Article(id=1324078209133847478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078037817504735, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751904000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614445241, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614445241, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614445241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614445241, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324078037817504735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='385', pageEnd='576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614404396, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614474144, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078330420527919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078037817504735, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078330420527920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078037817504735, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=417, endPage=423, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324078209368728503, articleId=1324078209133847478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Incidence trends and prediction of viral hepatitis in China from 2006 to 2020: an age-period-cohort analysis, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the incidence trend of viral hepatitis in China from 2006 to 2020 and predict future trends, so as to provide evidence and reference for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis in China.

Methods

Based on viral hepatitis surveillance data in China from the Public Health Science Data Center between 2006 and 2020, joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine trends in incidence rates. An age-period-cohort model was applied to assess age, period, and birth cohort effects. A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to predict incidence trends from 2021 to 2030.

Results

The overall incidence of viral hepatitis in China showed a significant decreasing trend from 2006 to 2020 (AAPC=-1.63%, P<0.001).Specifically, the incidence of hepatitis A (AAPC=-11.16%) and hepatitis B (AAPC=-2.12%) continued to decline, while hepatitis C exhibited an initial increase followed by stabilization (AAPC=7.04%), and hepatitis E showed fluctuating trends(AAPC=-0.32%). The age-period-cohort analysis revealed a bimodal age distribution for hepatitis B, with the first peak in the 0-4 age group (314.34 per 100 000) and a secondary peak in the 20-24 age group (255.68 per 100 000). The risk of hepatitis C increased with age, reaching a peak in the 75-79 age group (48.17 per 100 000). Period effects indicated that the relative risks(RR) for all types of hepatitis were below 1 during 2016—2020, with the overall RR for viral hepatitis decreasing to 0.81 (95% CI: 0.77-0.86), hepatitis A to 0.64 (95% CI: 0.62-0.67), hepatitis B to 0.83 (95% CI: 0.78-0.89), hepatitis C to 0.91 (95% CI:0.88-0.95), and hepatitis E to 0.88 (95% CI: 0.84-0.92). Birth cohort analysis identified that the highest risk of hepatitis B occurred in the 1931—1935 birth cohort (RR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.15-2.72), while hepatitis C risk was highest in the 1976—1980 birth cohort (RR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.21-1.39). The Bayesian age-period-cohort model predicted that the incidence of viral hepatitis in China would reach 48.25 per 100 000 by 2030, with hepatitis B (42.45 per 100 000) and hepatitis C (5.40 per 100 000) remaining the major burdens.

Conclusion

Significant progress has been made in the prevention and control of viral hepatitis in China. However, hepatitis B and hepatitis C continue to pose major challenges. Future efforts should focus on achieving universal hepatitis B vaccination for newborns, promoting active screening for hepatitis C among the elderly, and implementing multidimensional collaborative prevention and control strategies.

, authors=Feng LIN1, Sheng-qiang ZOU2, Deng-bo DONG1, Yun YU1, Ya-ji YAO3, Qiang WANG4, Jun-rong LI4, authorsList=Feng LIN, Sheng-qiang ZOU, Deng-bo DONG, Yun YU, Ya-ji YAO, Qiang WANG, Jun-rong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Sheng-qiang ZOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324078210480219068, articleId=1324078209133847478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎发病的年龄-时期-队列分析及预测, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎的发病趋势并进行预测,为我国病毒性肝炎防控工作提供参考和依据。

方法

基于2006—2020年公共卫生中心的中国病毒性肝炎数据,采用joinpoint回归分析发病率的变化趋势,应用年龄-时期-队列模型解析年龄、时期及出生队列效应,利用贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型预测2021—2030年的发病趋势。

结果

2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎总体发病率显著下降(AAPC=-1.63%,P<0.001),其中甲肝(AAPC=-11.16%)和乙肝(AAPC=-2.12%)持续降低,丙肝呈先上升后平稳趋势(AAPC=7.04%),戊肝呈波动变化趋势(AAPC=-0.32%)。年龄-时期-队列模型显示,乙肝发病呈“双峰”年龄分布(0~4岁组峰值314.34/10万和20~24岁组次高峰255.68/10万),丙肝风险随年龄递增并在75~79岁达峰值48.17/10万;时期效应表明2016—2020年各型肝炎相对风险度(relative risk,RR)均<1, 其中病毒性肝炎总体RR下降至0.81 (95% CI: 0.77~0.86),甲肝RR降至0.64 (95% CI: 0.62~0.67),乙肝RR降至0.83 (95% CI: 0.78~0.89),丙肝RR降至0.91 (95% CI: 0.88~0.95),戊肝RR降至0.88 (95% CI: 0.84~0.92);出生队列分析揭示乙肝高发于1931—1935年出生队列(RR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.15~2.72),丙肝高发于1976—1980年出生队列(RR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.21~1.39)。贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型预测2030年中国病毒性肝炎发病率为48.25/10万,乙肝(42.45/10万)和丙肝(5.40/10万)为主要负担。

结论

中国病毒性肝炎防控成效显著,但乙肝和丙肝仍为主要挑战,需重点推进新生儿乙肝疫苗全覆盖、老年丙肝主动筛查及多维度协同防控策略。

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林枫(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病学与统计学

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邹圣强,E-mail:
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林枫(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病学与统计学

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Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2024, 9(4): 346-365., articleTitle=Progress towards elimination of viral hepatitis: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission update, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324078222152966144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, awardId=CYTF2024077, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省中医药学会雏鹰腾飞项目(CYTF2024077), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1324078222475927553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, awardId=ZKQN-2024-004, language=CN, fundingSource=镇江市科技智库“青年人才”项目(ZKQN-2024-004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1324078222593368067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, awardId=2024SZ017, language=CN, fundingSource=镇江市社科应用研究“学习贯彻党的二十届三中全会精神”专项课题(2024SZ017), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324078210786403261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078210794791870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, companyId=1324078210786403261, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078210803180479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, companyId=1324078210786403261, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华北理工大学公共卫生学院,河北 唐山063210)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324078210933203905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078210945786818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, companyId=1324078210933203905, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.镇江市第三人民医院,江苏 镇江212021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324078212665451460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078212703200197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, companyId=1324078212665451460, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.南京中医药大学镇江附属医院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324078212778697670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078212791280583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, companyId=1324078212778697670, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.江苏大学医学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324078219095319541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=APC model analysis of viral hepatitis incidence in China from 2006 to 2020, figureFileSmall=05MsNx8GH9wVaz+7tYeAmw==, figureFileBig=oEDHfv5bUMLkLt8IcMGNFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078219187594230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2006—2020 年中国病毒性肝炎发病率 APC 模型分析

注:A纵向年龄曲线;B时期效应;C队列效应。

, figureFileSmall=05MsNx8GH9wVaz+7tYeAmw==, figureFileBig=oEDHfv5bUMLkLt8IcMGNFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078219619607543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Projected trends in age-standardized incidence rates of viral hepatitis in China from 2021 to 2030, figureFileSmall=/11yLrE59aZeLw31Rw3EHQ==, figureFileBig=RqAknG3yPcZtyZpjg96f8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078219703493624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2021—2030 年中国病毒性肝炎年龄标准化发病率的预测趋势

注:A 病毒性肝炎;B 甲肝;C 乙肝;D 丙肝;E 戊肝。

, figureFileSmall=/11yLrE59aZeLw31Rw3EHQ==, figureFileBig=RqAknG3yPcZtyZpjg96f8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078219950957562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Joinpoint analysis of viral hepatitis incidence trends in China from 2006 to 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疾病指标年份(年)APC (%) (95%CI)P值AAPC (%) (95%CI)P值
肝炎2006—2020-1.63 (-2.40~ -0.86)<0.001-1.63 (-2.40~ -0.86)<0.001
甲肝2006—2012-17.31 (-30.03~ -12.64)<0.001-11.16 (-12.90~ -9.19)<0.001
2012—2020-6.25 (-9.61~ 5.46)0.163
乙肝2006—2020-2.12 (-3.08~-1.18)<0.001-2.12 (-3.08~-1.18)<0.001
丙肝2006—201217.69 (14.68~ 20.86)<0.0017.04 (6.20~ 7.94)<0.001
2012—2020-0.31 (-2.02~1.42)0.580
戊肝2006—20183.56 (2.00~ 6.86)0.002-0.32 (-2.55~ 1.86)0.864
2018—2020-20.70 (-33.93~ -3.06)0.016
), ArticleFig(id=1324078221603513341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎发病率的joinpoint回归变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疾病指标年份(年)APC (%) (95%CI)P值AAPC (%) (95%CI)P值
肝炎2006—2020-1.63 (-2.40~ -0.86)<0.001-1.63 (-2.40~ -0.86)<0.001
甲肝2006—2012-17.31 (-30.03~ -12.64)<0.001-11.16 (-12.90~ -9.19)<0.001
2012—2020-6.25 (-9.61~ 5.46)0.163
乙肝2006—2020-2.12 (-3.08~-1.18)<0.001-2.12 (-3.08~-1.18)<0.001
丙肝2006—201217.69 (14.68~ 20.86)<0.0017.04 (6.20~ 7.94)<0.001
2012—2020-0.31 (-2.02~1.42)0.580
戊肝2006—20183.56 (2.00~ 6.86)0.002-0.32 (-2.55~ 1.86)0.864
2018—2020-20.70 (-33.93~ -3.06)0.016
), ArticleFig(id=1324078221775479806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

APC model test for incidence rate of viral hepatitis in China from 2006 to 2020 (Wald test)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零假设肝炎甲肝乙肝丙肝戊肝
χ2值P值χ2值P值χ2值P值χ2值P值χ2值P值
净漂移=020.812<0.001770.372<0.001242.368<0.0012.1950.1380.4250.515
总年龄偏差=0221.226<0.001576.464<0.001176.427<0.001347.765<0.001198.257<0.001
总时期偏差=030.377<0.00191.798<0.0017.4510.00650.369<0.00139.098<0.001
总队列偏差=0123.012<0.001606.955<0.001182.980<0.001249.952<0.00136.3500.004
时期RR=150.256<0.001793.303<0.001261.512<0.00151.693<0.00139.967<0.001
队列RR=1135.084<0.0011 795.651<0.001415.070<0.001298.641<0.00136.5690.006
局部偏移=净漂移120.460<0.001602.877<0.001182.818<0.001249.001<0.00136.3500.003
), ArticleFig(id=1324078222035526656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078209133847478, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2006—2020 年中国病毒性肝炎发病率APC模型检验( Wald 检验)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零假设肝炎甲肝乙肝丙肝戊肝
χ2值P值χ2值P值χ2值P值χ2值P值χ2值P值
净漂移=020.812<0.001770.372<0.001242.368<0.0012.1950.1380.4250.515
总年龄偏差=0221.226<0.001576.464<0.001176.427<0.001347.765<0.001198.257<0.001
总时期偏差=030.377<0.00191.798<0.0017.4510.00650.369<0.00139.098<0.001
总队列偏差=0123.012<0.001606.955<0.001182.980<0.001249.952<0.00136.3500.004
时期RR=150.256<0.001793.303<0.001261.512<0.00151.693<0.00139.967<0.001
队列RR=1135.084<0.0011 795.651<0.001415.070<0.001298.641<0.00136.5690.006
局部偏移=净漂移120.460<0.001602.877<0.001182.818<0.001249.001<0.00136.3500.003
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2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎发病的年龄-时期-队列分析及预测
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林枫 1 , 邹圣强 2 , 董邓波 1 , 于芸 1 , 姚雅吉 3 , 王强 4 , 李君荣 4
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(3): 417-423
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (3) : 417 -423
2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎发病的年龄-时期-队列分析及预测
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林枫1, 邹圣强2 , 董邓波1, 于芸1, 姚雅吉3, 王强4, 李君荣4
作者信息
  • 1.华北理工大学公共卫生学院,河北 唐山063210
  • 2.镇江市第三人民医院,江苏 镇江212021
  • 3.南京中医药大学镇江附属医院
  • 4.江苏大学医学院
通讯作者:
邹圣强,E-mail:
作者简介:

林枫(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病学与统计学

Incidence trends and prediction of viral hepatitis in China from 2006 to 2020: an age-period-cohort analysis
Feng LIN1, Sheng-qiang ZOU2 , Deng-bo DONG1, Yun YU1, Ya-ji YAO3, Qiang WANG4, Jun-rong LI4
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507084
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目的

分析2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎的发病趋势并进行预测,为我国病毒性肝炎防控工作提供参考和依据。

方法

基于2006—2020年公共卫生中心的中国病毒性肝炎数据,采用joinpoint回归分析发病率的变化趋势,应用年龄-时期-队列模型解析年龄、时期及出生队列效应,利用贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型预测2021—2030年的发病趋势。

结果

2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎总体发病率显著下降(AAPC=-1.63%,P<0.001),其中甲肝(AAPC=-11.16%)和乙肝(AAPC=-2.12%)持续降低,丙肝呈先上升后平稳趋势(AAPC=7.04%),戊肝呈波动变化趋势(AAPC=-0.32%)。年龄-时期-队列模型显示,乙肝发病呈“双峰”年龄分布(0~4岁组峰值314.34/10万和20~24岁组次高峰255.68/10万),丙肝风险随年龄递增并在75~79岁达峰值48.17/10万;时期效应表明2016—2020年各型肝炎相对风险度(relative risk,RR)均<1, 其中病毒性肝炎总体RR下降至0.81 (95% CI: 0.77~0.86),甲肝RR降至0.64 (95% CI: 0.62~0.67),乙肝RR降至0.83 (95% CI: 0.78~0.89),丙肝RR降至0.91 (95% CI: 0.88~0.95),戊肝RR降至0.88 (95% CI: 0.84~0.92);出生队列分析揭示乙肝高发于1931—1935年出生队列(RR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.15~2.72),丙肝高发于1976—1980年出生队列(RR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.21~1.39)。贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型预测2030年中国病毒性肝炎发病率为48.25/10万,乙肝(42.45/10万)和丙肝(5.40/10万)为主要负担。

结论

中国病毒性肝炎防控成效显著,但乙肝和丙肝仍为主要挑战,需重点推进新生儿乙肝疫苗全覆盖、老年丙肝主动筛查及多维度协同防控策略。

病毒性肝炎  /  发病趋势  /  Joinpoint回归  /  年龄-时期-队列模型
Objective

To analyze the incidence trend of viral hepatitis in China from 2006 to 2020 and predict future trends, so as to provide evidence and reference for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis in China.

Methods

Based on viral hepatitis surveillance data in China from the Public Health Science Data Center between 2006 and 2020, joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine trends in incidence rates. An age-period-cohort model was applied to assess age, period, and birth cohort effects. A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to predict incidence trends from 2021 to 2030.

Results

The overall incidence of viral hepatitis in China showed a significant decreasing trend from 2006 to 2020 (AAPC=-1.63%, P<0.001).Specifically, the incidence of hepatitis A (AAPC=-11.16%) and hepatitis B (AAPC=-2.12%) continued to decline, while hepatitis C exhibited an initial increase followed by stabilization (AAPC=7.04%), and hepatitis E showed fluctuating trends(AAPC=-0.32%). The age-period-cohort analysis revealed a bimodal age distribution for hepatitis B, with the first peak in the 0-4 age group (314.34 per 100 000) and a secondary peak in the 20-24 age group (255.68 per 100 000). The risk of hepatitis C increased with age, reaching a peak in the 75-79 age group (48.17 per 100 000). Period effects indicated that the relative risks(RR) for all types of hepatitis were below 1 during 2016—2020, with the overall RR for viral hepatitis decreasing to 0.81 (95% CI: 0.77-0.86), hepatitis A to 0.64 (95% CI: 0.62-0.67), hepatitis B to 0.83 (95% CI: 0.78-0.89), hepatitis C to 0.91 (95% CI:0.88-0.95), and hepatitis E to 0.88 (95% CI: 0.84-0.92). Birth cohort analysis identified that the highest risk of hepatitis B occurred in the 1931—1935 birth cohort (RR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.15-2.72), while hepatitis C risk was highest in the 1976—1980 birth cohort (RR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.21-1.39). The Bayesian age-period-cohort model predicted that the incidence of viral hepatitis in China would reach 48.25 per 100 000 by 2030, with hepatitis B (42.45 per 100 000) and hepatitis C (5.40 per 100 000) remaining the major burdens.

Conclusion

Significant progress has been made in the prevention and control of viral hepatitis in China. However, hepatitis B and hepatitis C continue to pose major challenges. Future efforts should focus on achieving universal hepatitis B vaccination for newborns, promoting active screening for hepatitis C among the elderly, and implementing multidimensional collaborative prevention and control strategies.

Viral hepatitis  /  Incidence trends  /  Joinpoint regression  /  Age-period-cohort model
林枫, 邹圣强, 董邓波, 于芸, 姚雅吉, 王强, 李君荣. 2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎发病的年龄-时期-队列分析及预测. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (3) : 417 -423 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507084
Feng LIN, Sheng-qiang ZOU, Deng-bo DONG, Yun YU, Ya-ji YAO, Qiang WANG, Jun-rong LI. Incidence trends and prediction of viral hepatitis in China from 2006 to 2020: an age-period-cohort analysis[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (3) : 417 -423 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507084
病毒性肝炎是全球重大公共卫生挑战,2022年6月,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)正式发布第75届世界卫生大会通过的《2022—2030年全球卫生部门关于艾滋病、病毒性肝炎和性传播疾病行动计划》[1]。2016年,WHO制定了2030 年消除病毒性肝炎作为公共卫生威胁的核心目标,从 2015—2030 年,病毒性肝炎发病率下降 90%[2]。中国作为病毒性肝炎高负担国家,其防控成效对全球目标实现具有决定性意义。本研究旨在评估我国病毒性肝炎发病趋势,整合年龄-时期-队列(age-period-cohort, APC)模型和贝叶斯预测,对病毒性肝炎的年龄、时期、队列效应进行分析,并预测2021—2030年的发病情况,为制定对重点人群干预策略提供防治科学依据。
中国病毒性肝炎的发病数据来源于中国公共卫生科学数据中心,数据包括2006—2020年我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的病毒性肝炎、甲肝、乙肝、丙肝、戊肝、未分型肝炎,由于85岁及以上为开放组,且数据库未包含丁型肝炎分型数据,本研究仅对甲肝、乙肝、丙肝、戊肝0~84岁的数据进行分析。同期各年龄段人口来源于《中国统计年鉴》(2007—2021年),中国各年份各年龄段预测人口数据从《2024年世界人口展望》中获取。
采用由美国国家癌症研究所开发的Joinpoint 5.3.0.0 软件[3],分析2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎的发病率趋势。Joinpoint 回归模型使用网格搜索法(grid search method,GSM)和Monte Carlo 置换检验确定最优连接点个数与位置,并通过Bonferroni以评估疾病变化趋势[4]。通过计算年度变化百分比(annual percent change, APC)及其95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI)描述各分段的趋势,计算平均年度变化百分比(average annual percent change, AAPC)以综合评估整体变化方向与幅度。APC>0 且95% CI不包含0,该时段发病率呈显著上升趋势APC<0 且95% CI不包含0,该时段发病率呈下降趋势。检验水准 α=0.05[5]。
该模型用于本研究为探索年龄、时期、队列三者对中国病毒性肝炎发病趋势的影响,采用美国国家癌症研究机构提供的APC模型在线分析工具 (https://analysistools.cancer.gov/apc/)进行建模,为解决年龄、时期、队列三者的完全共线性问题基于内源因子估计法(intrinsic estimator,IE)进行参数识别[5-6]。模型的一般表达式:Y=μ+αi+βj+γk+ε;其中Y表示病毒性肝炎的发病率;μ表示截距;αi、βj、γk分别表示年龄、时期、队列效应;i、j、k分别表示年龄、时期、队列效应的回归系数;ε表示随机误差项。模型要求统一年龄和时期间隔,年龄从 0~84岁连续5岁为一年龄组共17个年龄组; 1926—2020年连续5年为一组共3个时期;出生队列1926—2020年5年为一个出生队列共19个队列。设置时期、出生队列中位数所在组, 即 2011—2015年时期组、1966—1971年出生队列组分别为参照组。输出结果包含了净漂移值、总偏差、时期和队列的相对风险度(relative risk,RR)、局部偏移值。参数估计应用 Wald χ2检验,检验水准 α=0.05。用Origin2024软件进行绘图。
本研究应用BAPC分析方法,对2021—2030年中国病毒性肝炎的发病率进行预测,BAPC 模型能够将样本信息和未知参数的先验信息综合估计,然后推断未知参数,并在APC模型的基础上增加贝叶斯模型为对数线性泊松模型,采用集成嵌套拉普拉斯近似(integrated nested laplace approximation,INLA)框架构建BAPC模型,避免了传统的马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗抽样带来的混合和收敛问题,使用R 4.5.0软件中的BAPC包(0.0.36)和INLA包(24.06.27)进行数据分析,对年龄标准化后的发病率进行预测[6-7]。
2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎发病率呈下降趋势(AAPC=-1.63%,P<0.001)。其中,甲肝2006—2012年发病率快速下降(APC=-17.31%,P<0.001),2012—2020年呈稳定趋势(APC=-6.25%,P=0.163;AAPC为-11.16%,P<0.001);乙肝2006—2020年发病率呈下降趋势(AAPC为-2.12%,P<0.001);丙肝2006—2012年发病率上升(APC=17.69%,P<0.001),2012—2020年呈现稳定趋势(APC=-0.31%,P=0.580;AAPC为7.04%,P<0.001);戊肝2006—2018年呈上升趋势(APC=3.56%,P=0.002),2018—2020年急剧下降(APC=-20.70%,P=0.016;AAPC为 -0.32%,P=0.864)。见表1。
结果显示,病毒性肝炎、甲肝、乙肝的净漂移值、总年龄偏差、总时期偏差、总队列偏差、时期RR值及队列RR值均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),表明发病率变化受年龄、时期、队列三方面因素的影响。但丙肝和戊肝净漂移值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
纵向年龄曲线显示,病毒性肝炎发病率在20~24岁达到峰值,为201.57/10万,80~84岁下降至82.48/10万;其中甲肝发病率呈下降趋势,在0~4岁达到峰值120.84/10万后持续下降,80~84岁下降至0.60/10万;乙肝发病率呈双峰分布,0~4岁达到峰值314.34/10万,20~24岁次高峰255.68/10万,随后呈下降趋势,80~84岁降至25.98/10万;丙肝发病率随年龄增长呈上升趋势,在75~79岁达到峰值48.17/10万,并在80~84岁仍维持高位48.10/10万;戊肝发病率随年龄增长呈上升趋势,在70~74岁达到峰值4.17/10万后略有下降,80~84岁降至3.90/10万。见图1A。
在校正年龄效应和队列效应后,以2011—2015年为参照组(RR=1),中国病毒性肝炎发病率呈下降趋势,2016—2020年的RR值下降0.81(95% CI:0.77~0.86),其中甲肝发病率在2006—2010年的RR值上升1.14(95% CI:1.11~1.18),2016—2020年的RR值下降至0.64(95% CI:0.62~0.67);乙肝发病率在2006—2010年的RR值上升至1.38(95% CI:1.38~1.46),2016—2020年的RR值下降至0.83(95% CI:0.78~0.89);2016—2020年的丙肝RR值下降至0.91(95% CI:0.88~0.95),戊肝下降至0.88(95% CI:0.84~0.92)。见图1B。
在校正年龄效应和时期效应后,以1971—1975年出生的人群出生队列为参照组(RR=1),病毒性肝炎发病率的队列效应呈先上升后下降的趋势,1976—1980年发病风险达到峰值为1.09(95% CI:0.97~1.22),1981年以后出生的人群队列发病风险持续下降,其中甲肝发病率的队列效应RR值呈下降趋势,2016—2020年出生队列发病风险最低为0.02(95% CI:0.02~0.02);乙肝发病率的队列RR值呈下降趋势,1931—1935年发病风险达到峰值为1.77(95% CI:1.15~2.72);丙肝发病率的队列效应RR值呈先上升后下降的趋势,1976—1980年发病风险达到峰值为1.30(95% CI:1.21~1.39);戊肝发病率的队列效应2001—2005年的发病风险达到峰值为1.30(95% CI:0.88~1.93)。见图1C。
BAPC模型预测分析,2021—2030年中国病毒性肝炎年龄标准化发病率整体呈下降趋势。至2030年病毒性肝炎发病率降至48.25/10万(95% CI:22.30~74.19);其中甲肝发病率降至0.29/10万(95% CI:-0.13~0.72),乙肝发病率降至42.45/10万(95% CI:4.55~80.37),丙肝发病率降至5.40/10万(95% CI:-5.82~16.62),戊肝发病率降至0.3/10万(95% CI:-0.15~0.22)。见图2。
本研究基于中国病毒性肝炎的发病数据,整合joinpoint回归、APC模型及贝叶斯预测方法分析2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎的流行趋势。Joinpoint回归模型显示,2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎发病率呈下降趋势(AAPC=-1.63%,P<0.001),这可能与国家的综合防控体系有关。
甲肝发病率早期快速下降后期平稳,可能与我国2008年2月将甲肝疫苗纳入国家免疫规划,儿童甲肝疫苗接种率提升,使得近年来甲肝发病率大幅度降低,但成人甲肝发病比例逐渐上升[8],未来应持续监测免疫规划的覆盖质量。乙肝发病率呈下降趋势(AAPC=-2.12%,P<0.001),可能是我国自1992年将乙肝疫苗纳入免疫规划管理以来长期积累的防控效果的体现[9],但成人乙肝疫苗接种率偏低仍是重要短板,未来应着力探索提高成年人群疫苗接种意愿和创新策略[10]。丙肝发病率在2006—2012年呈上升趋势(APC=17.69%,P<0.001),2012年后发病较平稳,与白峻竹等[11]研究结果一致,反映了2004年传染病网络直报系统上线后病例发现能力的提升,而2012年后的平稳波动提示既往感染累积负担依然存在,2017年被纳入国家自动预警系统进一步强化了监测[12],当前关键挑战在于如何高效识别并治疗隐匿感染者群体。戊肝2006—2018年呈上升趋势(APC=3.56%,P<0.001),与孙校金等[13]研究结果一致,提示当前防控措施的效果尚未充分体现,2018年后发病率下降,受新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的影响显著降低了戊肝的主要传播途径[14],鉴于戊肝疫苗尚未纳入国家免疫规划,未来需评估将其纳入规划或对特定高危人群实施免费或补贴接种的公共卫生效益。
年龄效应显示,甲肝和乙肝在婴幼儿期间(0~4岁)达到峰值,分别与早期的感染暴露以及母婴传播和婴儿期免疫力下降有关[13-15],乙肝在青壮年(20~24岁)次高峰可能与性传播、血液暴露等途径感染风险有关;丙肝和戊肝发病率随年龄增长上升并在老年期(75~79岁和70~74岁)达到峰值,反映了丙肝的长潜伏期、既往感染的累积以及戊肝在老年人群中可能因特定饮食习惯或免疫力下降导致的感染风险升高[13,16]。
时期效应显示,2016—2020年中国病毒性肝炎的RR均低于参照期(RR<1),标志着中国病毒性肝炎相关政策的逐步完善。随着卫生条件的持续改善、经济水平的提升以及疫苗策略的实施,甲肝和乙肝发病率风险呈下降趋势[17-18],丙肝和戊肝的时期风险呈现出“先升后降”的趋势。早期上升主要与2004年传染病网络直报系统上线后病例漏报率降低有关,后期下降因为2017年直接抗病毒药物(direct-acting antiviral agents, DAAs)的上市降低了丙肝的发病风险[19]。
出生队列效应显示,病毒性肝炎出生队列风险趋势呈先上升后下降的趋势,1976—1980年出生队列与改革开放初期医疗条件有限、疫苗未普及有关,下降阶段(1981年后)受益于国家免疫规划和公共卫生系统的完善。甲肝出生队列的发病风险随出生年份推移呈下降趋势,2016—2020年出生队列的发病风险最低,这与2008年将甲肝疫苗纳入国家免疫规划的干预措施密切相关[8]。乙肝出生队列的发病风险下降,1931—1935年队列风险最高,这反映了该队列人群曾暴露于多种高风险传播途径(包括母婴传播、医源性感染、家庭密切接触等)且缺乏有效的免疫保护。丙肝出生队列的发病风险呈倒U型,1976—1980年出生队列的发病风险达到峰值,这可能源于他们在其青少年期仍有机会暴露于尚未完全规范的医疗操作或未彻底筛查的血液制品。1998年颁布《献血法》后出生队列的风险才开始下降,体现了血液安全综合治理的成效[20]。戊肝出生队列发病风险趋势统计学证据不足,可能与食源性暴露和缺乏疫苗策略有关[21]。
根据BAPC模型对2021—2030年中国病毒性肝炎发病率进行了预测。结果显示,中国病毒性肝炎的总体标准化发病率预计将持续下降,到2030年,预测中国病毒性肝炎将降至48.25/10万。甲肝和戊肝发病率分别为0.29/10万和0.3/10万,这既反映了疫苗的显著成效,也与食品卫生状况的持续改善以及居民良好卫生习惯的养成密切相关。乙肝发病率预计将降至42.45/10万,这与母婴阻断、新生儿及居民自我保护意识低有关[22],丙肝的预测其发病率在2030年降至5.40/10万,但在病毒性肝炎的构成比预计相对上升。结合APC模型揭示的年龄效应和队列效应,以及当前较低的诊断和治疗率(尤其在高危老年人群中)。本研究的预测显示,到2030年我国病毒性肝炎发病率与WHO的消除目标仍有显著差距,尤其是乙肝和丙肝将构成绝对主体。这一结果表明,应采取突破性措施:重点提升高危人群的筛查覆盖率以发现隐匿病例、加强基层诊断能力以实现早诊早治、并全面优化DAA药物的可及性与患者治疗依从性以阻断传播链。才有可能实现世界卫生组织2030年消除病毒性肝炎作为公共卫生威胁的核心目标[23]。
本研究仍存在局限性:一是数据来源于被动监测系统,无法避免该类数据固有的局限性,可能存在病例漏报以及不同时期或地区间诊断、报告标准执行不一致的情况;二是预测模型没有纳入突发公共卫生事件、未来防治政策调整或诊疗技术突破等动态因素;三是研究排除85岁以上人群,可能低估老年群体中的疾病负担。
综上所述,2006—2020年中国病毒性肝炎发病率呈下降趋势,突显了国家免疫规划与综合防控体系的有效性。但由于我国人口基数大,肝炎防治阶段依然面临各种挑战。为实现消除病毒性肝炎公共卫生危害的目标,未来的防控政策应该推进新生儿乙肝疫苗覆盖;加强老年群体的丙肝抗体和核酸筛查;优化监测系统全国肝炎病例报告,减少漏查漏报,对群众进行肝炎的公共卫生宣教,多维度协同推进,唯有在这些方面取得实质性进展,才能真正实现从“控制”到“消除”的跨越[24-25]。
  • 江苏省中医药学会雏鹰腾飞项目(CYTF2024077)
  • 镇江市科技智库“青年人才”项目(ZKQN-2024-004)
  • 镇江市社科应用研究“学习贯彻党的二十届三中全会精神”专项课题(2024SZ017)
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2026年第53卷第3期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507084
  • 接收时间:2025-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-08
基金
江苏省中医药学会雏鹰腾飞项目(CYTF2024077)
镇江市科技智库“青年人才”项目(ZKQN-2024-004)
镇江市社科应用研究“学习贯彻党的二十届三中全会精神”专项课题(2024SZ017)
作者信息
    1.华北理工大学公共卫生学院,河北 唐山063210
    2.镇江市第三人民医院,江苏 镇江212021
    3.南京中医药大学镇江附属医院
    4.江苏大学医学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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