Article(id=1324078160282792767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078037817504735, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507308, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752940800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614433593, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614433593, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614433593, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614433593, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324078037817504735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='385', pageEnd='576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614404396, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614474144, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078330420527919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078037817504735, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078330420527920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324078037817504735, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=525, endPage=532, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324078160492507968, articleId=1324078160282792767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Antibiotic and disinfectant resistance and molecular typing of Salmonella isolated from retail fresh pork in Chengdu, China, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aims to analyze the phenotypic and genotypic resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants in Salmonella isolated from fresh pork sold in Chengdu in 2021, and to investigate their regional distribution and phylogenetic relationships based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The findings provide scientific evidence for clinical treatment guidance, disinfectant selection in fresh markets, and foodborne disease prevention and control, while also supporting traceability investigations for Salmonella-related public health emergencies.

Methods

The antibacterial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from fresh pork markets across Chengdu districts was tested against 14 antibiotics and 8 disinfectants using the broth microdilution method. WGS and bioinformatics analysis were performed on 114 strains for MLST typing, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiling, and disinfectant resistance gene (DRG) distribution. Crystal violet staining was used to assess biofilm eradication.

Results

Resistance rates were highest for tetracycline(TET, 87.72%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(SXT, 67.54%). Significant regional variations were observed for resistance to ampicillin (AMP), ampicillin-sulbactam (AMS),cefazolin (CFZ), gentamicin (GM), ciprofloxacin (CIP), azithromycin (AZM), and SXT. High-tech Zone exhibited the highest resistance (55.95%), followed by Chenghua District (42.86%). All isolates tolerated 25% glutaraldehyde (GD), whereas the isolates were relatively susceptible to cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate (CCM), and CCM could effectively disrupt Salmonella biofilms. A total of 38 ARGs spanning 10 classes were detected, with all strains carrying aac(6’)-Iaa (not phenotypically correlated), followed by tet(A) (84.21%). Significant phenotype-genotype correlations were identified for BlaTEM-1B, tet(A), floR,cmlA1, sul3, and dfrA12. The disinfectant resistance gene (DRGs) qacE was detected in 29.82% of isolates, with 83.33%concentrated in High-tech Zone. 94.12% of DRG-positive strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR). ST469 was the dominant sequence type (ST), widely distributed across Chengdu.

Conclusion

Salmonella from pork in Chengdu exhibits widespread and high antibiotic resistance, with increasing MDR trends. In retail fresh pork markets, CCM is recommended over GD (aldehyde-based disinfectants). ST469 was the predominant sequence type, indicating a substantial risk of cross-regional transmission.

, authors=Zhong-xue YAN1, 2, Bing-cun MA2, Zun-fang TU2, Xiao-gang WU2, Zeng-ting LI2, Qian-chao CAO2, Yun-he LI2, Wan-ling LAN1, 2, authorsList=Zhong-xue YAN, Bing-cun MA, Zun-fang TU, Xiao-gang WU, Zeng-ting LI, Qian-chao CAO, Yun-he LI, Wan-ling LAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wan-ling LAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324078163524989771, articleId=1324078160282792767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=成都市市售生鲜猪肉中沙门菌耐药性及分子分型研究, columnId=1228016572288135432, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=实验技术及其应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

对2021年成都市市售生鲜肉猪肉分离的沙门菌进行抗生素、消毒剂耐药表型及基因型分析,并基于全基因组对其区域分布和亲缘关系进行研究,为成都市临床治疗用药、指导生鲜市场消毒剂选择以及食源性疾病防控提供科学依据,同时也为沙门菌引起的突发公共卫生事件溯源提供数据支持。

方法

对成都市各区县生鲜市场分离到的猪源沙门菌,使用微量肉汤稀释法对14种抗生素及8种消毒剂进行药物敏感性试验;利用全基因组测序及生物信息学技术对分离到的114株沙门菌进行MLST分型、抗生素耐药基因及消毒剂抗性基因分布特征分析;结晶紫染色消除生物膜。

结果

四环素(87.72%)和复方新诺明(67.54%)耐药率最高;氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、阿奇霉素、复方新诺明,这七种抗生素耐药有显著区域差异。高新区耐药最严重,为55.95%,其次是成华区的42.86%;分离株对25%戊二醛均耐受,对单水合十六烷基啶氯化物(cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate,CCM)相对敏感,CCM可有效破坏生物膜;共检测到10类38种耐药基因,分离株均携带aac(6')-Iaa基因,但该基因与表型无显著相关性,其次携带tet(A)基因(84.21%),耐药基因BlaTEM-1B、tet(A)、floR、cmlA1、sul3、dfrA12与表型有显著相关性;消毒剂抗性基因(DRGs)qacE检出率29.82%,高新区占83.33%,DRGs携带菌株中抗生素多重耐药(multidnug resistance,MDR)率94.12%;优势ST型为ST469广泛分布于成都各区。

结论

成都市猪源沙门菌耐药现象普遍,耐药率高,MDR趋势显著,在售卖生鲜猪肉时,优先选用CCM代替戊二醛(醛类),优势型为ST469,存在明显的跨区传播风险。

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兰婉玲,E-mail:
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Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2024, 73(9): 001894., articleTitle=Assessing antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella enterica in the pork production system, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324078170168767379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, awardId=2023YFS0017, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科技计划项目重点研发项目(2023YFS0017), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324078163747287884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078163755676493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, companyId=1324078163747287884, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078163764065102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, companyId=1324078163747287884, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.成都大学食品与生物工程学院,四川 成都 610106)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324078163856339791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078163864728400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, companyId=1324078163856339791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.四川省药品检验研究院(四川省医疗器械检测中心、四川养麝研究所),四川 成都 611731)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324078168600097667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Results of the disinfectant susceptibility testing for porcine-derived Salmonella, figureFileSmall=n1nc2TzWu32ShEx0DWaAGw==, figureFileBig=yefJqO/IL2FJYvdkYtIpmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078168679789444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=CN, label=图1, caption=猪源沙门菌消毒剂抗性试验结果, figureFileSmall=n1nc2TzWu32ShEx0DWaAGw==, figureFileBig=yefJqO/IL2FJYvdkYtIpmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078168889504645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Hierarchical heatmap of regional distributions of antibiotic resistance genes and phenotypes, figureFileSmall=/OTZtEEZytrRR7KufgqCaA==, figureFileBig=o3dDX3VmbxuZvEmNU1uyuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078168969196422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各区域耐药基因-抗生素耐药表型分层热图, figureFileSmall=/OTZtEEZytrRR7KufgqCaA==, figureFileBig=o3dDX3VmbxuZvEmNU1uyuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078169065665415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Pie chart of DRGs carrying rate in MDR strains, figureFileSmall=Nqna6yi6qZuIbv3YpsgmEg==, figureFileBig=i6Vu0UlPPOER8WBdEWerEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078169128579976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MDR菌株中DRGs携带率饼图, figureFileSmall=Nqna6yi6qZuIbv3YpsgmEg==, figureFileBig=i6Vu0UlPPOER8WBdEWerEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078169212466057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The minimum spanning tree (MST) of 114 swine-derived Salmonella strains, figureFileSmall=D10jI6gb0gIBkSpO4nOzrw==, figureFileBig=oPnl1EmaWbrUGLv8Kt/3oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078169292157834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=CN, label=图4, caption=114株猪源沙门菌最小生成树, figureFileSmall=D10jI6gb0gIBkSpO4nOzrw==, figureFileBig=oPnl1EmaWbrUGLv8Kt/3oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078169367655307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Whole-genome phylogenetic tree of 114 Salmonella isolates from swine, figureFileSmall=EtTm6mGvFU4ImfTE9TE9oA==, figureFileBig=/bEb0leMJ8T2KdG6VyjeRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078169489290124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=CN, label=图5, caption=114株猪源沙门菌全基因组进化树

注:外圈为各菌株ST型。

, figureFileSmall=EtTm6mGvFU4ImfTE9TE9oA==, figureFileBig=/bEb0leMJ8T2KdG6VyjeRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078169573176205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Results of drug susceptibility testing of 114 Salmonella strains to 14 kinds of antimicrobial drugs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素种类抗生素名称敏感(S)
占比(%)
中介(I)
占比(%)
耐药(R)
占比(%)
区域间耐药显著性
P值
β-内酰胺类AMP40.351.7557.89<0.05
AMS42.110.0057.89<0.05
CFZ36.8429.8233.33<0.05
CTX96.490.882.63>0.05
FOX95.614.390.00—
CAZ98.450.001.96>0.05
IPM1000.000.00—
氨基糖苷类GM76.310.0023.69<0.05
喹诺酮类CIP41.2334.2124.55<0.05
NAL90.35—9.65<0.05
四环素类TET11.400.8887.72>0.05
大环内酯类AZM83.32—16.67<0.05
氯霉素类CHL42.992.6354.39>0.05
磺胺类+甲氧苄啶SXT32.46—67.54<0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1324078169661256590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

114株沙门菌对14种抗生素药物敏感性试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素种类抗生素名称敏感(S)
占比(%)
中介(I)
占比(%)
耐药(R)
占比(%)
区域间耐药显著性
P值
β-内酰胺类AMP40.351.7557.89<0.05
AMS42.110.0057.89<0.05
CFZ36.8429.8233.33<0.05
CTX96.490.882.63>0.05
FOX95.614.390.00—
CAZ98.450.001.96>0.05
IPM1000.000.00—
氨基糖苷类GM76.310.0023.69<0.05
喹诺酮类CIP41.2334.2124.55<0.05
NAL90.35—9.65<0.05
四环素类TET11.400.8887.72>0.05
大环内酯类AZM83.32—16.67<0.05
氯霉素类CHL42.992.6354.39>0.05
磺胺类+甲氧苄啶SXT32.46—67.54<0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1324078169753531279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Drug resistance spectra of 114 Salmonella strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素耐药重数耐药谱菌株数区域
0—10A-B-D-F-G-H-I-
1TET15B-C-D-F-G-H-I-K
2TET-SXT8A-C-F-H-I
TET-CHL5C-H-J-K
CFZ-NAL1H
CHL-SXT1I
3CIP-TET-CHL1B
TET-CHL-SXT4D-I-K
NAL-TET-SXT1I
4AMP-AMS-TET-SXT6B-F-J-K
CIP-TET-CHL-SXT1B
AMP-AMS-CFZ-TET1D
5AMP-AMS-CFZ-TET-SXT7A-B-D-F-H-J
AMP-AMS-TET-CHL-SXT14A-B-F-H-I-J-K
AMP-AMS-GM-CHL-SXT1F
AMP-AMS-CFZ-CHL-SXT1I
AMP-AMS-CFZ-TET-CHL1E
6AMP-AMS-CFZ-TET-CHL-SXT7C-F-G-H-K
GM-CIP-NAL-TET-AZM-SXT1E
AMP-AMS-CIP-TET-CHL-SXT1G
7AMP-AMS-CFZ-CIP-TET-CHL-SXT1D
AMP-AMS-GM-CIP-NAL-TET-CHL1D
AMP-AMS-GM-CIP-TET-AZM-SXT1F
AMP-AMS-CFZ-GM-TET-CHL-SXT1J
8AMP-AMS-GM-CIP-TET-AZM-CHL-SXT3A-J
AMP-AMS-CFZ-GM-CIP-NAL-TET-CHL2C
AMP-AMS-CFZ-GM-TET-AZM-CHL-SXT1C
AMP-AMS-CFZ-GM-CIP-TET-CHL-SXT1F
AMP-AMS-CFZ-CTX-GM-TET-CHL-SXT1H
AMP-AMS-GM-CIP-NAL-TET-AZM-SXT1H
AMP-AMS-GM-CIP-NAL-TET-CHL-SXT1H
AMP-CFZ-CIP-NAL-TET-AZM-CHL-SXT1H
AMP-AMS-CFZ-GM-TET-AZM-CHL-SXT2K
9AMP-AMS-CFZ-GM-CIP-TET-AZM-CHL-SXT8C-E-J
11AMP-AMS-CFZ-CTX-CAZ-GM-CIP-NAL-TET-CHL-SXT1H
12AMP-AMS-CFZ-CTX-CAZ-GM-CIP-NAL-TET-AZM-CHL-SXT1A
), ArticleFig(id=1324078169883554704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078160282792767, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

114株沙门菌耐药谱

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素耐药重数耐药谱菌株数区域
0—10A-B-D-F-G-H-I-
1TET15B-C-D-F-G-H-I-K
2TET-SXT8A-C-F-H-I
TET-CHL5C-H-J-K
CFZ-NAL1H
CHL-SXT1I
3CIP-TET-CHL1B
TET-CHL-SXT4D-I-K
NAL-TET-SXT1I
4AMP-AMS-TET-SXT6B-F-J-K
CIP-TET-CHL-SXT1B
AMP-AMS-CFZ-TET1D
5AMP-AMS-CFZ-TET-SXT7A-B-D-F-H-J
AMP-AMS-TET-CHL-SXT14A-B-F-H-I-J-K
AMP-AMS-GM-CHL-SXT1F
AMP-AMS-CFZ-CHL-SXT1I
AMP-AMS-CFZ-TET-CHL1E
6AMP-AMS-CFZ-TET-CHL-SXT7C-F-G-H-K
GM-CIP-NAL-TET-AZM-SXT1E
AMP-AMS-CIP-TET-CHL-SXT1G
7AMP-AMS-CFZ-CIP-TET-CHL-SXT1D
AMP-AMS-GM-CIP-NAL-TET-CHL1D
AMP-AMS-GM-CIP-TET-AZM-SXT1F
AMP-AMS-CFZ-GM-TET-CHL-SXT1J
8AMP-AMS-GM-CIP-TET-AZM-CHL-SXT3A-J
AMP-AMS-CFZ-GM-CIP-NAL-TET-CHL2C
AMP-AMS-CFZ-GM-TET-AZM-CHL-SXT1C
AMP-AMS-CFZ-GM-CIP-TET-CHL-SXT1F
AMP-AMS-CFZ-CTX-GM-TET-CHL-SXT1H
AMP-AMS-GM-CIP-NAL-TET-AZM-SXT1H
AMP-AMS-GM-CIP-NAL-TET-CHL-SXT1H
AMP-CFZ-CIP-NAL-TET-AZM-CHL-SXT1H
AMP-AMS-CFZ-GM-TET-AZM-CHL-SXT2K
9AMP-AMS-CFZ-GM-CIP-TET-AZM-CHL-SXT8C-E-J
11AMP-AMS-CFZ-CTX-CAZ-GM-CIP-NAL-TET-CHL-SXT1H
12AMP-AMS-CFZ-CTX-CAZ-GM-CIP-NAL-TET-AZM-CHL-SXT1A
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Serotypes and MLST results of 114 Salmonella strains with multidrug resistance

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血清型MLST分型血清型MLST分型
肯塔基沙门菌
S. Kentucky
ST198梅里加德沙门菌
S. Meleagridis
ST463
里森沙门菌
S. Rissen
ST469阿贡纳沙门菌
S. Agona
ST13
德尔卑沙门菌
S. Derby
ST40科瓦利斯沙门菌
S. Corvallis
ST1541
未知血清型I4,[5],12
沙门菌
S. I 4,[5],12
ST34婴儿沙门菌
S. Infantis
ST32
伦敦沙门菌
S. London
ST155鼠伤寒沙门菌
S. Typhimurium
ST19
黄金海岸沙门菌
S. Goldcoast
ST358/ST2529牛病沙门菌
S. Bovismorbificans
ST1499
安纳图姆沙门菌
S. Anatum
ST64普顿沙门菌
S. Putten
ST1656
曼哈顿沙门菌
S.Manhattan
ST18利文斯通沙门菌
S. Livingston
ST543
印第安纳沙门菌
S. Indiana
ST2040
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114株多重耐药沙门菌血清型及多点位序列分型结果

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血清型MLST分型血清型MLST分型
肯塔基沙门菌
S. Kentucky
ST198梅里加德沙门菌
S. Meleagridis
ST463
里森沙门菌
S. Rissen
ST469阿贡纳沙门菌
S. Agona
ST13
德尔卑沙门菌
S. Derby
ST40科瓦利斯沙门菌
S. Corvallis
ST1541
未知血清型I4,[5],12
沙门菌
S. I 4,[5],12
ST34婴儿沙门菌
S. Infantis
ST32
伦敦沙门菌
S. London
ST155鼠伤寒沙门菌
S. Typhimurium
ST19
黄金海岸沙门菌
S. Goldcoast
ST358/ST2529牛病沙门菌
S. Bovismorbificans
ST1499
安纳图姆沙门菌
S. Anatum
ST64普顿沙门菌
S. Putten
ST1656
曼哈顿沙门菌
S.Manhattan
ST18利文斯通沙门菌
S. Livingston
ST543
印第安纳沙门菌
S. Indiana
ST2040
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成都市市售生鲜猪肉中沙门菌耐药性及分子分型研究
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严忠雪 1, 2 , 马炳存 2 , 涂尊方 2 , 吴晓刚 2 , 李增婷 2 , 曹乾超 2 , 李云鹤 2 , 兰婉玲 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2026,53(3): 525-532
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现代预防医学 |实验技术及其应用 2026 , 53 (3) : 525 -532
成都市市售生鲜猪肉中沙门菌耐药性及分子分型研究
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严忠雪1, 2, 马炳存2, 涂尊方2, 吴晓刚2, 李增婷2, 曹乾超2, 李云鹤2, 兰婉玲1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.成都大学食品与生物工程学院,四川 成都 610106
  • 2.四川省药品检验研究院(四川省医疗器械检测中心、四川养麝研究所),四川 成都 611731
通讯作者:
兰婉玲,E-mail:
作者简介:

严忠雪(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:微生物风险监测

Antibiotic and disinfectant resistance and molecular typing of Salmonella isolated from retail fresh pork in Chengdu, China
Zhong-xue YAN1, 2, Bing-cun MA2, Zun-fang TU2, Xiao-gang WU2, Zeng-ting LI2, Qian-chao CAO2, Yun-he LI2, Wan-ling LAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507308
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目的

对2021年成都市市售生鲜肉猪肉分离的沙门菌进行抗生素、消毒剂耐药表型及基因型分析,并基于全基因组对其区域分布和亲缘关系进行研究,为成都市临床治疗用药、指导生鲜市场消毒剂选择以及食源性疾病防控提供科学依据,同时也为沙门菌引起的突发公共卫生事件溯源提供数据支持。

方法

对成都市各区县生鲜市场分离到的猪源沙门菌,使用微量肉汤稀释法对14种抗生素及8种消毒剂进行药物敏感性试验;利用全基因组测序及生物信息学技术对分离到的114株沙门菌进行MLST分型、抗生素耐药基因及消毒剂抗性基因分布特征分析;结晶紫染色消除生物膜。

结果

四环素(87.72%)和复方新诺明(67.54%)耐药率最高;氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、阿奇霉素、复方新诺明,这七种抗生素耐药有显著区域差异。高新区耐药最严重,为55.95%,其次是成华区的42.86%;分离株对25%戊二醛均耐受,对单水合十六烷基啶氯化物(cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate,CCM)相对敏感,CCM可有效破坏生物膜;共检测到10类38种耐药基因,分离株均携带aac(6')-Iaa基因,但该基因与表型无显著相关性,其次携带tet(A)基因(84.21%),耐药基因BlaTEM-1B、tet(A)、floR、cmlA1、sul3、dfrA12与表型有显著相关性;消毒剂抗性基因(DRGs)qacE检出率29.82%,高新区占83.33%,DRGs携带菌株中抗生素多重耐药(multidnug resistance,MDR)率94.12%;优势ST型为ST469广泛分布于成都各区。

结论

成都市猪源沙门菌耐药现象普遍,耐药率高,MDR趋势显著,在售卖生鲜猪肉时,优先选用CCM代替戊二醛(醛类),优势型为ST469,存在明显的跨区传播风险。

沙门菌  /  抗生素与消毒剂抗性  /  抗性基因  /  分子分型
Objective

This study aims to analyze the phenotypic and genotypic resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants in Salmonella isolated from fresh pork sold in Chengdu in 2021, and to investigate their regional distribution and phylogenetic relationships based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The findings provide scientific evidence for clinical treatment guidance, disinfectant selection in fresh markets, and foodborne disease prevention and control, while also supporting traceability investigations for Salmonella-related public health emergencies.

Methods

The antibacterial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from fresh pork markets across Chengdu districts was tested against 14 antibiotics and 8 disinfectants using the broth microdilution method. WGS and bioinformatics analysis were performed on 114 strains for MLST typing, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiling, and disinfectant resistance gene (DRG) distribution. Crystal violet staining was used to assess biofilm eradication.

Results

Resistance rates were highest for tetracycline(TET, 87.72%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(SXT, 67.54%). Significant regional variations were observed for resistance to ampicillin (AMP), ampicillin-sulbactam (AMS),cefazolin (CFZ), gentamicin (GM), ciprofloxacin (CIP), azithromycin (AZM), and SXT. High-tech Zone exhibited the highest resistance (55.95%), followed by Chenghua District (42.86%). All isolates tolerated 25% glutaraldehyde (GD), whereas the isolates were relatively susceptible to cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate (CCM), and CCM could effectively disrupt Salmonella biofilms. A total of 38 ARGs spanning 10 classes were detected, with all strains carrying aac(6’)-Iaa (not phenotypically correlated), followed by tet(A) (84.21%). Significant phenotype-genotype correlations were identified for BlaTEM-1B, tet(A), floR,cmlA1, sul3, and dfrA12. The disinfectant resistance gene (DRGs) qacE was detected in 29.82% of isolates, with 83.33%concentrated in High-tech Zone. 94.12% of DRG-positive strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR). ST469 was the dominant sequence type (ST), widely distributed across Chengdu.

Conclusion

Salmonella from pork in Chengdu exhibits widespread and high antibiotic resistance, with increasing MDR trends. In retail fresh pork markets, CCM is recommended over GD (aldehyde-based disinfectants). ST469 was the predominant sequence type, indicating a substantial risk of cross-regional transmission.

Salmonella  /  Antibiotic and disinfectant resistance  /  Resistance genes  /  Molecular typing
严忠雪, 马炳存, 涂尊方, 吴晓刚, 李增婷, 曹乾超, 李云鹤, 兰婉玲. 成都市市售生鲜猪肉中沙门菌耐药性及分子分型研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (3) : 525 -532 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507308
Zhong-xue YAN, Bing-cun MA, Zun-fang TU, Xiao-gang WU, Zeng-ting LI, Qian-chao CAO, Yun-he LI, Wan-ling LAN. Antibiotic and disinfectant resistance and molecular typing of Salmonella isolated from retail fresh pork in Chengdu, China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (3) : 525 -532 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507308
猪肉作为消费量第二大的肉类,成为人类蛋白质的主要来源,而猪肉中沙门菌的检出率高达32.5%[1],沙门菌(Salmonella)是全球范围内引起公共食源性爆发问题的常见病原菌,大多通过食用动物源性食品传播[2],临床表现为腹泻、腹痛、发热和呕吐等症状,抵抗力弱的群体感染后,可能更容易出现的全身性并发症[3]。食源性疾病监测系统显示,2015—2023年成都市由致病菌引起的食源性疾病事件117起,其中由沙门菌导致的事件占50.43%,发病人次高达710例[4]。目前,抗生素仍是沙门菌食源性疾病的主要治疗手段,但由于抗菌药物在农业、畜牧业的不合理使用和管理不当[5],以及消毒剂的广泛使用,促使出现消毒剂抗性[6],并且长期化学消毒剂压力会通过基因突变、基因水平转移、生物膜形成和应激适应等多途径驱动细菌耐药性进化,加剧动物源性食品的抗生素耐药性危机。抗生素耐药性可由多种基因介导[7],高风险耐药基因的转移可能促使病原菌产生新耐药性,并通过食物链传递给人类肠道菌群,导致临床关键抗生素失效。多重耐药菌比例持续上升,将大幅增加临床诊疗压力,严重威胁人类健康[8-9]。
既往研究表明,成都市沙门菌的耐药性广泛报道,但其多重耐药分子流行病学特征、抗生素抗性基因、消毒剂抗性基因分布复杂,且区域流动传播路径不明,导致耐药克隆溯源困难。全基因组测序(WGS)能结合系统发育分析和基因分型,精准追溯耐药克隆的传播链。
本研究对成都市分离到的114株猪源沙门菌进行抗生素与消毒剂敏感性试验、全基因组测序、生物膜清除试验,以探究成都市沙门菌的抗生素耐药性、耐消毒剂性与耐药基因区域分布及跨行政区流动情况,为成都市致病性沙门菌的监测与预防提供参考。
本研究114株沙门菌,分离自2021年1—4月,成都市11个主辖区的生鲜市场(每市场采集5~10份),经无菌包装后冰存运输并当日检测。样本采集、菌株分离与保藏根据《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验 沙门菌检验》(GB4 789.4—2016)由四川省药品检验研究院完成。区县分布:郫都区6株、金牛区8株、青羊区12株、武侯区10株、高新区6株、温江区15株、锦江区5株、双流区19株、新都区12株、成华区11株、龙泉驿区10株。
采用微量肉汤稀释法检测114株沙门菌对14种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC),以大肠埃希菌ATCC 25922为质控菌株,测试药物包括:氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林、头孢噻肟、头孢西丁、头孢他啶、亚胺培南、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、萘啶酸、四环素、阿奇霉素、氯霉素、复方新诺明(sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim,SXT)。将菌株接种于药敏板(上海星佰),(37±1)℃培养18~24 h后,重复3次后依据临床和实验室标准协会 M100-Ed34折点判读药敏结果。
采用CLSI微量肉汤稀释法测定MIC,以鼠伤寒沙门菌ATCC 14028为质控菌株。测试5类8种消毒剂:25%戊二醛、月桂基三甲基铵氯化物(cetyltrimethylammonium chloride,CTAC)、过硫酸钾、醋酸氯己定(chlorhexidine apetats,CA)、次氯酸钠、苯扎氯铵、十二烷基二甲基胺氯化物(dodecyl dimethy mmonium chloride,DDAC)、单水合十六烷基啶氯化物(cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate,CCM)。挑取工作菌株的单菌落,接种于2×MH肉汤,调至0.5麦氏浊度并1∶100稀释,96孔板中2倍连续稀释各消毒剂后加菌液,(35±2)℃静置培养16~20 h,重复3次。
将收集到的猪源沙门菌分离株送往中国科学院微生物研究所进行全基因组测序,具体流程如下:使用Illumina DNA Prep Kit进行全基因组DNA文库构建;使用Illumina NovaSeq 6000进行双端PE150测序;利用FastQC、Trimmomatic进行数据质控,去除低质量reads;使用SPAdes(v3.15.4)进行初步组装,通过Pilon(v1.24)纠错,并手动检查冗余contigs,获得最终完整基因组的组装结果。
使用ResFinder分析耐药基因和消毒剂基因。基于Zhang等[10]的框架评估耐药基因的风险等级(I、II级为高风险);使用Origin2024b绘抗生素表型—基因热图;使用SISTR预测血清型,基于7个管家基因进行MLST分型;核心基因组通用细菌分类标记(up-to-date bacterial core gene,UBCG)分析核心基因组,基于最大似然法建树(itol美化);统计学分析使用SPSS(v29.0)。
本研究采用结晶紫染色法评估114株沙门菌(bapA阳性)的生物膜清除效能。以bapA阴性菌株和铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853为对照。取工作菌株接种TSB培养18~24h(37℃),1∶100稀释于TSB+2%葡萄糖(1×107 CFU/ml),200 μl/孔28℃培养72h。PBS洗涤后分别加入CCM(16 mg/L)、戊二醛(128 mg/L)处理30min,经甲醛固定、结晶紫染色后,33%冰乙酸溶解生物膜,测定OD570,重复3次。
药敏结果显示,114株菌株对亚胺培南和头孢西丁全部敏感,对头抱噻肟、头抱他啶也较敏感,耐药率分别为2.63%、1.96%。但对四环素耐药率最高,为87.72%,部分区域达100%(龙泉驿区、成华区、高新区和青羊区),其次为SXT(67.54%)、氨苄西林(57.89%)和氨苄西林/舒巴坦(57.89%),其中氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、阿奇霉素、SXT存在显著区域差异,见表1。高新区耐药情况最突出,为55.95%,成华区次之,为42.86%,该两区对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、SXT耐药率均高于80%。
114株猪源沙门菌中,10株全敏感,15株单耐药,74株多重耐药(64.91%),耐药组合氨苄西林-氨苄西林/舒巴坦-四环素-氯霉素-SXT最多(12.28%,14/114),主要分布于双流区(35.71%,5/14)、温江区(21.43%,3/14)、新都区(14.29%,2/14)。见表2。
结果表明,戊二醛、CTAC、过硫酸钾、次氯酸钠、苯扎氯铵、DDAC、CCM消毒剂MIC值(质控菌)分别为128、128、8 192、8、128、8、4和16 mg/L。114株分离菌均对戊二醛耐药,过硫酸钾、次氯酸钠、CA的MIC值与质控菌一致的占比分别为100%、64.04%、55.26%。季铵盐类消毒剂CTAC、苯扎氯铵、DDAC、CCM等于质控菌MIC值的占比分别为85.96%、93.86%、50.88%、35.09%,MIC低于质控菌值的占比最高为CCM(61.40%)和DDAC(34.21%)。见图1。次氯酸钠在高新区耐药率最高,为66.67%;CA在成华区耐药最普遍,为72.73%,其次为新都区、青羊区和龙泉驿区,分别为66.67%、50%、50%。
全基因组测序检出10类38种ARGs,其中双流区检出最多(171,16.38%);ARGs以氨基糖苷类为主(32.09%),其次是磺胺类(14.95%)和四环素类(12.64%);所有菌株均携带aac(6')-Iaa基因,84.21%携带tet(A)基因;各类抗生素携带最多ARGs,β-内酰胺类blaTEM-1B(84.62%)、氯霉素类floR(48.74%)、喹诺酮类qnrS1(49.43%)、甲氧苄啶类dfrA12(69.74%)、磺胺类sul2(38.06%,而大环内酯类仅检测到mph(A)。见图2。
基因-表型关联分析显示,blaTEM-1B、tet(A)、floR、cmlA1、sul3、dfrA12,这些基因显著驱动耐药表型(P<0.05)。aac(6')-Iaa基因与表型虽具有较高的一致率(23.68%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高新区和成华区耐药率最高,但两者表型及基因分布无显著差异(P>0.05)。
在114株沙门菌中共检出I级高风险ARGs185个,携带率17.72%,其中floR基因携带最多为31.35%(58/185),其次是dfrA12的28.65%、tet(M)的17.84%和aph(6)-Id的13,51%。双流区携带率最高,为31.58%,其次是温江区的23.68%、成华区的19.30%,且双流区高风险ARGs种类最丰富。见图2。
基于114株猪源沙门菌全基因测序数据,qacE基因总携带率为29.82%,高新区最高,为83.33%,其次是成华区的72.73%和青羊区的58.33%。
在74株多重耐药沙门菌中,氨苄西林-氨苄西林/舒巴坦-四环素-氧霉素-SXT(β-内酰胺类-四环素类-氯霉素类-磺胺+甲氧苄啶类)为最常见的耐药谱,该耐药谱菌株均携带相应ARGs,且100%携高风险ARGs,其中四环素类高风险ARGs占71.43%,甲氧苄啶类占100%。
携带DRGs的34株沙门菌,MDR占比极高,为94.12%(32)。见图3。
MLST分型鉴定出18种ST型,其中ST358和ST2529对应黄金海岸沙门菌,差异在hisD、thrA、sucA、aroC、purE基因。其余血清型和ST型一一对应,见表3;优势ST型为ST469(里森沙门菌,27.19%),分布于除高新区外的10个行政区,ST155和ST40次之,覆盖9个区。ST34(2.63%)见于高新区、双流区和新都区,ST19(鼠伤寒沙门菌,1.75%)具有强致病性,来自温江区和新都区。SM066(ST2040)与其他菌株差异显著,SM067(ST2529)和SM034(ST1499)遗传距离较大,见图4。系统发育分析表明,同分支菌株存在跨区域分布现象,见图5。
基于全基因组测序,筛出72株菌携带bapA基因(生物膜关键基因),其生物膜形成率达95.83%。结晶紫染色结果显示,消毒剂CCM生物膜清除率达到69.57%(48/69),显著优于戊二醛的7.25%(P<0.05)。
在养殖、生产和销售等环节,抗生素和消毒剂滥用加剧沙门菌耐药性的增强和耐药谱的变宽[11]。对从成都市114株生猪肉沙门菌的耐药分析显示,四环素耐药率最高,其次是SXT,与国内食源性沙门菌耐药趋势一致[12-13],可能早期养殖业广泛使用四环素类和磺胺类药物相关[14]。64.91%的菌株呈多重耐药,提示成都市沙门菌耐药形势严峻。此外,头孢唑林和环丙沙星的介药率(I%)较高,需警惕潜在耐药风险并加强防控。
有研究表明,消毒剂可通过多种机制促进细菌耐药进化[15-17],包括:(1)ptsI基因突变降低ROS水平,导致广谱耐药[18]。同时,外排泵过表达联合孔蛋白OmpC和OmpF的下调,导致抗菌药物积累[19];(2)增强质粒接合频率,加速耐药基因水平转移[20-21]。(3)生物膜形成胞外聚合物屏障限制药物渗透,增强细菌的耐药性[22-23];(4)SOS反应、氧化应激与严谨反应诱导交叉耐药[24]。这些机制共同构成消毒剂介导的耐药性进化网络。本研究中,所有菌株对消毒剂戊二醛均耐受,而CTAC、过硫酸钾、苯扎氯铵耐受趋势明显,建议减少使用。次氯酸钠在高新区,CA在成华区、新都区和青羊区呈现高抗性,应避免选用。相比之下,CCM仍较敏感,可有效破坏生物膜(P<0.05),其阳离子表面活性可破坏生物膜脂质架构并溶解胞外多糖,而消毒剂戊二醛可能因蛋白交联增强生物膜稳定性,且CCM低毒、无挥刺激,推荐用于食品加工环节。
沙门菌耐药表型与抗性基因相关但存在差异。本研究发现,尽管aac(6')-Iaa基因普遍存在(100%),但对抗生素庆大霉素耐药仅23.69%,且无显著相关性(P>0.05),可能因基因沉默、低表达或需其他酶或外排泵协同。β-内酰胺类以blaTEM-1B(84.62%)为主要基因,与ZHAO等[25]研究结果一致,该基因与表型显著相关(P<0.05)。甲氧苄啶类dfrA12(67.7%)是主要基因且高风险,可导致SXT高水平耐药(P<0.05)。值得注意的是,双流区抗性基因最多且高风险基因携带率最高,但未增加XDR风险,可能因适应性代价,但若发生补偿性突变,未来耐药性风险可能上升,需加强监测。此外,季铵盐类消毒剂抗性基因qacE,高新区携带率(83.33%)与消毒剂抗性水平(0)呈现显著不一致。高新区qacE(83.33%)基因携带率与表型抗性水平(0)不符,而新都区qacE基因携带率为8.33%,但抗性占比17.24%,推测与新都区更高的消毒剂选择压力促进耐药株富集有关。研究提示,不同地区消毒剂抗性基因检出率与分布差异显著,可能与环境相关[26]。
MLST分型显示,猪源沙门菌优势ST型为ST469,与Teerarat等[27]一致。系统发育树显示不同区域的菌株聚于同一分支,提示生鲜猪肉供应链存在交叉污染,可能与人员流动或物流流通相关。建议实施“生熟分区”“规范操作”“多模式消毒”和定期环境监测以控制沙门菌风险。
综上所述,成都市猪源沙门菌耐药现象普遍,MDR趋势显著,耐药模式向MDR演化;成都猪源沙门菌对戊二醛耐受,对CCM相对敏感,且可有效破坏生物膜,建议生鲜市场在猪肉环节优先选用CCM代替戊二醛(醛类),并结合多模式消毒以减少耐药选择。鉴于优势型ST469的高流行性与跨区传播风险,需构建分级联防体系,进行耐药哨点的监测预警、针对性的精准干预以及必要的区域协同。
  • 四川省科技计划项目重点研发项目(2023YFS0017)
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2026年第53卷第3期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507308
  • 接收时间:2025-07-20
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-20
基金
四川省科技计划项目重点研发项目(2023YFS0017)
作者信息
    1.成都大学食品与生物工程学院,四川 成都 610106
    2.四川省药品检验研究院(四川省医疗器械检测中心、四川养麝研究所),四川 成都 611731

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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