Article(id=1324078251420823973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078175000605624, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508201, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755100800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614455323, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614455323, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614455323, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614455323, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324078175000605624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='193', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614437103, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614526046, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078548130082942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078175000605624, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078548130082943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078175000605624, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=259, endPage=266, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324078252930773414, articleId=1324078251420823973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Evaluated the dietary exposure to deoxynivalenol and its acetyl derivatives in cereals and their products, Chongqing, China, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON), and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-Ac-DON) in grains and their products in Chongqing, and to assess the dietary exposure levels and potential chronic health risks posed by these mycotoxins among residents of Chongqing.

Methods

Functional models (e.g. triangular distribution models) were employed to fit contamination data of DON and its acetyl derivativesfrom 794 samples across nine categories of grains and their products collected in Chongqing between 2018 to 2023. Parameter estimation was conducted based on distribution types. Probabilistic assessment (Monte Carlo simulation) was performed using data from the 2018 China Health and Nutrition Survey toestimate the exposure levels and characterize risks against established safety thresholds.

Results

The average contamination levels of DON, 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON were 213.00, 0.09-4.48 and 0.75-5.51 μg/kg, respectively. Estimated daily intakes of DON and its derivatives varied by age group: 1.11-1.19 μg/(kg·d) (3-6 years), 0.85-0.94 μg/(kg·d) (7-17 years), 0.47-0.48μg/(kg·d) (18-59 years), and 0.50-0.52 μg/(kg·d) (≥60 years). At the 90th percentile (P90), The exposure levels of most population groups exceeded the daily tolerable intake (TDI). At P95, the exposures levels were 1.12 to 2.87 times the TDI for all population groups. Wheat flour products were identified as the primary source of DON and its acetyl derivatives.

Conclusion

The average dietary exposure of residents to DON and its acetylderivatives (3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON) is at a safe level, and there may be a potential weight loss risk in high-exposure populations.

, authors=Zhi-mei SONG1, 2, Xing-hui DAI1, 2, Min-tao LI1, 2, Jing-rong CHEN2, Ping FENG2, Mei QIN2, Li CHENG2, Jian ZHAO2, Shu-quan LUO2, Ying XIONG2, Xue-mei LIAN1, Qing WANG2, Hua-dong ZHANG2, Jiao HUO2, Shu-qun CHENG1, authorsList=Zhi-mei SONG, Xing-hui DAI, Min-tao LI, Jing-rong CHEN, Ping FENG, Mei QIN, Li CHENG, Jian ZHAO, Shu-quan LUO, Ying XIONG, Xue-mei LIAN, Qing WANG, Hua-dong ZHANG, Jiao HUO, Shu-qun CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shu-qun CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324078253828354477, articleId=1324078251420823973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=重庆市谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其乙酰基衍生物膳食暴露概率评估, columnId=1228016573034721597, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=营养与食品卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解重庆市谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(dexynivalenol,DON)、3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol,3-Ac-DON)、15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol,15-Ac-DON)污染水平,评估重庆市居民DON及其乙酰基衍生物三种真菌毒素总的膳食暴露水平及可能的潜在慢性健康风险。

方法

使用三角分布等模型对2018—2023年重庆市监测的9类共794份谷物及其制品样本中DON及其乙酰基衍生物的污染水平分布进行拟合,根据分布类型进行参数估计。本研究使用2018年中国健康与营养调查重庆地区数据,采用基于蒙特卡洛模拟的概率评估方法,对重庆市居民的膳食暴露水平予以评估,进行风险特征描述。

结果

谷物及其制品中DON、3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON的平均污染水平分别为213.00、0.09~4.48和0.75~5.51 μg/kg。重庆市3~6岁、7~17岁、18~59岁和60岁及以上人群膳食DON及其乙酰基衍生物平均摄入量分别为1.11~1.19、0.85~0.94、0.47~0.48 和0.50~0.52 μg/(kg·d)。P90水平下,大部分人群组的暴露水平超过每日可耐受摄入量,P95水平下,各人群组的暴露水平为每日可耐受摄入量的1.12~2.87倍。小麦粉制品是重庆市膳食DON及其乙酰基衍生物暴露的主要来源。

结论

重庆市居民DON及其乙酰基衍生物(3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON)膳食平均暴露处于安全水平,高暴露人群可能存在潜在的体重减轻风险。

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宋治眉(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生

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程淑群,E-mail:
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Evaluation of exposure risk of deoxynivalenol in wheat and its products in Shandong province[J]. China Standardization, 2025(2): 176-180. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Evaluation of exposure risk of deoxynivalenol in wheat and its products in Shandong province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324078262846108212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=14, issue=9, pageStart=586, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Chen YM, Zhang RH, Tong EY, journalName=Toxins, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen YM, Zhang RH, Tong EY, et al. Occurrence and exposure assessment of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated derivatives from grains and grain products in Zhejiang province, China (2017-2020)[J]. Toxins, 2022, 14(9): 586., articleTitle=Occurrence and exposure assessment of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated derivatives from grains and grain products in Zhejiang province, China (2017-2020), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324078260333720086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, awardId=2022CQBSHTB2065, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市博士后特别资助项目(2022CQBSHTB2065), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1324078260413411863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, awardId=2025MSXM146, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市科卫联合面上项目(2025MSXM146), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324078254239396271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078254247784880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, companyId=1324078254239396271, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078254260367793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, companyId=1324078254239396271, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,重庆 400016)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324078254361031090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078254369419699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, companyId=1324078254361031090, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.重庆市疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324078259264172556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Total exposure to DON and its acetylated derivatives across population groups, figureFileSmall=l6215xiHt8I17UBElW9ZKw==, figureFileBig=dyWaZOgJ6sDCbAfvLeK1Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078259360641549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同分组人群DON及乙酰基衍生物的总暴露量

注:A和B为LB和UB情况下男性和女性人群的暴露水平,C和D为LB和UB情况下城市和农村地区人群的暴露水平,E和F为LB和UB情况下不同年龄组人群的暴露水平。

, figureFileSmall=l6215xiHt8I17UBElW9ZKw==, figureFileBig=dyWaZOgJ6sDCbAfvLeK1Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078259561968142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Contribution of different cereals and products to total DON and acetylated derivative exposure, figureFileSmall=i0mOOM+yTQSSTGv/nyEWYw==, figureFileBig=u1zqf7/qqtjivGjL3D+jwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078259641659919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各谷物及制品对DON及其乙酰基衍生物总暴露的贡献率, figureFileSmall=i0mOOM+yTQSSTGv/nyEWYw==, figureFileBig=u1zqf7/qqtjivGjL3D+jwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078259717157392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Levels of DON and its acetylated derivatives in cereals and products from Chongqing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本种类样本量
(n)
DON3-Ac-DON
检出率
(%)
超标率
(%)
LB-均值
(μg/kg)
UB-均值
(μg/kg)
LB-P95
(μg/kg)
UB-P95
(μg/kg)
检出率
(%)
LB-均值
(μg/kg)
UB-均值
(μg/kg)
LB-P95
(μg/kg)
UB-P95
(μg/kg)
大米及其制品5232.690.009.6810.0161.7761.770.000.000.500.000.50
大米5232.690.009.6810.018.368.360.000.000.500.000.50
小麦粉及其制品58672.184.10233.80234.21920.25920.253.070.113.090.0010.00
小麦粉33055.450.0085.2285.46316.35316.350.910.021.350.0010.00
馒头4197.560.00221.06221.07534.10534.104.880.050.530.540.59
生湿面制品22100.000.00293.00293.00507.70507.700.000.000.500.000.50
生干面制品9790.7210.30479.23480.161 521.201 521.200.000.007.850.0010.00
焙烤食品46100.0010.87355.65355.651 636.501 636.5028.261.191.5510.3910.39
方便面5088.0018.00610.87612.072 826.152 826.150.000.0010.000.0010.00
玉米制品15638.500.0069.6672.40256.35256.350.600.0010.500.0011.00
玉米面10654.720.00101.60103.14455.80455.800.900.1011.310.0015.00
玉米粒504.000.001.967.2219.5622.730.000.0010.500.0011.00
合计79462.973.02213.0213.00725.50725.502.390.094.480.0015.00
样本种类样本量
(n)
15-Ac-DON
检出率
(%)
LB-均值
(μg/kg)
UB-均值
(μg/kg)
LB-P95
(μg/kg)
UB-P95
(μg/kg)
大米及其制品523.850.090.570.540.86
大米523.850.090.570.540.86
小麦粉及其制品5860.340.000.500.0010.00
小麦粉3300.000.000.500.0010.00
馒头410.000.000.500.000.50
生湿面制品220.000.000.500.000.50
生干面制品970.000.0010.000.0010.00
焙烤食品462.170.210.700.100.62
方便面500.000.0010.000.0010.00
玉米制品1565.133.7516.5313.2120.35
玉米面1067.555.5218.9043.5443.54
玉米粒500.000.0011.500.0013.00
合计7941.390.755.510.0020.00
), ArticleFig(id=1324078259842986513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

重庆市谷物及制品中DON及其乙酰基衍生物含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本种类样本量
(n)
DON3-Ac-DON
检出率
(%)
超标率
(%)
LB-均值
(μg/kg)
UB-均值
(μg/kg)
LB-P95
(μg/kg)
UB-P95
(μg/kg)
检出率
(%)
LB-均值
(μg/kg)
UB-均值
(μg/kg)
LB-P95
(μg/kg)
UB-P95
(μg/kg)
大米及其制品5232.690.009.6810.0161.7761.770.000.000.500.000.50
大米5232.690.009.6810.018.368.360.000.000.500.000.50
小麦粉及其制品58672.184.10233.80234.21920.25920.253.070.113.090.0010.00
小麦粉33055.450.0085.2285.46316.35316.350.910.021.350.0010.00
馒头4197.560.00221.06221.07534.10534.104.880.050.530.540.59
生湿面制品22100.000.00293.00293.00507.70507.700.000.000.500.000.50
生干面制品9790.7210.30479.23480.161 521.201 521.200.000.007.850.0010.00
焙烤食品46100.0010.87355.65355.651 636.501 636.5028.261.191.5510.3910.39
方便面5088.0018.00610.87612.072 826.152 826.150.000.0010.000.0010.00
玉米制品15638.500.0069.6672.40256.35256.350.600.0010.500.0011.00
玉米面10654.720.00101.60103.14455.80455.800.900.1011.310.0015.00
玉米粒504.000.001.967.2219.5622.730.000.0010.500.0011.00
合计79462.973.02213.0213.00725.50725.502.390.094.480.0015.00
样本种类样本量
(n)
15-Ac-DON
检出率
(%)
LB-均值
(μg/kg)
UB-均值
(μg/kg)
LB-P95
(μg/kg)
UB-P95
(μg/kg)
大米及其制品523.850.090.570.540.86
大米523.850.090.570.540.86
小麦粉及其制品5860.340.000.500.0010.00
小麦粉3300.000.000.500.0010.00
馒头410.000.000.500.000.50
生湿面制品220.000.000.500.000.50
生干面制品970.000.0010.000.0010.00
焙烤食品462.170.210.700.100.62
方便面500.000.0010.000.0010.00
玉米制品1565.133.7516.5313.2120.35
玉米面1067.555.5218.9043.5443.54
玉米粒500.000.0011.500.0013.00
合计7941.390.755.510.0020.00
), ArticleFig(id=1324078259922678290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Average cereal consumption of residents in Chongqing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组人数大米小麦粉馒头生湿面制品生干面制品焙烤食品方便面玉米粒玉米面
男性433222.637.4217.3050.308.319.310.533.320.68
女性536187.486.6316.3848.528.9610.150.423.910.48
城市501200.517.2920.7148.491.8815.010.003.490.73
农村468204.206.6512.5950.2115.944.170.973.820.41
3~6岁34139.715.8413.7816.4715.5910.000.005.200.59
7~17岁111167.827.5212.1931.4715.0219.250.672.250.30
18~59岁417225.977.0122.3749.758.548.810.323.680.32
≥60岁407192.676.9012.5856.436.498.160.613.870.90
全人群969202.296.9816.7949.328.679.770.473.650.57
), ArticleFig(id=1324078260019147283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

重庆市居民谷类平均消费量(g/d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组人数大米小麦粉馒头生湿面制品生干面制品焙烤食品方便面玉米粒玉米面
男性433222.637.4217.3050.308.319.310.533.320.68
女性536187.486.6316.3848.528.9610.150.423.910.48
城市501200.517.2920.7148.491.8815.010.003.490.73
农村468204.206.6512.5950.2115.944.170.973.820.41
3~6岁34139.715.8413.7816.4715.5910.000.005.200.59
7~17岁111167.827.5212.1931.4715.0219.250.672.250.30
18~59岁417225.977.0122.3749.758.548.810.323.680.32
≥60岁407192.676.9012.5856.436.498.160.613.870.90
全人群969202.296.9816.7949.328.679.770.473.650.57
), ArticleFig(id=1324078260115616276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Exposure risk to DON and its acetylated derivatives from grain products across different populations in Chongqing (EDI/TDI)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组平均值P50P90P95
LBUBLBUBLBUBLBUB
男性0.760.780.480.501.671.702.362.37
女性0.750.780.500.511.671.702.302.33
城市0.700.710.440.451.561.592.192.22
农村0.830.850.530.631.831.862.542.59
3~6岁1.111.190.860.872.162.242.812.87
7~17岁0.850.940.650.651.661.722.162.21
18~59岁0.470.480.370.390.900.951.121.19
≥60岁0.500.520.350.370.920.961.211.23
), ArticleFig(id=1324078260195308053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078251420823973, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

重庆市不同人群谷物及其制品DON及其乙酰基衍生物暴露风险(EDI/TDI)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组平均值P50P90P95
LBUBLBUBLBUBLBUB
男性0.760.780.480.501.671.702.362.37
女性0.750.780.500.511.671.702.302.33
城市0.700.710.440.451.561.592.192.22
农村0.830.850.530.631.831.862.542.59
3~6岁1.111.190.860.872.162.242.812.87
7~17岁0.850.940.650.651.661.722.162.21
18~59岁0.470.480.370.390.900.951.121.19
≥60岁0.500.520.350.370.920.961.211.23
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重庆市谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其乙酰基衍生物膳食暴露概率评估
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宋治眉 1, 2 , 代兴慧 1, 2 , 李旻涛 1, 2 , 陈京蓉 2 , 冯萍 2 , 覃梅 2 , 程莉 2 , 赵舰 2 , 罗书全 2 , 熊鹰 2 , 练雪梅 1 , 王青 2 , 张华东 2 , 霍娇 2 , 程淑群 1
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2026,53(2): 259-266
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现代预防医学 |营养与食品卫生 2026 , 53 (2) : 259 -266
重庆市谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其乙酰基衍生物膳食暴露概率评估
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宋治眉1, 2, 代兴慧1, 2, 李旻涛1, 2, 陈京蓉2, 冯萍2, 覃梅2, 程莉2, 赵舰2, 罗书全2, 熊鹰2, 练雪梅1, 王青2, 张华东2, 霍娇2, 程淑群1
作者信息
  • 1.重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,重庆 400016
  • 2.重庆市疾病预防控制中心
通讯作者:
程淑群,E-mail:
作者简介:

宋治眉(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生

Evaluated the dietary exposure to deoxynivalenol and its acetyl derivatives in cereals and their products, Chongqing, China
Zhi-mei SONG1, 2, Xing-hui DAI1, 2, Min-tao LI1, 2, Jing-rong CHEN2, Ping FENG2, Mei QIN2, Li CHENG2, Jian ZHAO2, Shu-quan LUO2, Ying XIONG2, Xue-mei LIAN1, Qing WANG2, Hua-dong ZHANG2, Jiao HUO2, Shu-qun CHENG1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508201
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目的

了解重庆市谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(dexynivalenol,DON)、3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol,3-Ac-DON)、15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol,15-Ac-DON)污染水平,评估重庆市居民DON及其乙酰基衍生物三种真菌毒素总的膳食暴露水平及可能的潜在慢性健康风险。

方法

使用三角分布等模型对2018—2023年重庆市监测的9类共794份谷物及其制品样本中DON及其乙酰基衍生物的污染水平分布进行拟合,根据分布类型进行参数估计。本研究使用2018年中国健康与营养调查重庆地区数据,采用基于蒙特卡洛模拟的概率评估方法,对重庆市居民的膳食暴露水平予以评估,进行风险特征描述。

结果

谷物及其制品中DON、3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON的平均污染水平分别为213.00、0.09~4.48和0.75~5.51 μg/kg。重庆市3~6岁、7~17岁、18~59岁和60岁及以上人群膳食DON及其乙酰基衍生物平均摄入量分别为1.11~1.19、0.85~0.94、0.47~0.48 和0.50~0.52 μg/(kg·d)。P90水平下,大部分人群组的暴露水平超过每日可耐受摄入量,P95水平下,各人群组的暴露水平为每日可耐受摄入量的1.12~2.87倍。小麦粉制品是重庆市膳食DON及其乙酰基衍生物暴露的主要来源。

结论

重庆市居民DON及其乙酰基衍生物(3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON)膳食平均暴露处于安全水平,高暴露人群可能存在潜在的体重减轻风险。

重庆市  /  谷物及其制品  /  膳食暴露  /  脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇  /  概率风险评估
Objective

To investigate the contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON), and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-Ac-DON) in grains and their products in Chongqing, and to assess the dietary exposure levels and potential chronic health risks posed by these mycotoxins among residents of Chongqing.

Methods

Functional models (e.g. triangular distribution models) were employed to fit contamination data of DON and its acetyl derivativesfrom 794 samples across nine categories of grains and their products collected in Chongqing between 2018 to 2023. Parameter estimation was conducted based on distribution types. Probabilistic assessment (Monte Carlo simulation) was performed using data from the 2018 China Health and Nutrition Survey toestimate the exposure levels and characterize risks against established safety thresholds.

Results

The average contamination levels of DON, 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON were 213.00, 0.09-4.48 and 0.75-5.51 μg/kg, respectively. Estimated daily intakes of DON and its derivatives varied by age group: 1.11-1.19 μg/(kg·d) (3-6 years), 0.85-0.94 μg/(kg·d) (7-17 years), 0.47-0.48μg/(kg·d) (18-59 years), and 0.50-0.52 μg/(kg·d) (≥60 years). At the 90th percentile (P90), The exposure levels of most population groups exceeded the daily tolerable intake (TDI). At P95, the exposures levels were 1.12 to 2.87 times the TDI for all population groups. Wheat flour products were identified as the primary source of DON and its acetyl derivatives.

Conclusion

The average dietary exposure of residents to DON and its acetylderivatives (3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON) is at a safe level, and there may be a potential weight loss risk in high-exposure populations.

Chongqing municipality  /  Grains and their products  /  Dietary exposure  /  Deoxynivalenol  /  Probabilistic risk assessment
宋治眉, 代兴慧, 李旻涛, 陈京蓉, 冯萍, 覃梅, 程莉, 赵舰, 罗书全, 熊鹰, 练雪梅, 王青, 张华东, 霍娇, 程淑群. 重庆市谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其乙酰基衍生物膳食暴露概率评估. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (2) : 259 -266 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508201
Zhi-mei SONG, Xing-hui DAI, Min-tao LI, Jing-rong CHEN, Ping FENG, Mei QIN, Li CHENG, Jian ZHAO, Shu-quan LUO, Ying XIONG, Xue-mei LIAN, Qing WANG, Hua-dong ZHANG, Jiao HUO, Shu-qun CHENG. Evaluated the dietary exposure to deoxynivalenol and its acetyl derivatives in cereals and their products, Chongqing, China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (2) : 259 -266 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508201
脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(dexynivalenol,DON)又称为呕吐毒素,是由镰刀菌属真菌产生的次级代谢产物。作为全球范围内污染最为广泛的真菌毒素之一,DON主要污染食品类别为谷物及其制品,如小麦、大麦、玉米、燕麦等。产毒菌株在合成DON的同时,通常还会伴随产生乙酰基衍生物,即3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol,3-Ac-DON)和15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol,15-Ac-DON),因此这些毒素往往在受污染谷物中共存[1]。
动物研究显示DON慢性暴露主要引起实验动物摄食减少和体重减轻,具有免疫毒性和生殖发育毒性[2]。DON主要毒作用机制可能为通过核糖体应激和线粒体应激,引起促炎细胞因子和饱腹激素的分泌,进而引发厌食、呕吐,导致进一步生长抑制[3]。近期研究显示,DON还可通过诱导肝脂肪变性与脂质氧化、脂肪生成和脂肪分解的变化,从而引发脂质代谢相关疾病[4]。3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON是DON分子中羟基被乙酰基取代形成,具有相似结构。联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织联合食品添加剂专家委员会(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization,JECFA)和欧洲食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority,EFSA)在评估时保守认为3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON与DON有相似的急性和慢性效应[5],将其作为一组化学物进行评估,在本研究中也采用该假设。
目前,我国部分地区对谷物及其制品中DON暴露水平进行了健康风险进行研究,例如山东济南、烟台和河北邢台等地区,但大部分研究仅局限于DON,未将3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON纳入研究,缺乏对DON及其乙酰基衍生物整体暴露风险的估计[6-8]。重庆市属亚热带季风气候,高温高湿天气居多,全年平均气温达18.3 ℃左右度,适宜于镰刀菌的繁殖,而目前尚无重庆市居民膳食DON暴露水平及其健康风险评估的报道。本文将基于重庆市近五年谷类食品的风险监测数据,结合居民谷类膳食消费量数据开展风险,对于DON及其乙酰基衍生物整体暴露风险的评估具有重要的实际意义。本研究中使用的概率评估法是目前食品安全风险评估方法中估算暴露水平最准确的方法之一,可量化风险的不确定性,具有先进性[9]。本次研究的开展能更全面获取居民通过饮食摄入DON及其乙酰基衍生物的水平,系统评估其对人体健康的潜在慢性危害,为进一步管理DON膳食风险措施的制定提供科学依据。
本研究中使用的DON、3-Ac-DON、15-Ac-DON含量的核心数据,来源于重庆市食品安全风险监测系统在2018至2023年间积累的化学污染物监测历史记录。所有样品的采集工作严格按照我国食品风险污染物和有害因素监测手册的标准程序执行,根据分层随机抽样的原则,在重庆市全境38个区县的种植与采购环节,以及包括超市、农贸市场、食杂店等在内的流通环节,系统采集市售谷物及其制品样品[10],共计9种食物类别794份食物样品,包括大米52份、玉米制品156份(玉米面106份、玉米粒50份)、小麦粉及其制品586份(小麦粉330份、馒头41份、生湿面制品22份、生干面制品97份、方便面50份、焙烤食品46份)。其中生湿面制品包括面条、饺子皮、馄饨皮和烧麦皮,生干面制品为挂面。本研究所采集的样本若为种植环节,均为当年新产,若为预包装产品,均在保质期内,所有样本均按照手册中规定妥善保存,于规定时间限内完成检测。
本研究使用的谷类食品膳食消费量数据,来源于2018年中国健康与营养调查在重庆区域实施的膳食调查。此项调查采用了多阶段、分层、整群的随机抽样设计,确立了覆盖主城区、郊区及农村的抽样框架,具体为重庆南岸区、江津区、沙坪坝区、綦江区、大足区、奉节县6个区/县。调查最终获得969人的有效样本。健康与营养调查通过3天24小时回顾法收集膳食消费数据,连续记录受访者3天内所有食物的摄入状况,包括在家和外出进食。本研究从中提取了谷类食品的消费量用于分析。所有数据均以入户调查方式采集,且全程严格遵守伦理要求,由接受过统一培训的调查员开展入户访谈,在进行访谈之前获得调查对象的知情同意。对于7岁以下及75岁以上的受访者,其膳食数据由成年家庭成员提供,以确保调查数据的准确性。此次调查样本包括34名3~6岁的学龄前儿童、111名7~17岁的学龄儿童、417名18~59岁的成年人和407名60岁及以上人群,其中男性为433人,女性为536人,来自城市地区501人,来自农村地区468人。
谷物及其制品中DON、3-Ac-DON、15-Ac-DON含量的检测按照GB 5009.111—2016《食品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其乙酰基衍生物的测定》使用液相色谱-串联质谱仪(LC-MS/MS)进行分离和检测[11],各类谷物食品的检出限(limit of detection,LOD)范围为 0.5~20 μg/kg。在检验过程中,采取空白对照、基质参考标准物质对照、平行样对照等方法进行质量控制。同时还开展人员比对、设备比对、方法比对、实验室间比对等措施进行内部的质量控制。
本文采用JECFA推荐的概率评估法进行估计,以更加精确地估计出重庆市居民通过谷类食品摄入DON及其乙酰基衍生物的暴露水平[12]。使用@Risk软件内置的100余种分布模型(正态分布、三角分布、泊松分布、贝塔分布等)对污染物、消费量分布进行拟合,根据贝叶斯信息量准则(bayesian information criterion,BIC)选择最佳分布函数,使用最大似然估计和矩估计进行参数估计。本文采用拉丁超立方抽样方法,进行蒙特卡洛模拟,其迭代次数为100 000,计算重庆市不同性别、居住区和年龄人群组DON及其乙酰基衍生物总暴露水平的概率分布。暴露量计算公式如下:
此公式中,估计日摄入量(estimated daily intake,EDI)是指某个体每日每公斤体重的DON、3-Ac-DON、15-Ac-DON总的暴露水平,μg/(kg·d),Fi为个体第i种谷类食物的消费量,g/d;Ci为第i种谷类食物中DON、3-Ac-DON、15-Ac-DON的总含量(计算方法为某食物中DON、3-Ac-DON、15-Ac-DON单独浓度相加),μg/kg;BWj为某个体的体质量,kg。
2017年EFSA根据一项慢性毒性研究中小鼠增重降低的基准剂量下限(BMDL05)11 mg/(kg d)推导DON及其衍生物3-Ac-DON、15-Ac-DON和DON-3-葡萄糖苷成组每日可耐受摄入量(tolerable daily intake,TDI)为1 μg/(kg d)[9]。本研究将谷物及其制品DON、3-Ac-DON、15-Ac-DON的EDI与TDI进行比较,系统分析重庆市不同性别、居住地区、年龄人群组DON的暴露健康风险水平。EDI/TDI值≥1时,认为可能存在潜在的慢性健康风险;EDI/TDI风险<1时,则认为其慢性健康风险在可接受的范围内。
对低于检测限LOD的数据,参照EFSA处理左删失数据的替代法进行处理。在下限(lower bound,LB)情况下,低于LOD的结果用零替代;在上限(upper bound,UB)情况下,低于LOD的结果被报告为LOD的值取代,以减少与暴露估计相关的不确定性[13]。本研究使用SPSS 27.0、Excel 2016、@Risk 8.2软件完成数据的处理分析。
由表1可知,在2018—2023年9组794份食品样本中,各类食物DON的检出率范围在为4 %~100 %;3-Ac-DON检出率为0.0 %~28.3 %;15-Ac-DON检出率为0.0 %~7.5 %。重庆市谷类食品中DON的平均含量为213.00 μg/kg,在LB和UB时3-Ac-DON平均含量分别为0.09 μg/kg、4.48 μg/kg,15-Ac-DON的平均含量分别0.75 μg/kg、5.51 μg/kg。在9类食物中,DON检出率最高的食品是生干面制品,平均含量为479.23~480.16 μg/kg;3-Ac-DON检出率最高的食品是焙烤食品,平均含量为1.19~1.55 μg/kg;15-Ac-DON检出率最高的食品是玉米面,平均含量为5.52~18.90 μg/kg。在各谷类及其制品中DON的超标率为0.00 %~18.00 %,方便面DON的超标率最高,其次为焙烤食品和生干面制品。
表2展示了重庆市居民谷类平均消费数据。重庆市居民大米和生湿面制品的消费量较高,玉米及其制品的消费量较低,各人群亚组各种谷类食品的消费量存在一定的差异。
图1为不同人群亚组在LB和UB情况下的谷物及其制品的DON总暴露水平。在UB情况下,各年龄组DON的高暴露水平(P95)为1.12~2.87 μg/(kg·d);各性别组DON高暴露水平(P95)为2.30~2.37 μg/(kg·d);各地区组DON 高暴露水平(P95)为2.19~2.59 μg/(kg·d)。男性组DON的暴露量与女性组暴露量差异较小,其平均暴露水平分别为0.76~0.78 μg/(kg·d)和0.75~0.78 μg/(kg·d)。农村组人群DON的平均暴露量高于城市组人群,分别为0.83~0.85 μg/(kg·d)和0.70~0.71 μg/(kg·d)。不同年龄组人群的DON及乙酰基衍生物的暴露量呈现低龄人群高于高龄人群,随着年龄的的增加而降低的趋势。3~6岁组人群平均暴露量为1.11~1.19 μg/(kg·d);7~17岁组人群的平均暴露量为0.85~0.94 μg/(kg·d);18~59岁组人群的平均暴露量为0.47~0.48 μg/(kg·d);60岁以上人群的平均暴露量为 0.50~0.52 μg/(kg·d)。
由表3可见,对谷物制品摄入DON的慢性毒性风险进行分析,在高于P95的摄入水平时,不同性别、地区、年龄组人群DON、3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON的暴露风险为TDI的1.12~2.87倍,可能存在潜在的慢性毒性风险。
图2可见,不同谷类食品对不同类别亚人群膳食DON及其乙酰基衍生物总暴露水平的贡献率。在各谷物食品中,DON、3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON暴露贡献率最大的为生湿面制品(22.52 %~57.48 %),其次是生干面制品(3.30 %~35.95 %)、馒头(9.23 %~16.32 %)、焙烤食品(4.88 %~23.48 %)、大米(6.32 %~8.21 %)、小麦粉(1.92 %~2.40 %)、方便面(0.00 %~2.01 %)、玉米粒(0.33 %~0.71 %)、玉米面(0.14 %~0.42 %)。
本研究结果显示重庆市谷物及其制品中DON总检出率50.6 %。DON的含量在小麦粉制品中更高,衍生物15-Ac-DON在玉米制品中的含量更高。这与董峰光等监测的烟台市DON及其衍生物含量在谷物食品中的分布情况一致,但重庆市小麦粉及其制品中的DON和玉米及其制品的15-Ac-DON水平均高于烟台市平均水平(小麦粉及其制品DON:223.80 μg/kg vs. 128.85 μg/kg;玉米及其制品15-Ac-DON:16.53 μg/kg vs. 4.80 μg/kg)[6]。重庆市小麦粉及其制品和玉米及其制品的DON检出率和平均含量均低于大连市相应水平(小麦及其制品:72.18 % vs. 69.0 %;玉米及其制品:70.3 % vs. 35.8 %)。重庆市小麦粉、馒头的DON平均含量低于驻马店市相应食品类别的数值,分别为驻马店市的0.39、0.64倍[14]。该情况说明,全国DON及其乙酰基衍生物的污染水平存在地区性差异,且在不同食品类别间存在一定差异。与国外相比,重庆市大米DON含量的平均水平和最高水平低于JECFA报告的巴西、韩国、荷兰、英国、挪威五国所有数据的加权平均水平和最高水平[15]。重庆市大米、玉米、小麦粉中DON的平均含量为10.01 μg/kg、7.22 μg/kg和85.48 μg/kg,明显小于EFSA报道的相应数据49.7 μg/kg、50.9 μg/kg和116 μg/kg。重庆小麦粉制品DON含量与EFSA报道数据较为接近。
本研究结果显示,DON、3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON的总膳食暴露水平在不同亚人群中存在一定差异。男性与女性关于DON及其乙酰基衍生物暴露水平的差异不明显,而农村地区人群暴露水平明显高于城市地区人群,原因在于农村居民生干面制品消费量较高,而生干面制品DON污染较为严重。此外,暴露水平随着年龄的上升存在下降的趋势,这与李依玲等人的研究结果相同[16]。出现低年龄组暴露量更高的原因可能是,婴幼儿的辅食主要以谷类食品为原料,在相同的单位体重下,低年龄岁组人群的谷类食物摄入量更高。
从评估的结果可以看出,在P90水平,重庆市3 ~17岁群体暴露风险(EDI/TDI)均大于1。在对应P90水平下,济南各年龄组中只有2~3岁组人群膳食暴露量超过慢性参考剂量[7],大连市所有年龄组人群的慢性风险均不超过1[17]。济南市高暴露人群风险低于重庆的原因可能在于济南市小麦粉及其制品中DON含量低于重庆市。大连市高暴露人群风险低于重庆市的原因可能在于两点,一是该项研究均未纳入乙酰基衍生物进行评估,可能会导致风险的低估,二是大连市相应食品类别DON含量虽然较高,但其消费量较低。在各暴露水平下,山东省小麦及其制品中DON暴露风险与重庆市各年龄组人群膳食DON暴露风险都较为接近,但山东省小麦及其制品的消费量明显高于山东省,原因可能在于重庆市小麦及其制品DON污染水平更高[18]。由此可见,目前我国严重缺乏已纳入DON乙酰基衍生物风险的全面评估结果,可能会导致整体风险的低估。本次研究,包括其他地区仅针对DON的研究,均显示存在一定比例的危险人群,提示在全国范围内而言,DON及其乙酰基衍生物的暴露风险需要引起进一步的关注。从谷类食品的贡献率来看,小麦粉制品是DON、3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON的主要来源,原因可能是小面、馒头、包子等是重庆市居民饮食的重要组成部分。这种情况与我国浙江等地区不同,与小麦制品摄入较高的北方地区一致[19]。
本次研究存在的一定的不确定性。其一,在本次研究中未对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷进行检测,而该物质近年来被EFSA纳入DON及其衍生物的评估,可能会导致风险的低估。其二,本次研究只考虑了真菌毒素的主要膳食来源,即谷物及其制品,没有考虑坚果及其制品、植物油等其他可能的食物来源,所得出的居民总暴露量较实际偏低。其三,本次评估采用的食物消费量数据使用3天24小时问卷收集,可能会丢失食用频率较低的食物类别收集,造成风险的低估。且食物消费量数据收集时间为2018年,随着时间的变化重庆市居民的消费模式可能发生了一定改变,可能造成风险的低估或高估。
本次研究结果表明,重庆市居民DON及其乙酰基衍生物(3-Ac-DON和15-Ac-DON)膳食平均暴露处于安全水平,高暴露人群可能存在潜在的健康风险(体重减轻)。建议相关部门进一步加强真菌毒素风险监测和监督管理,强化隐患识别,重点关注焙烤食品、生湿面制品、生干面制品相关污染物水平。
  • 重庆市博士后特别资助项目(2022CQBSHTB2065)
  • 重庆市科卫联合面上项目(2025MSXM146)
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2026年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508201
  • 接收时间:2025-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-14
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重庆市博士后特别资助项目(2022CQBSHTB2065)
重庆市科卫联合面上项目(2025MSXM146)
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    1.重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,重庆 400016
    2.重庆市疾病预防控制中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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