Article(id=1324078232617754672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078037817504735, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510164, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760284800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614450839, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614450839, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614450839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614450839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324078037817504735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='385', pageEnd='576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614404396, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614474144, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078330420527919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078037817504735, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078330420527920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078037817504735, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=392, endPage=398, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324078233016213553, articleId=1324078232617754672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=A comparative study on the healthy life expectancy of residents in Hainan Province based on multi-dimensional evaluation indicators, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To estimate the healthy life expectancy (HLE) of residents in Hainan Province based on multiple criteria, and to evaluate the health status of the population in Hainan Province.

Methods

The monitoring data of death causes of residents in Hainan Province, underreporting survey data on causes of death of residents in Hainan Province, and the data of healthy life expectancy in Hainan Province (HLE_GBD) in the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) were collected. The health questionnaire of residents in Hainan Province was compiled by combining Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Global Activity Limitation Indicator (GALI), EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D) and EuroQol Five Dimensions Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-5DVAS) scales. The disability measurement under each criterion was calculated, and the HLE_ADL, HLE_IADL, HLE_GALI, HLE_EQ-5D and HLE_EQ-5DVAS of Hainan residents were estimated using the Sullivan method.

Results

The life expectancy of Hainan residents in 2021 was 79.50 years. The HLE at birth based on ADL, IADL, GALI, EQ-5D, EQ-5DVAS and GBD standards were 75.42, 73.18,71.22, 76.71, 67.73 and 68.26 years, respectively. The HLE of each age group was EQ-5D > ADL > IADL > GALI > GBD > EQ-5DVAS. With the increase of age, healthy life loss and its proportion under different health standards showed a stepwise upward trend. Among them, the proportion of healthy life loss under GBD and IADL standards was the highest, while EQ-5D standard was the lowest.

Conclusion

HLE estimates based on six health standards show notable variation among Hainan Province residents, with EQ-5D and ADL yielding relatively higher HLE values. These findings highlight the need for strengthened methodological validation and cross-standard consistency assessments to establish a more scientific and comparable HLE estimation framework. Incorporating multidimensional health indicators into routine surveillance, while enhancing functional health maintenance, chronic disease management, and elder care capacity, may help improve the overall health status of Hainan’s population.

, authors=Di ZHAO1, Shu-han LV1, Jin-ting ZOU1, Yu-tong WU1, Jun-liang TAO2, Dong-xian ZHANG1, authorsList=Di ZHAO, Shu-han LV, Jin-ting ZOU, Yu-tong WU, Jun-liang TAO, Dong-xian ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun-liang TAO, Dong-xian ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324078236564594752, articleId=1324078232617754672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=基于多维度评价指标的海南省居民健康预期寿命对比研究, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于多种标准测算海南省居民健康预期寿命( healthy life expectancy,HLE),评价海南省人群的健康状况。

方法

收集海南省居民死因监测数据、海南省居民死因漏报调查数据、提取全球疾病负担研究(Global Burden of Disease Study,GBD)中海南省健康预期寿命数据(HLE_GBD),结合日常生活活动能力(activities of daily living,ADL)、工具性日常生活活动(instrumental activities of daily living,IADL)、全球活动受限指标(global activity limitation indicator,GALI)、欧洲五维度健康量表(EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire,EQ-5D)和欧洲五维度视觉模拟评分量表(EuroQol five dimensions visual analogue scale,EQ-5DVAS)量表编制海南省居民健康调查表。计算各标准下的伤残测度,通过Sullivan方法分别测算海南省居民HLE_ADL、HLE_IADL、HLE_GALI、HLE_EQ-5D及HLE_EQ-5DVAS。

结果

2021年海南省居民预期寿命为79.50岁,基于ADL、IADL、GALI、EQ-5D、EQ-5DVAS和GBD标准下出生时HLE分别为75.42、73.18、71.22、76.71、67.73和68.26岁,各年龄段HLE均为EQ-5D>ADL>IADL>GALI>GBD>EQ-5DVAS。随着年龄增长不同健康标准下的健康寿命损失及健康寿命损失占比均呈阶梯式上升趋势,其中GBD和IADL标准下的健康寿命损失比例最高,而EQ-5D标准最低。

结论

六种健康标准下测算的海南省居民HLE存在一定差异,其中EQ-5D与ADL的HLE值较高。建议加强方法学验证和跨标准的一致性评估,建立更具科学性与可比性的HLE测算体系。推动多维度健康指标纳入常规监测体系,加强健康功能维护、慢病管理和老年照护能力等方面建设,有针对性地提升海南省居民整体健康水平。

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赵娣与吕书涵为共同第一作者

赵娣(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:健康预期寿命、疾病负担

吕书涵(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:健康危险因素

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陶俊良,E-mail:
张东献,E-mail:
陶俊良与张东献为共同通信作者
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Basic characteristics of the subjects in the survey on healthy life expectancy of residents in Hainan Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量例数构成比(%)变量例数构成比(%)
性别地区
男3 56045.34城市2 92737.28
女4 29154.66农村4 92462.72
民族家庭年收入(万元)
汉族6 15978.44<54 50657.39
黎族1 47818.835~102 17227.67
其他2142.73>101 17314.94
文化程度职业类型
没上过学2743.49机关企事业单位工作人员1 56419.92
小学4295.46专业技术人员2 13427.18
初中95312.14办事人员和有关人员1602.04
高中1 03113.14商业/服务业从业人员4836.15
技工学校821.04农林牧渔水利业生产人员6828.69
中专1 06313.54生产运输设备操作人员831.06
大专1 75622.37学生87211.11
本科2 14927.37军人190.24
研究生1141.45其他1 85423.61
就业状况婚姻状况
在业5 68772.44未婚2 44131.09
离退休4055.16已婚5 03564.13
在校学生88911.32丧偶1782.27
失业510.65离异1972.51
无业81910.43
), ArticleFig(id=1324078241627119737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078232617754672, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海南省居民HLE调查对象基本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量例数构成比(%)变量例数构成比(%)
性别地区
男3 56045.34城市2 92737.28
女4 29154.66农村4 92462.72
民族家庭年收入(万元)
汉族6 15978.44<54 50657.39
黎族1 47818.835~102 17227.67
其他2142.73>101 17314.94
文化程度职业类型
没上过学2743.49机关企事业单位工作人员1 56419.92
小学4295.46专业技术人员2 13427.18
初中95312.14办事人员和有关人员1602.04
高中1 03113.14商业/服务业从业人员4836.15
技工学校821.04农林牧渔水利业生产人员6828.69
中专1 06313.54生产运输设备操作人员831.06
大专1 75622.37学生87211.11
本科2 14927.37军人190.24
研究生1141.45其他1 85423.61
就业状况婚姻状况
在业5 68772.44未婚2 44131.09
离退休4055.16已婚5 03564.13
在校学生88911.32丧偶1782.27
失业510.65离异1972.51
无业81910.43
), ArticleFig(id=1324078241815863418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078232617754672, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of HLE (years) of residents in Hainan Province under different health standards in 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组(岁)LEADLIADLGALIEQ-5DEQ-5DVASGBD
0~<179.5075.4273.1871.2276.7167.7368.26
1~<575.7274.4672.2270.2775.7666.7766.92
5~<1072.0370.5468.3066.3471.8462.8464.02
10~<1467.3965.6163.3761.4166.9058.2359.23
15~<1962.7760.6958.4456.4861.9953.6354.48
20~<2458.1755.8053.5551.5857.1049.0549.83
25~<2953.5750.9248.6646.6952.2344.5845.28
30~<3448.9846.0543.7941.8147.3940.1340.79
35~<3944.4341.2338.9637.3642.6335.8236.37
40~<4439.9436.4934.2132.9837.9531.6632.03
45~<4935.5831.8529.5428.6633.3927.6427.82
50~<5431.2727.3124.9624.4928.9623.8023.72
55~<5927.0322.8820.4720.5124.6820.1619.79
60~<6422.9718.5716.0816.7920.6216.7516.09
65~<6919.1014.7912.4313.4516.8313.6512.67
70~<7415.4711.399.1610.4113.4210.859.56
75~<7912.358.426.407.8310.428.506.90
80~<849.775.844.135.547.846.484.65
85+7.823.862.253.685.604.662.17
), ArticleFig(id=1324078241899749499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078232617754672, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2021年各健康标准下海南省居民HLE(岁)比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组(岁)LEADLIADLGALIEQ-5DEQ-5DVASGBD
0~<179.5075.4273.1871.2276.7167.7368.26
1~<575.7274.4672.2270.2775.7666.7766.92
5~<1072.0370.5468.3066.3471.8462.8464.02
10~<1467.3965.6163.3761.4166.9058.2359.23
15~<1962.7760.6958.4456.4861.9953.6354.48
20~<2458.1755.8053.5551.5857.1049.0549.83
25~<2953.5750.9248.6646.6952.2344.5845.28
30~<3448.9846.0543.7941.8147.3940.1340.79
35~<3944.4341.2338.9637.3642.6335.8236.37
40~<4439.9436.4934.2132.9837.9531.6632.03
45~<4935.5831.8529.5428.6633.3927.6427.82
50~<5431.2727.3124.9624.4928.9623.8023.72
55~<5927.0322.8820.4720.5124.6820.1619.79
60~<6422.9718.5716.0816.7920.6216.7516.09
65~<6919.1014.7912.4313.4516.8313.6512.67
70~<7415.4711.399.1610.4113.4210.859.56
75~<7912.358.426.407.8310.428.506.90
80~<849.775.844.135.547.846.484.65
85+7.823.862.253.685.604.662.17
), ArticleFig(id=1324078241979441276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078232617754672, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

LHE and its proportion of life expectancy loss of residents in Hainan Province under different health standards in 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组
(岁)
ADLIADLGALIEQ-5DEQ-5DVASGBD
LHELHE%LHELHE%LHELHE%LHELHE%LHELHE%LHELHE%
0~<14.085.136.327.958.2810.422.793.5111.7714.8111.2414.14
1~<51.261.663.504.625.457.20-0.04-0.058.9511.828.8011.62
5~<101.492.073.735.185.697.900.190.269.1912.768.0111.12
10~<141.782.644.025.975.988.870.490.739.1613.598.1612.11
15~<192.083.314.336.906.2910.020.781.249.1414.568.2913.21
20~<242.374.074.627.946.5911.331.071.849.1215.688.3414.34
25~<292.654.954.919.176.8812.841.342.508.9916.788.2915.48
30~<342.935.985.1910.607.1714.641.593.258.8518.078.1916.72
35~<393.207.205.4712.317.0715.911.804.058.6119.388.0618.14
40~<443.458.645.7314.356.9617.431.994.988.2820.737.9119.80
45~<493.7310.486.0416.986.9219.452.196.167.9422.327.7621.81
50~<543.9612.666.3120.186.7821.682.317.397.4723.897.5524.14
55~<594.1515.356.5624.276.5224.122.358.696.8725.427.2426.79
60~<644.4019.166.8930.006.1826.902.3510.236.2227.086.8829.95
65~<694.3122.576.6734.925.6529.582.2711.885.4528.536.4333.66
70~<744.0826.376.3140.795.0632.712.0513.254.6229.865.9138.20
75~<793.9331.825.9548.184.5236.601.9315.633.8531.175.4544.13
80~<843.9340.235.6457.734.2343.301.9319.753.2933.675.1252.41
85+3.9650.645.5771.234.1452.942.2228.393.1640.415.6572.25
), ArticleFig(id=1324078242088493181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078232617754672, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2021年海南省居民不同健康标准下LHE及损失占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组
(岁)
ADLIADLGALIEQ-5DEQ-5DVASGBD
LHELHE%LHELHE%LHELHE%LHELHE%LHELHE%LHELHE%
0~<14.085.136.327.958.2810.422.793.5111.7714.8111.2414.14
1~<51.261.663.504.625.457.20-0.04-0.058.9511.828.8011.62
5~<101.492.073.735.185.697.900.190.269.1912.768.0111.12
10~<141.782.644.025.975.988.870.490.739.1613.598.1612.11
15~<192.083.314.336.906.2910.020.781.249.1414.568.2913.21
20~<242.374.074.627.946.5911.331.071.849.1215.688.3414.34
25~<292.654.954.919.176.8812.841.342.508.9916.788.2915.48
30~<342.935.985.1910.607.1714.641.593.258.8518.078.1916.72
35~<393.207.205.4712.317.0715.911.804.058.6119.388.0618.14
40~<443.458.645.7314.356.9617.431.994.988.2820.737.9119.80
45~<493.7310.486.0416.986.9219.452.196.167.9422.327.7621.81
50~<543.9612.666.3120.186.7821.682.317.397.4723.897.5524.14
55~<594.1515.356.5624.276.5224.122.358.696.8725.427.2426.79
60~<644.4019.166.8930.006.1826.902.3510.236.2227.086.8829.95
65~<694.3122.576.6734.925.6529.582.2711.885.4528.536.4333.66
70~<744.0826.376.3140.795.0632.712.0513.254.6229.865.9138.20
75~<793.9331.825.9548.184.5236.601.9315.633.8531.175.4544.13
80~<843.9340.235.6457.734.2343.301.9319.753.2933.675.1252.41
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基于多维度评价指标的海南省居民健康预期寿命对比研究
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赵娣 1 , 吕书涵 1 , 邹金婷 1 , 吴宇彤 1 , 陶俊良 2 , 张东献 1
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(3): 392-398
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (3) : 392 -398
基于多维度评价指标的海南省居民健康预期寿命对比研究
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赵娣1, 吕书涵1, 邹金婷1, 吴宇彤1, 陶俊良2 , 张东献1
作者信息
  • 1.海南医科大学公共卫生学院,海南 海口 571199
  • 2.海南医科大学基础医学院,海南 海口 571199
通讯作者:
陶俊良,E-mail:
张东献,E-mail:
陶俊良与张东献为共同通信作者
作者简介:

赵娣与吕书涵为共同第一作者

赵娣(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:健康预期寿命、疾病负担

吕书涵(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:健康危险因素

A comparative study on the healthy life expectancy of residents in Hainan Province based on multi-dimensional evaluation indicators
Di ZHAO1, Shu-han LV1, Jin-ting ZOU1, Yu-tong WU1, Jun-liang TAO2 , Dong-xian ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510164
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目的

基于多种标准测算海南省居民健康预期寿命( healthy life expectancy,HLE),评价海南省人群的健康状况。

方法

收集海南省居民死因监测数据、海南省居民死因漏报调查数据、提取全球疾病负担研究(Global Burden of Disease Study,GBD)中海南省健康预期寿命数据(HLE_GBD),结合日常生活活动能力(activities of daily living,ADL)、工具性日常生活活动(instrumental activities of daily living,IADL)、全球活动受限指标(global activity limitation indicator,GALI)、欧洲五维度健康量表(EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire,EQ-5D)和欧洲五维度视觉模拟评分量表(EuroQol five dimensions visual analogue scale,EQ-5DVAS)量表编制海南省居民健康调查表。计算各标准下的伤残测度,通过Sullivan方法分别测算海南省居民HLE_ADL、HLE_IADL、HLE_GALI、HLE_EQ-5D及HLE_EQ-5DVAS。

结果

2021年海南省居民预期寿命为79.50岁,基于ADL、IADL、GALI、EQ-5D、EQ-5DVAS和GBD标准下出生时HLE分别为75.42、73.18、71.22、76.71、67.73和68.26岁,各年龄段HLE均为EQ-5D>ADL>IADL>GALI>GBD>EQ-5DVAS。随着年龄增长不同健康标准下的健康寿命损失及健康寿命损失占比均呈阶梯式上升趋势,其中GBD和IADL标准下的健康寿命损失比例最高,而EQ-5D标准最低。

结论

六种健康标准下测算的海南省居民HLE存在一定差异,其中EQ-5D与ADL的HLE值较高。建议加强方法学验证和跨标准的一致性评估,建立更具科学性与可比性的HLE测算体系。推动多维度健康指标纳入常规监测体系,加强健康功能维护、慢病管理和老年照护能力等方面建设,有针对性地提升海南省居民整体健康水平。

健康预期寿命  /  Sullivan法  /  ADL  /  IADL  /  GALI
Objective

To estimate the healthy life expectancy (HLE) of residents in Hainan Province based on multiple criteria, and to evaluate the health status of the population in Hainan Province.

Methods

The monitoring data of death causes of residents in Hainan Province, underreporting survey data on causes of death of residents in Hainan Province, and the data of healthy life expectancy in Hainan Province (HLE_GBD) in the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) were collected. The health questionnaire of residents in Hainan Province was compiled by combining Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Global Activity Limitation Indicator (GALI), EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D) and EuroQol Five Dimensions Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-5DVAS) scales. The disability measurement under each criterion was calculated, and the HLE_ADL, HLE_IADL, HLE_GALI, HLE_EQ-5D and HLE_EQ-5DVAS of Hainan residents were estimated using the Sullivan method.

Results

The life expectancy of Hainan residents in 2021 was 79.50 years. The HLE at birth based on ADL, IADL, GALI, EQ-5D, EQ-5DVAS and GBD standards were 75.42, 73.18,71.22, 76.71, 67.73 and 68.26 years, respectively. The HLE of each age group was EQ-5D > ADL > IADL > GALI > GBD > EQ-5DVAS. With the increase of age, healthy life loss and its proportion under different health standards showed a stepwise upward trend. Among them, the proportion of healthy life loss under GBD and IADL standards was the highest, while EQ-5D standard was the lowest.

Conclusion

HLE estimates based on six health standards show notable variation among Hainan Province residents, with EQ-5D and ADL yielding relatively higher HLE values. These findings highlight the need for strengthened methodological validation and cross-standard consistency assessments to establish a more scientific and comparable HLE estimation framework. Incorporating multidimensional health indicators into routine surveillance, while enhancing functional health maintenance, chronic disease management, and elder care capacity, may help improve the overall health status of Hainan’s population.

Healthy life expectancy  /  Sullivan method  /  ADL  /  IADL  /  GALI
赵娣, 吕书涵, 邹金婷, 吴宇彤, 陶俊良, 张东献. 基于多维度评价指标的海南省居民健康预期寿命对比研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (3) : 392 -398 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510164
Di ZHAO, Shu-han LV, Jin-ting ZOU, Yu-tong WU, Jun-liang TAO, Dong-xian ZHANG. A comparative study on the healthy life expectancy of residents in Hainan Province based on multi-dimensional evaluation indicators[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (3) : 392 -398 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510164
随着我国社会经济发展水平与医疗卫生服务能力的持续提升,人口健康保障成效显著。截至2024年,我国人均预期寿命已达79岁,在53个中高收入国家中位列第四位[1]。在此背景下,政府、社会及公众对人口健康的关注已从“生命长度”延伸至“生存质量”,健康长寿成为当前人口健康领域的核心诉求之一[2]。然而,平均预期寿命指标仅能反映特定时期内人口的死亡水平,难以全面揭示现有人口的健康状况。为同时反映人群的死亡水平与健康状态,学界提出了“健康预期寿命”(healthy life expectancy,HLE)这一综合性指标[3-4]。2001年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)将HLE正式确立为评估各国人口健康状况与卫生系统绩效的重要指标,并推动该指标在全球范围推广应用[5]。国外学者关于HLE计算方法的研究有Sullivan法、多状态生命表法、微观模拟法、疾病负担法及健康调整寿命法等,这些方法分别基于死亡率和健康状况、个体在不同健康状态下的生存概率健康轨迹、调整因疾病导致的健康损失和对不同生活质量加权的办法对HLE做了测算。国内学者关于HLE的研究大致可以分为区域HLE的研究、影响因素研究、预测研究以及测算方法研究等主要方面。但由于人群伤残数据获得的困难性、健康评价方式的多维性、测量方法的多样性等问题,目前我国还没有统一的标准用于计算居民的HLE。我国高度重视居民健康水平的提升,持续实施并深化健康中国战略。在《健康中国行动(2019—2030年)》中,明确提出将HLE作为一项预期性指标,要在2016年68.7岁的基础上,到2022年有所提高,到2030年显著提高[6]。2020年海南省制定的《健康海南行动实施方案》中同样明确要求提高HLE这一指标[7-8]。因此,准确测算HLE是实现健康海南建设的重要行动,也是确立发展目标的前期基础。目前,HLE的研究较为分散,尚未统一健康标准评定方法,且海南省基于多维度测量的HLE的研究更为少有。因此,本研究采用日常生活活动(activities of daily living,ADL)、工具性日常生活活动(instrumental activities of daily living,lADL)、全球活动受限指标(global activity limitation indicator,GALI),欧洲五维度健康量表(Euroqol five dimensions qustonnaine,EQ-5D)、欧洲五维度视觉模拟评分量表(Eurqolvisual five dimensions analoque scale, EQ-VAS)及全球疾病负担研实(Global Burden of Disease Study,GBD)六种健康测量标准,对海南省居民的HLE进行综合测算,并比较不同健康测度标准下的测算结果差异。
人口数据:来源于海南省统计局2021年常住人口资料、海南省卫生健康委员会统计信息中心全员人口数据库、海南省统计局网站、卫生统计年鉴数据等收集的海南省2021年各年龄段人口数据。
死亡数据:来源于海南省疾病预防控制中心2021年人口死亡信息登记管理系统(死因监测系统),结合运用海南省疾病预防控制中心2021年的漏报调查数据,对2021年各年龄段死亡率进行了调整。
健康相关数据:(1)根据全国卫生服务调查中家庭健康询问调查的健康相关内容以及结合ADL、IADL、GALI、EQ-5D和EQ-5DVAS量表编制的海南省居民健康调查表。(2)海南省GBD2021数据来源于中国疾病负担研究合作中心的中国GBD数据库(申请获得)。
本研究总体为海南省全人群,调查对象为样本市县中年龄≥15岁的常住居民(居住≥6个月),排除个人基本信息缺失、问卷填写不规范等,最终纳入7 851份有效样本。本研究获得北京大学生物医学伦理委员会批准(伦理审批号:IRB00001052-23196),所有调查对象均在调查前获得充分告知并提供知情同意。
采用随机整群抽样的方法,从海南省18个市县中按性别、年龄两方面进行分层,通过简单随机抽样方法抽取相应数目的个体。本研究为现况研究,在95%的置信度下,采用简单随机抽样的样本量计算公式进行估算:
α=0.05,Za=1.96,P为自评非健康比率,q=1-P,允许误差d=0.15P
根据海南省第六次卫生服务调查数据,以海口市龙华区和文昌市15岁及以上居民自我评价非健康率(P=0.055)作为总体率,设计效应deff取1.2,考虑到居民配合度可能不高,增加10%的样本量。最终,共发放问卷7 970份,回收且纳入分析的有效问卷7 851份。
借鉴全国第六次卫生服务调查家庭健康询问调查表,结合欧洲基本健康模块,编制海南省居民健康调查表,严格把控抽样方法、调查内容,进行有效的质量控制,从而获得有效问卷。本调查表Chronbach α系数为0.718,KMO=0.771,Bartlett球形检验P<0.001,问卷整体信效度较好。
基于海南省疾病预防控制中心2021年人口死亡信息登记管理系统(死因监测系统),结合运用海南省疾病预防控制中心2021年的漏报调查数据,对2021年各年龄段死亡率进行了调整,从而编制海南省简略寿命表(current or period life table),测算海南省居民LE。
其中,lx为x岁尚存人数,Li是x~x+1岁间的生存人年数,w为最后一个开区间的年龄组。
根据各标准年龄别伤残测度,利用沙利文方法[9]计算HLE。
Dx为x岁人群的伤残测度:计算调查人群中年龄别健康率。
根据LE和HLE计算各年龄人群因伤残导致的健康寿命损失(loss of healthy life expectancy,LHE)以及HLE伤残损失占比(LHE/LE)。
(1)ADL、IADL量表计算伤残水平 在编制的海南省居民健康调查表中,ADLs评价的项目包括:洗漱、更衣、进食、如厕、室内活动和控制大小便,回答的选项包括:“不需要任何帮助”“部分需要帮助”“完全需要他人帮助”,本研究界定只要有一项选择“完全需要他人帮助”则判定为不能自理,否则为能自理。IADLs的评价项目有:购物、做饭、洗衣和乘车等,回答的选项包括“能”“有一定困难”“不能”,本研究界定只要有一项选择“困难”则判定为社会环境活动参与能力较差,否则为社会环境活动参与能力良好。
(2)GALI量表计算伤残水平 GALI伤残测度通过调查问卷中问题“在过去至少6个月里,您在多大程度上因健康问题限制了日常活动?”,本研究界定将“严重限制”“受到限制,但是不严重”判定为伤残,“没有受到限制”判定为健康。
(3)EQ-5D和EQ-5DVAS量表计算伤残水平EQ-5D伤残测度通过欧洲五维量表即行动能力、自我照顾、日常活动、疼痛和焦虑五个维度进行测量,健康效用值根据对应的健康状态采用中国EQ-5D积分体系公式进行计算[8]。EQ-5DVAS评分采用一根垂直的视觉刻度尺,由被调查者根据当天自我身体感受对健康状况打分,顶端为100分代表“心目中最好的健康状况,底端为0分代表心目中“最差的健康状况”[10]。
(4)GBD伤残测度水平 GBD研究通过收集各类健康数据,量化疾病、伤残以及后遗症造成的寿命损失,将某疾病或伤残的患病人数乘以该疾病或伤残对应的不同健康状态的失能权重,即可得到该疾病或伤残的伤残调整生命年(years lived with disability,YLD)估计值,进而测算人群年龄别性别YLD率,即GBD的伤残测度[11]。
本研究中的数据整理、人均LE计算、描述性分析以及指标计算均由Excel(2019)软件实现,统计图表和统计学分析均由Origin软件实现。
本次调查共发放问卷7 970份,回收有效问卷7 851份,有效率为98.51%。被调查对象中男性3 560人,占45.34%,女性4 291人,占54.66%;平均年龄(40.66±16.59)岁;城市人口占比37.28%,农村人口占比62.72%;汉族共6 159人,占比78.44%,黎族及其他少数民族1 692,占比21.56%;婚姻方面,绝大多数被调查者已婚,占比64.13%。见表1。
整体来看,ADL、IADL、GALI、EQ-5D和EQ-5DVAS伤残测度在0~25岁时数值均处于较低水平。随着年龄增加,各伤残测度整体呈上升趋势。
其中,IADL伤残测度在75岁及以上高龄组上升最为显著,GALI伤残测度的上升趋势也较为突出,在高龄组同样有较快的增长;ADL伤残测度的上升速度相对IADL和GALI稍缓,但也呈现出明显的随年龄增长而升高的态势;EQ-5D伤残测度的上升幅度相对较小,在各年龄组的数值整体低于ADL、IADL和GALI伤残测度;EQ-5DVAS 伤残测度的变化趋势介于EQ-5D和其他几种测度之间,其数值随年龄增长逐步上升,但增长速度和幅度相对平稳。见图1。
2015—2021年全国和海南省LE均呈稳步上升趋势。2015年,全国人均LE为76.3岁,海南省为77.7岁,海南省比全国高出1.4岁;2021年,全国人均LE提升至78.2岁,海南省则进一步增长到79.5岁,海南省仍比全国高出1.3岁。整体看2015—2021年海南省人均LE始终高于全国水平,且两者的差距相对稳定。见图2。
总体来看,各健康标准下的HLE均随年龄增长呈持续下降趋势,与LE变化方向一致。出生时,海南省居民的LE为79.50岁,而ADL、IADL、GAL1、EQ-5D、EQ-5DVAS和GBD标准下的HLE分别为75.42、73.18、71.22、76.71、67.73和68.26岁,显示在最宽松的EQ-5D标准下居民的HLE最长,EQ-5DVAS标准下HLE最短,GBD标准下HLE次短。
随着年龄增长,各健康标准下的HLE差距逐渐缩小。至65岁时,LE降至19.10岁,各标准HLE分别约为14.79(ADL)、12.43(IADL)、13.45(GALI)、16.83(EQ-5D)、13.65(EQ-5DVAS)及12.67岁(GBD),均较出生时明显降低,表明在高龄群体中维持健康状态的难度显著增加。至85岁及以上人群,HLE进一步下降,各指标值均低于8岁,GBD标准下仅为2.17岁。见表2。
图3显示,各标准下HLE曲线形态基本一致,呈现随年龄增加而快速下降的趋势,其中60岁以后下降速度明显加快。EQ-5D曲线始终位于最高水平,而GBD与IADL曲线相对较低,ADL和EQ-5DVAS在中年阶段曲线接近。总体来看,海南省居民在多维健康标准下的HLE均呈随年龄增长而递减的规律,且不同健康标准间存在一定的系统性差异。
整体来看,2021年海南省居民在不同健康标准下,LHE随着年龄增长逐渐增加,健康寿命损失占比(LHE%)也呈显著上升趋势。
出生时(0岁组),在EQ-5D标准下的LHE仅为2.79岁,占总寿命的3.51%,而GBD标准下的LHE为11.24岁,占比达14.14%,提示不同健康标准对HLE估计存在明显差异。0岁组之后随着年龄的增加,居民LHE持续扩大。至65岁时,ADL、IADL、GAL、EQ-5D、EQ-5DVAS和GBD标准下的LHE分别为4.31(22.57%)、6.67(34.92%)、5.65(29.58%)、2.27(11.88%)、5.45(28.53%)和6.43岁(33.66%)。
在85岁及以上高龄段,LHE进一步增大,六种健康标准下的损失占比分别上升至50.64%、71.23%、52.94%、28.39%、40.41%和72.25%,显示高龄群体的LHE受限最为显著且差异在老年阶段进一步放大。随着年龄增长不同健康标准下的LHE及LHE%均呈阶梯式上升趋势,其中GBD和IADL标准下的LHE比例最高,而EQ-5D标准最低。见表3。
HLE的测算可采用多种方法与指标,不同数据来源及测算方式可能导致结果存在差异[11-13]。本研究首次应用六种方法测算对比海南省居民HLE,各个年龄段均为HLE(EQ-5D)>HLE(ADL)>HLE(IADL)>HLE(GALI)>HLE(GBD)>HLE(EQ-5DVAS),测算结果存在明显差异,考虑与所用的不同伤残测度相关。但不论采用哪种标准,所呈现的年龄趋势相同,即海南省居民的生命质量随年龄增大而逐渐降低。
研究结果显示,ADL、IADL、GALI、EQ-5D、EQ-5DVAS和GBD的HLE水平均随年龄增长而下降,呈现海南省居民健康功能随年龄递减的趋势。这一趋势与中国CHARLS研究和欧洲SHARE调查结果一致,表明功能退化与主观健康下降是全球老龄化社会的普遍特征[14-15]。比较不同标准下的出生时HLE发现,EQ-5D标准下最高(76.71岁),EQ-5DVAS标准下最低(约67.73岁),其次ADL、IADL、GALI、GBD介于其间。五种健康测度与GBD结果的差异主要反映出其健康定义与测量维度的不同,可归纳为三类:(1)功能性测度(ADL、IADL):主要评估个体的基本生活自理与社会活动能力,是反映生理功能状态的客观指标。本研究中IADL下HLE普遍低于ADL,表明社会参与和复杂活动能力下降通常早于基础生活功能受限,符合健康衰老的阶段性特征[14-15]。相关研究表明,生活方式与医疗条件的改善延缓了老年人ADL的受限;但寿命延长及体弱人群增加,使IADL受损更为突出[16]。由于IADL障碍通常早于ADL出现,这可能导致HLE _ADL普遍高于HLE _IADL的现象。(2)GALI:兼具客观功能与主观健康受限特征,反映长期健康问题对日常活动的综合影响[17-20]。(3)主观健康测度(EQ-5D、EQ-5DVAS):反映个体对自身健康的主观感知,受心理适应、文化背景及社会期望影响较大[21]。尽管尚无研究直接比较所有健康量表下的HLE,但有研究表明EQ-5D指数得分通常高于EQ-5DVAS[22],即VAS自评健康更为保守,由此可推测基于VAS的HLE在各指标中可能最短。(4)GBD:以疾病与伤残权重为基础,通过流行病学模型估算健康年数。GBD标准下的HLE明显低于EQ-5D、ADL、IADL和GALI,反映其对疾病负担的高度敏感性,更能揭示健康损失的客观程度,适用于国际比较与宏观政策评估[23]。
本研究显示,不同健康标准下的伤残测度水平存在显著差异,各维度随年龄上升虽均呈上升趋势,但增长速度和表现特征并不一致,反映出不同健康功能领域的衰退节奏具有差异性。总体来看,IADL与GALI伤残测度水平随年龄上升幅度较显著,提示社会活动与生活参与受限是老年健康衰退的主要表现。相关研究表明,75岁及以上人群中IADL和GALI受限率增长最为明显[24-25]。本研究与上述结果相近,但海南省居民整体受限水平相对较低,可能反映出其较好的生态环境、生活节奏与社会支持体系延缓了功能退化。相比之下,健康相关生活质量(EQ-5D、EQ-5DVAS)伤残测度水平随年龄上升幅度较缓,可能与主观健康感对轻中度功能障碍的敏感性较低有关。
从LHE及其LHE%分析来看,海南省居民在不同健康标准下的LHE随年龄增长持续增加,LHE%显著上升。出生时,EQ-5D下LHE仅为2.79岁,占总寿命3.51%,而IADL与GBD标准下分别为6.32(7.95%)和11.24岁(14.14%)。至65岁时,各标准下LHE占比升至12%~35%,85岁及以上人群最高可达72%。相较之下,GBD标准下的LHE和LHE%较高,反映出疾病与功能障碍累积对老年阶段健康寿命的显著影响。而EQ-5D标准下LHE和LHE%较低,说明主观健康感相对稳定,ADL、IADL与GALI处于中间水平揭示生理功能衰退与活动受限的渐进过程。总体趋势与国际研究一致,即寿命延长并不完全同步于健康年数增加,高龄段带病生存比例显著上升[26]。
综上所述,本研究比较分析六种健康标准发现,不同健康定义、评价维度和测量方法会导致海南省居民HLE的测算结果存在显著差异,其中EQ-5D与ADL的HLE值相对较高。鉴于目前缺乏系统广泛的横向比较与纵向验证,建议在未来研究中加强方法学验证和跨标准的一致性评估,逐步建立兼具本地适配性和全国可比性的健康测算体系。本研究也提示,应推动将多维度健康指标纳入常规监测体系,加强生活功能、主观健康和慢性病管理等信息的综合评估,同时开展本地化测量工具的适配性研究与数据整合,以提升HLE监测的科学性和政策可用性。此外,建议将HLE结果应用于公共卫生资源配置与重点干预领域的识别,特别是功能维护、慢病管理和老年照护能力建设等方面,从而更有针对性地提升海南省居民整体健康水平。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3600800)
  • 海南省健康预期寿命伤残调整测算服务(HNYH2025-0204)
  • 海南省哲学社会科学规划项目(HNSK(ZC)25-259)
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2026年第53卷第3期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510164
  • 接收时间:2025-10-13
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-13
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3600800)
海南省健康预期寿命伤残调整测算服务(HNYH2025-0204)
海南省哲学社会科学规划项目(HNSK(ZC)25-259)
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    1.海南医科大学公共卫生学院,海南 海口 571199
    2.海南医科大学基础医学院,海南 海口 571199

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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