figureFileSmall=yDnQO+W5fgMIuA5o6iiNRA==, figureFileBig=Ft8f15jALm2pELUUhXIiLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078301077189480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=National policy text axial coding node matrix chart, figureFileSmall=zoJ5OWZ1Hc2PKnbK4TgKyA==, figureFileBig=o5Ejk54EoK8Exrqv1vDVzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078301152686953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, language=CN, label=图2, caption=国家政策文本关联式编码节点矩阵图表, figureFileSmall=zoJ5OWZ1Hc2PKnbK4TgKyA==, figureFileBig=o5Ejk54EoK8Exrqv1vDVzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078301219795818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Open coding of national policy texts (partial)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树节点子节点
数据数据产品、公共数据、数据分类分级、数据基础制度、数据要素价值、数据管理、数据治理、数据安全保障、数据资源开发、数据采集、大数据、数据平台、数据合规、国数据、数据资产有……
发展经济社会发展、质量发展、发展理念、产业发展、发展格局、发展数字经济、数字经济发展、发展利益、发展模式、发展水平、发展党……
安全数据安全保障、中央网络安全、国家安全体系、数据安全风险、保障安全、安全治理……
服务公共服务、服务机构、数据服务能力、政务服务、服务过程、信息服务体系、服务模式创新……
管理管理规范、数据安全管理、数据资源管理、管理制度、数据管理机构、清单管理制度、管理程度、管理水平……
技术核心技术公关、技术支持、技术手段、数据技术研发、技术应用、技术标准、技术创新、数据技术产品、信息技术服务、技术新……
体系标准市场体系、国家安全体系、社会保障体系、政策体系、文化产业体系、体系建设、政府治理体系、社会主义法制体系……
建设制度建设、建设现代化、生态文明建设、建设用地市场、城乡建设、智慧城市建设、信用体系建设、基础设施建设、服务平台建设……
), ArticleFig(id=1324078301295293291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国家政策文本开放式编码(部分)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树节点子节点
数据数据产品、公共数据、数据分类分级、数据基础制度、数据要素价值、数据管理、数据治理、数据安全保障、数据资源开发、数据采集、大数据、数据平台、数据合规、国数据、数据资产有……
发展经济社会发展、质量发展、发展理念、产业发展、发展格局、发展数字经济、数字经济发展、发展利益、发展模式、发展水平、发展党……
安全数据安全保障、中央网络安全、国家安全体系、数据安全风险、保障安全、安全治理……
服务公共服务、服务机构、数据服务能力、政务服务、服务过程、信息服务体系、服务模式创新……
管理管理规范、数据安全管理、数据资源管理、管理制度、数据管理机构、清单管理制度、管理程度、管理水平……
技术核心技术公关、技术支持、技术手段、数据技术研发、技术应用、技术标准、技术创新、数据技术产品、信息技术服务、技术新……
体系标准市场体系、国家安全体系、社会保障体系、政策体系、文化产业体系、体系建设、政府治理体系、社会主义法制体系……
建设制度建设、建设现代化、生态文明建设、建设用地市场、城乡建设、智慧城市建设、信用体系建设、基础设施建设、服务平台建设……
), ArticleFig(id=1324078301391762284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

National policy texts sub-node specifications

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子节点参考点类目描述
数据安全治理662数据资产交易实施的安全管理框架,包括风险评估、保护机制设计、治理结构建立及安全维护等
发展战略规划573数据资产交易的发展导向设计,涵盖目标设定、思想理念引导、现状问题诊断及战略模式优化等
服务体系构建453数据交易平台和服务机构提供的服务机制,包括服务标准制定、过程管理、体系建设及安全服务、数据服务、网络服务等
数据管理规范461数据资产管理规则,涉及管理规范制定、分级分类实施、日常操作流程及行业数据体系整合等
数字化发展推进283推动数据资产交易数字化转型的具体路径,包括数字化技术应用、发展现状优化及数据应用创新等
基础设施支撑277数据交易基础环境,涵盖平台建设、基础设施及技术框架搭建等
监管监督机制180对数据资产交易活动的监督体系,包括分级管理、合规审查、风险监控及违规行为处置等
安全风险防控107风险应对措施,涉及风险评估、保护策略制定及数据安全威胁防范
数据应用拓展246对数据资产的应用实践,包括应用场景开发、价值实现路径及行业数据体系推广等
整体政策框架745数据资产交易综合性体系,涵盖体系整合、政策协调及制度框架等
), ArticleFig(id=1324078301484036973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国家政策文本子节点详表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子节点参考点类目描述
数据安全治理662数据资产交易实施的安全管理框架,包括风险评估、保护机制设计、治理结构建立及安全维护等
发展战略规划573数据资产交易的发展导向设计,涵盖目标设定、思想理念引导、现状问题诊断及战略模式优化等
服务体系构建453数据交易平台和服务机构提供的服务机制,包括服务标准制定、过程管理、体系建设及安全服务、数据服务、网络服务等
数据管理规范461数据资产管理规则,涉及管理规范制定、分级分类实施、日常操作流程及行业数据体系整合等
数字化发展推进283推动数据资产交易数字化转型的具体路径,包括数字化技术应用、发展现状优化及数据应用创新等
基础设施支撑277数据交易基础环境,涵盖平台建设、基础设施及技术框架搭建等
监管监督机制180对数据资产交易活动的监督体系,包括分级管理、合规审查、风险监控及违规行为处置等
安全风险防控107风险应对措施,涉及风险评估、保护策略制定及数据安全威胁防范
数据应用拓展246对数据资产的应用实践,包括应用场景开发、价值实现路径及行业数据体系推广等
整体政策框架745数据资产交易综合性体系,涵盖体系整合、政策协调及制度框架等
), ArticleFig(id=1324078301567923054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

National policy texts coding statistics table

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树节点(参考点)子节点(参考数)覆盖率
(%)
合计
(%)
安全治理体系(769)数据安全治理(662)16.6019.29
安全风险防控(107)2.68
制度保障机制(641)数据管理规范(461)11.5616.08
监管监督机制(180)4.51
发展推进路径(1 102)发展战略规划(573)14.37
数字化发展推进(283)7.1027.64
数据应用拓展(246)6.17
基础支撑能力(730)基础设施支撑(277)5.6918.31
服务体系构建(453)11.36
整体政策框架(745)整体政策框架(745)18.6918.69
), ArticleFig(id=1324078301664392047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078295901418303, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

国家政策文本编码统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树节点(参考点)子节点(参考数)覆盖率
(%)
合计
(%)
安全治理体系(769)数据安全治理(662)16.6019.29
安全风险防控(107)2.68
制度保障机制(641)数据管理规范(461)11.5616.08
监管监督机制(180)4.51
发展推进路径(1 102)发展战略规划(573)14.37
数字化发展推进(283)7.1027.64
数据应用拓展(246)6.17
基础支撑能力(730)基础设施支撑(277)5.6918.31
服务体系构建(453)11.36
整体政策框架(745)整体政策框架(745)18.6918.69
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我国医疗数据交易政策的结构特征与优化路径研究
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韩俗 1 , 施羽珂 2 , 程永忠 3
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2026,53(2): 311-315
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现代预防医学 |卫生政策与管理 2026 , 53 (2) : 311 -315
我国医疗数据交易政策的结构特征与优化路径研究
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韩俗1, 施羽珂2, 程永忠3
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院运营管理部,成都 610041
  • 2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院卫生政策与管理系
  • 3.四川大学华西医院党办
通讯作者:
程永忠,E-mail:
作者简介:

韩俗(1980—),女,博士在读,副研究员,研究方向:卫生政策与管理

A study on the structural characteristics and optimization pathways of medical data trading policies in China
Su HAN1, Yu-ke SHI2, Yong-zhong CHENG3
Affiliations
  • Department of Operation and Management, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509426
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目的

系统梳理我国医疗数据交易政策的架构与核心议题,识别政策不足,为后续优化提供依据。

方法

检索2015—2025年国家层面发布的医疗数据交易相关政策文件48份。借助NVivo 12 Plus软件,对政策文本进行内容挖掘与主题编码,构建政策要素的结构模型,并开展定性与量化相结合的分析。

结果

我国医疗数据交易政策已形成“顶层设计-制度机制-发展路径”的三层次治理架构。但该体系存在显著的结构性失衡:顶层设计层面,政策框架零散、行业专项法规缺位;制度机制层面,呈现出安全规范操作性弱与供给方激励不足的双重困境;发展路径层面,基础设施与专业服务生态的支撑能力滞后于宏观发展目标。

结论

为提升医疗数据要素市场化配置效率与安全水平,支撑“健康中国”与“数字中国”战略,建议从三个层面完善政策体系:顶层设计层面,应推动行业专门立法与跨法规协同;制度机制层面,需制定可操作的安全细则并构建激励相容的收益分配机制;发展路径层面,应加速培育第三方服务生态与基础设施建设。核心在于推动政策从宏观导向转向微观赋能,以支撑“健康中国”与“数字中国”战略的深度融合。

医疗数据  /  数据交易  /  政策文本分析  /  NVivo  /  量化研究
Objective

To systematically analyze the overall architecture, evolution, and core issues of medical data trading policies in China, identify deficiencies within the policy system, and to provide a basis for subsequent policy optimization.

Methods

Using NVivo 12 Plus software, we conducted content mining and thematic coding of 48 policy texts related to medical data trading issued at the national level between 2015 and 2025. A structural model of policy elements was constructed, and a combined qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed.

Results

Medical data trading policies in China have formed a three-tier governance structure of “top level design-institutional mechanisms-development pathways.” However, the system exhibits significant structural imbalances, including a fragmented framework and lack of industry-specific legislation at the top-level design tier; a dual weakness in operational safety rules and supplier incentives at the institutional mechanism tier; and lagging development of infrastructure and the professional service ecosystem at the development pathway tier.

Conclusion

The policy system should be improved by strengthening top-level design through industry-specific legislation, improving institutional mechanisms with operational safety rules and incentive schemes, and bolstering development pathways by fostering a professional service ecosystem. These measures aim to enhance the efficiency and security of medical data factor market allocation, thereby supporting the deep integration of the “Healthy China” and “Digital China” strategies.

Medical data  /  Data trading  /  Policy text analysis  /  NVivo  /  Quantitative research
韩俗, 施羽珂, 程永忠. 我国医疗数据交易政策的结构特征与优化路径研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (2) : 311 -315 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509426
Su HAN, Yu-ke SHI, Yong-zhong CHENG. A study on the structural characteristics and optimization pathways of medical data trading policies in China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (2) : 311 -315 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509426
随着“健康中国2030”战略与数字技术的深度融合,医疗健康数据作为关键生产要素,对于驱动生物医药创新和提升公共卫生治理效能的价值日益凸显。然而,医疗数据在蕴含巨大潜力的同时,其内在属性也带来了独特的挑战。它不仅记录着个人生命健康与遗传信息等高度敏感隐私,更牵涉到复杂的权属关系,在患者、医疗机构、科研单位与政府等多方主体间形成了复杂的关联。此外,其开发利用常伴随着深刻的生物伦理考量,任何环节的疏忽都可能对个人权益乃至公共安全构成威胁。这种高度敏感性、权属复杂性与伦理严肃性的多重属性交织,决定了相关政策制定必须在激励创新与保障安全之间寻找一条更为审慎的平衡路径,这对其顶层设计的科学性与可操作性提出了严峻考验。尽管国家近年来密集出台了系列顶层设计,如《“十四五”数字经济发展规划》、“数据二十条”等,为医疗数据交易提供了初步的制度保障。但在实践中,现有政策体系的系统性与可操作性仍显不足,亟待进行全面的梳理与评估。本文基于NVivo软件对国家级政策文本进行量化分析,以期捋清政策脉络,揭示核心议题与潜在问题,为后续政策制定提供参考。
目前,学术界围绕医疗数据交易政策的研究主要集中在三个维度。在政策与制度层面,学者普遍关注国家顶层设计的演进[1-2],如潘子奇等(2024)对“数据产权结构性分置”等制度创新的分析,强调了跨部门协同的重要性[3];国际上,欧盟《欧洲健康数据空间》(EHDS)等的实践为我国构建统一数据共享框架提供了重要参考[4]。在法律与权属方面,任颖(2023)提出“三权分置”理论,主张明确医疗机构作为数据使用权配置的核心主体[5];而最高人民法院2025年发布的指导案例也为商业主体的合规边界提供了司法依据[6];美国HIPAA法案和欧盟GDPR则从不同角度提供了监管思路[7-8]。在交易模式与技术层面,研究多聚焦于定价机制与区块链技术应用,并借鉴了欧盟“共同数据空间”等国际经验[9]。
然而,现有研究多局限于定性探讨或局部议题,缺乏基于宏观政策文本的量化分析,难以系统揭示政策重心的演进路径与结构特征。本文运用NVivo软件,力图通过量化和可视化方法,从宏观层面把握我国医疗数据交易政策的整体脉络,弥补现有研究的空白。
有学者将数字经济政策划分为初步探索(2003—2014年),快速发展(2015—2020年)和全面深化(2021—2023年)三个阶段[10]。2015年,国务院发布《促进大数据发展行动纲要》,标志着国家大数据战略顶层设计的确立,同年,国内首家数据资产登记确权服务机构成立。鉴于此,本研究将2015年作为政策文件收集的起始时间。通过检索国务院及各部委官方网站、北大法宝数据库及中国知网政府文件库,收集2015年1月—2025年6月的相关政策。为确保文本的相关性与代表性,本研究制定了如下纳入与排除标准:
(1)纳入标准:①发布主体为党中央、国务院及其办公厅、国家卫生健康委员会、国家数据局、国家药品监督管理局等国家级部门;②政策类型为法律、条例、规划、纲要、意见、办法、通知等具有指导性或约束力的官方文件;③政策文本标题或正文中明确包含“医疗/健康数据”、“数据交易”、“数据流通”、“数据要素”、“数据产权”、“数据安全”等主题词,且核心内容聚焦于规范或促进数据、包括医疗健康数据的共享、开放、交易、安全治理等相关议题。
(2)排除标准:①地方政府或行业协会发布的政策文件;②政策解读、新闻稿、会议纪要等非正式政策文本。经过筛选,最终纳入符合标准的政策文本共计48份。
本研究采用质性研究方法,借助NVivo 12 Plus软件对政策文本进行辅助量化分析。质性研究擅长于对文本、语言等非数值性资料进行深入解读,旨在发现事物内在的规律、特征和关系,而非进行统计推断。政策文本作为政府意志与行动纲领的载体,其内容结构、措辞强调和演进逻辑非常适合通过质性研究方法进行挖掘[11]。NVivo作为一款强大的质性数据分析软件,能够高效地处理大量非结构化的文本资料。它并非替代研究者的主观分析,而是通过其编码、查询和可视化功能,增强研究的系统性、透明度和信度。这一研究路径实现了从“质性资料”到“量化呈现”的转换,既能深入解读文本内涵,又能通过数据分析避免主观偏颇,确保研究结论的客观性。
研究过程分为三步。首先将收集到的48篇政策文本导入软件,建立统一的内部数据库,便于系统化管理与检索。然后进行编码工作,通过“词频查询”功能初步识别高频词,再结合自动编码与人工精读,对文本内容进行概念提炼与主题归纳,修正并合并初始节点,形成一套层级清晰、内涵准确的编码体系。最后,利用矩阵编码和图表功能,对编码结果进行量化分析,通过频次统计、占比分析等方式,直观呈现政策的关注焦点、结构特征及演变趋势。
将上述48份国家级政策文本导入NVivo 12 Plus,生成词频图(图1),可见 “数据”“体系”“发展”“标准”“管理”等词语出现频率较高;同时进行自动编码,得到“数据”“发展”“安全”“服务”“管理”“技术”“体系”“建设”等61个树节点,2 345个子节点,共6 564个编码参考点(表1所示)。自动编码存在节点冗余、命名不当(如“国数据”、“技术新”)等问题,因此有必要进行人工归并与精炼。
关联式编码阶段是在开放式编码的基础上,通过反复比对与归纳,将内涵相近的节点进行合并。例如,将“数据安全保障”、“数据安全风险”、“安全治理”等合并为“数据安全治理”,最终得到10个关键子节点,共计3 987个参考点,其具体的内涵与编码范例详见表2。
为了进一步揭示这10个核心议题之间的内在关联强度,本研究构建了节点矩阵图(见图2)。从图2能清晰看出,我国医疗数据交易政策的主题排布有着明显的核心导向和层级差异,不同模块的大小与内部子项的排序,直接体现出政策在医疗数据交易领域的治理重点与思路。作为图中面积最大的 “数据” 模块,内部 “数据管理规范”“数据基础设施”“数据安全与风险”“数据平台建设” 的先后顺序很有讲究。把 “数据管理规范” 放在首位,既和《“十四五” 数字经济发展规划》里 “规范数据交易管理” 的要求相呼应,也为医疗数据从收集、存放到流通的全流程定下了基本规矩;接着强调 “数据基础设施” 和 “数据平台建设”,能看出政策对医疗数据交易 “硬件基础”的重视-基础设施完善了、交易平台建好了,数据要素才能更顺畅地流通[12];而将 “数据安全与风险” 纳入核心子项,进一步说明政策始终把安全当成数据交易的前提,这也是保障交易有序开展的关键。“安全” 模块排在第二位,内部 “国家安全”“网络安全”“数据安全”“安全治理” 的层级分布,构建起了一套从宏观到微观的安全防护体系。以 “国家安全” 为根本底线,往下延伸到 “网络安全” 的技术防护和 “数据安全” 的要素管理,最后通过 “安全治理” 形成制度闭环,这种结构和 “数据二十条” 中 “构建数据安全保障体系” 的要求完全契合,也说明当前政策在安全防护上考虑得很全面,能为医疗数据交易规避风险提供系统支撑。接下来是“服务” 模块,“网络服务”“数据服务”“安全服务” 的优先排序,加上 “服务标准”“服务过程” 的补充,体现出政策对医疗数据交易 “市场化服务” 的引导方向。既关注数据流通必需的基础服务供给,又通过规范 “服务标准” 和 “服务过程”,推动医疗数据交易服务从零散走向规范,这对解决当下市场里服务质量不一、交易流程混乱的问题,能起到直接的指导作用。“发展” 模块以 “发展战略” 为核心,搭配 “数字化”“发展思想”,能看出政策对医疗数据交易的长期规划—不是只看眼前,而是把它放进数字经济发展的大格局里统筹考虑;“管理” 模块聚焦 “数据管理” 和 “管理体系”,重点在政策执行层面的落地;“体系” 模块则单以 “体系建设” 为核心,强调政策的系统治理思维。这三个模块虽然面积相对小一些,但和 “数据”“安全”“服务” 三大核心模块相互补充,完整覆盖了医疗数据交易 “要素治理、安全保障、服务供给、长期发展、执行管理、系统建设” 的全维度,形成了一套相对完整的政策治理框架。
在核心编码阶段,进一步将10个子节点进行提炼概括,概括出我国数据资产交易政策的五大核心要素:“安全治理体系”、“制度保障机制”、“发展推进路径”、“基础支撑能力”和“整体政策框架”(表3)。
基于对48份国家级政策文本的编码分析,本研究提炼出我国医疗数据交易政策的整体架构。该架构在逻辑上可分为三个层次:顶层设计层,主要由具有纲领性的“整体政策框架”构成;制度机制层,包含了作为核心约束的“安全治理体系”与“制度保障机制”;以及发展路径层,涵盖了负责具体实施的“发展推进路径”和“基础支撑能力”。尽管这一“三层次-五要素”的结构已初步形成,但深入分析可以发现,政策体系在这三个核心层面均存在结构性短板,制约了医疗数据要素价值的充分释放。
当前顶层设计的一个核心问题,在于缺少一部专门针对医疗数据的高阶法规,导致行业实践只能在一个由通用政策拼凑而成的框架内摸索前行。治理、确权、估值、交易等关键环节的规定散见于不同文件中,系统性与衔接性不足。这种碎片化的现状,可归因于数据要素市场化本身尚处早期探索阶段,政策制定倾向于“成熟一块、出台一块”的渐进模式。同时,医疗数据治理涉及卫健、网信、数据局等多部门的复杂协调,也客观上延缓了统一、专门的顶层法规出台进程,使得通用政策在面对医疗行业特殊性时,显得适用性不足。
在制度机制层面,存在着一种显著的失衡:政策对安全原则的强调远超对其操作性细则的供给,同时对数据供给方的激励机制严重缺失。文本分析显示,政策反复强调安全的重要性,但大多停留在宏观原则,对于医疗数据匿名化的具体技术标准、事后责任界定等实操问题则缺乏明确规范。这种审慎的、风险规避式的监管姿态,反映了政策制定者在面对高敏感数据时的保守策略。与此同时,公立医院作为核心数据供给方,其参与交易的内生动力并未被有效激活。现行的公益性定位与绩效考核体系,并未将数据资产收益纳入考量,加之缺乏清晰的成本补偿与收益分配规则,使得医院管理者在面临合规风险和投入成本时,普遍缺乏推动数据共享与交易的积极性。
政策文本在发展路径层面,呈现出宏观目标远大而微观基础支撑不足的脱节。编码占比显示,“发展推进路径”的政策关注度远高于“基础支撑能力”。这意味着政策虽为医疗数据的应用场景描绘了广阔蓝图,但实现这些蓝图所必需的数据基础设施和专业服务生态却未能同步跟进。此现象是典型的市场培育初期困境:在交易市场规模化以前,社会资本对投入巨大的基础设施建设持观望态度;而一个成熟的第三方专业服务市场(如合规评估、价值评估),又依赖于活跃的交易活动来提供生存土壤[13-14]。这种相互掣肘的局面,形成了一个阻碍生态系统良性发展的循环。
针对上述分析发现的当前医疗数据交易在顶层设计、制度机制与发展路径上的困境,为促进医疗数据要素的合规、高效流通,本研究提出以下三点建议。
应加快推进高阶专门立法进程,研究制定《医疗健康数据管理条例》等专项法规,系统性地解决医疗数据产权、伦理审查互认、遗传资源管理等特殊问题,为市场提供稳定清晰的法律预期。同时,建议由国家数据局或卫健委牵头,发布跨部门的合规实践指南,明确现有法律法规在医疗数据交易场景下的具体适用与衔接规则,消除制度模糊地带,降低市场主体的合规成本。
政策的重心需从原则宣示转向提供可操作的工具。建议多部门联合制定《医疗健康数据安全治理实施指南》,将宏观安全要求转化为具体的分级分类技术标准、脱敏阈值和责任分担机制。更关键的是,必须构建激励相容的收益分配机制,通过出台专项指导文件,明确数据供给方在交易中的合理收益比例,并探索将数据资产收益纳入公立医院绩效考核,以此激发供给端的内生动力。
针对基础支撑滞后的问题,需要政府进行精准的先期干预。政策应着力通过政府购买服务、税收优惠等方式,先行培育一批专业的第三方数据服务机构,以打破市场培育的恶性循环。同时,应集中资源支持国家级医疗数据基础设施与交易平台的建设,推行统一技术标准以实现互联互通[15]。通过“有为政府”主动构建市场信任基础和硬件设施,为后续“有效市场”的形成创造必要条件。
本研究通过对2015年1月—2025年6月期间颁布的国家级政策文本的系统化分析,描绘了我国医疗数据交易政策以“顶层设计—制度机制—发展路径”为核心逻辑的三层次治理架构。这一架构体现了国家推动数据要素市场化的战略决心。然而,研究也发现,政策体系在顶层设计的系统性、制度机制的操作性与激励性,以及发展路径的基础支撑能力方面均显不足,呈现出战略意图与实践基础之间的脱节。特别是在医疗这一高风险、高价值的特殊领域,政策的宏观引导与微观实践之间仍有较大距离。
未来研究可进一步聚焦地方政策的比较分析,或深入探讨医疗数据产权界定、伦理审查互认等具体制度的构建路径。唯有持续推动政策从宏观导向向微观赋能转化,方能真正释放医疗数据要素价值,为“健康中国”与“数字中国”战略的深度融合提供坚实支撑。
  • 四川省卫生经济学会2025年科研课题(2025SCWJ013)
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2026年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509426
  • 接收时间:2025-09-25
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-25
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四川省卫生经济学会2025年科研课题(2025SCWJ013)
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    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院运营管理部,成都 610041
    2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院卫生政策与管理系
    3.四川大学华西医院党办

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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