Article(id=1324078021887538023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505428, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748448000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614400597, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614400597, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614400597, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614400597, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077868950631142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614364134, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614446224, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078213328142371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078213332336676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=577, endPage=581, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324078022109836136, articleId=1324078021887538023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in China mainland: A systematic review, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological patterns and transmission characteristics of norovirus in China, providing new scientific evidence for prevention and control strategies in the post-COVID-19 era.

Methods

Epidemiological data on norovirus outbreaks in China over the past two decades were collected and analyzed via a review of relevant literature from four major databases (CNKI, Wanfang, Web of Science, and PubMed).

Results

The epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in China exhibited dynamic changes, highly correlated with the alternation of globally dominant strains. High outbreak frequency was associated with specific geographical regions (East China and South China regions, 63.27%), transmission routes (foodborne transmission, 29.15%), outbreak settings (schools, 72.57%), and viral genogroups (GII, 76.07%). Cross-analysis revealed that school outbreaks predominantly involved person-to-person and waterborne transmission, while the GII genotype spread chiefly through interpersonal contact, foodborne contamination, and aerosol dispersion.

Conclusion

Norovirus epidemics in China demonstrate distinct spatiotemporal clustering and diverse transmission pathways, necessitating targeted reinforcement of prevention and control measures to address these multifaceted challenges.

, authors=Ying-huan XU1, 2, 3, Jun-shan GAO2, 3, Yang JIAO2, 3, Yong-quan XU1, 2, 3, Ju-mei ZHANG2, 3, Zi-lei ZHANG4, Liang XUE2, 3, authorsList=Ying-huan XU, Jun-shan GAO, Yang JIAO, Yong-quan XU, Ju-mei ZHANG, Zi-lei ZHANG, Liang XUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zi-lei ZHANG, Liang XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324078024450257773, articleId=1324078021887538023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=中国大陆诺如病毒疫情暴发流行病学特征的系统综述, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析我国诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发疫情的流行特点与传播特征,为后疫情时代的防控策略提供新的科学依据。

方法

本研究通过检索四个数据库(中国知网、万方、Web of Science和PubMed)相关文献,收集并分析我国近20年诺如病毒疫情的流行病学信息。

结果

我国诺如病毒疫情流行特征呈动态变化,与全球优势株更替高度相关。诺如病毒疫情的高发率与地区(华东和华南地区,63.27%)、传播途径(食源性传播,29.20%)、场所(学校,72.57%)和基因群(GII,76.07%)有关。进一步的交叉分析表明,学校以人传人和水源性传播为主,而GII基因型主要通过人际传播、食源性传播及气溶胶传播扩散。

结论

诺如病毒在我国的流行具有明显的时空聚集性和传播途径多样性,需针对性加强防控措施。

, authors=徐颖欢1, 2, 3, 高珺珊2, 3, 教杨2, 3, 徐永权1, 2, 3, 张菊梅2, 3, 张子蕾4, 薛亮2, 3, authorsList=徐颖欢, 高珺珊, 教杨, 徐永权, 张菊梅, 张子蕾, 薛亮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张子蕾, 薛亮, authorNote=

徐颖欢(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:食源性病毒传播和防控研究

, correspAuthorsNote=
薛亮和张子蕾为共同通信作者。
薛亮,E-mail:
张子蕾,E-mail:
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2.广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,广东省微生物安全与健康重点实验室,国家卫健委微生物食品营养与安全科技创新平台
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2.广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,广东省微生物安全与健康重点实验室,国家卫健委微生物食品营养与安全科技创新平台
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注:柱状代表暴发数量,折线代表病例数量。

, figureFileSmall=u6zdW69w9u1r68nui4qUnQ==, figureFileBig=TixdJ4z1fBYPiTCay+Xupw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078030523610037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078021887538023, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in different venues across China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所发病人数(人)罹患率(%)报告时间(天)持续时间(天)
餐馆23(16.0,35.5)15.25(6.89,26.84)4(4,5)4(2,6)
大型活动a78NRNRNR
公司/工厂72(41,130)10.87(4.48,16.34)2(1,3)4(3.0,7.5)
海关4(2.5,6.0)NRNRNR
机场a265222.8
家庭12(5.75,13.75)6.39(4.33,9.65)NR14(9.5,18.5)
监狱286.5(211.5,366.0)NRNR17(12.00,25.25)
酒店33(29,60)18.82(15.10,25.72)NR4(2.75,8.25)
军队25(21.5,69.0)25.18(21.71,28.64)NR4.5(4.25,4.75)
看护中心20(15.5,32.5)21.78(9.27,35.50)8(5,8)10.5(7.5,14.25)
旅行团28(13.75,94.00)36.92(14.23,55.15)NR3(3,6.00)
培训机构19(15,30)45.23(32.48,54.50)6(4.5,7)5(2.75,7.25)
社区88(43.0,162.5)8.87(2.26,21.14)3.5(2.00,5.25)9(6,12)
学校49(21,104)5.81(3.10,15.38)2(1,4)6(4,10)
医院18(14.00,23.25)17.31(14.66,26.74)4(2,5)7(5,9)
邮轮69(28,99)21.7(12.05,33.57)3(2,8)3.165(2.75,6.25)
), ArticleFig(id=1324078030615884726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078021887538023, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

全国不同场所诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发疫情基本特征(M(Q1,Q3))

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所发病人数(人)罹患率(%)报告时间(天)持续时间(天)
餐馆23(16.0,35.5)15.25(6.89,26.84)4(4,5)4(2,6)
大型活动a78NRNRNR
公司/工厂72(41,130)10.87(4.48,16.34)2(1,3)4(3.0,7.5)
海关4(2.5,6.0)NRNRNR
机场a265222.8
家庭12(5.75,13.75)6.39(4.33,9.65)NR14(9.5,18.5)
监狱286.5(211.5,366.0)NRNR17(12.00,25.25)
酒店33(29,60)18.82(15.10,25.72)NR4(2.75,8.25)
军队25(21.5,69.0)25.18(21.71,28.64)NR4.5(4.25,4.75)
看护中心20(15.5,32.5)21.78(9.27,35.50)8(5,8)10.5(7.5,14.25)
旅行团28(13.75,94.00)36.92(14.23,55.15)NR3(3,6.00)
培训机构19(15,30)45.23(32.48,54.50)6(4.5,7)5(2.75,7.25)
社区88(43.0,162.5)8.87(2.26,21.14)3.5(2.00,5.25)9(6,12)
学校49(21,104)5.81(3.10,15.38)2(1,4)6(4,10)
医院18(14.00,23.25)17.31(14.66,26.74)4(2,5)7(5,9)
邮轮69(28,99)21.7(12.05,33.57)3(2,8)3.165(2.75,6.25)
), ArticleFig(id=1324078030703965111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078021887538023, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Epidemiological statistics of norovirus transmission in outbreak settings from 2000 to 2023(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所多重途径环境呕吐物排泄物人传人食物水日常用品
餐馆9.099.09NRNR9.0963.649.09NR
大型活动aNRNRNRNRNR100.00NRNR
看护中心33.33NRNRNR66.67NRNRNR
公司/工厂3.70NRNRNR3.7051.8540.74NR
机场aNRNR100.00NRNRNRNRNR
家庭NRNRNRNR40.0060.00NRNR
监狱NRNRNRNR50.0050.00NRNR
酒店NRNRNRNRNR75.0025.00NR
军队aNRNRNRNRNR100.00NRNR
旅行团17.65NRNRNRNR52.9429.41NR
培训中心NRNRNRNR50.0050.00NRNR
社区1.821.82NR1.827.271.8285.45NR
学校3.760.2521.800.2528.0727.3217.291.25
医院9.09NR4.55NR68.1813.644.55NR
邮轮NRNRNRNRNR85.7114.29NR
总计4.250.5315.750.3524.7829.2024.250.88
), ArticleFig(id=1324078030796239800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078021887538023, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2000—2023年各类场所诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发疫情传播方式的构成比(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所多重途径环境呕吐物排泄物人传人食物水日常用品
餐馆9.099.09NRNR9.0963.649.09NR
大型活动aNRNRNRNRNR100.00NRNR
看护中心33.33NRNRNR66.67NRNRNR
公司/工厂3.70NRNRNR3.7051.8540.74NR
机场aNRNR100.00NRNRNRNRNR
家庭NRNRNRNR40.0060.00NRNR
监狱NRNRNRNR50.0050.00NRNR
酒店NRNRNRNRNR75.0025.00NR
军队aNRNRNRNRNR100.00NRNR
旅行团17.65NRNRNRNR52.9429.41NR
培训中心NRNRNRNR50.0050.00NRNR
社区1.821.82NR1.827.271.8285.45NR
学校3.760.2521.800.2528.0727.3217.291.25
医院9.09NR4.55NR68.1813.644.55NR
邮轮NRNRNRNRNR85.7114.29NR
总计4.250.5315.750.3524.7829.2024.250.88
), ArticleFig(id=1324078030892708793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078021887538023, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Epidemiological statistics of transmission of the genogroup of norovirus outbreak(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因群多重途径环境呕吐物排泄物人传人食物水用品
GI+GII5.26NR10.53NR12.2828.0743.86NR
GINRNR11.36NR15.9134.0938.64NR
GII5.230.9220.310.3128.0027.6916.311.23
), ArticleFig(id=1324078030968206266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078021887538023, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同基因型诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发疫情的传播方式构成比(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因群多重途径环境呕吐物排泄物人传人食物水用品
GI+GII5.26NR10.53NR12.2828.0743.86NR
GINRNR11.36NR15.9134.0938.64NR
GII5.230.9220.310.3128.0027.6916.311.23
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中国大陆诺如病毒疫情暴发流行病学特征的系统综述
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徐颖欢 1, 2, 3 , 高珺珊 2, 3 , 教杨 2, 3 , 徐永权 1, 2, 3 , 张菊梅 2, 3 , 张子蕾 4 , 薛亮 2, 3
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(4): 577-581
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (4) : 577 -581
中国大陆诺如病毒疫情暴发流行病学特征的系统综述
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3.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品微生物安全大数据技术),国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估与标准研制特色实验室,粤港澳大湾区微生物安全与健康国际科技创新中心, bio={"content":"

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徐颖欢(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:食源性病毒传播和防控研究

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徐颖欢1, 2, 3, 高珺珊2, 3, 教杨2, 3, 徐永权1, 2, 3, 张菊梅2, 3, 张子蕾4 , 薛亮2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.华南农业大学食品学院,广东 广州 510642
  • 2.广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,广东省微生物安全与健康重点实验室,国家卫健委微生物食品营养与安全科技创新平台
  • 3.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品微生物安全大数据技术),国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估与标准研制特色实验室,粤港澳大湾区微生物安全与健康国际科技创新中心
  • 4.上海海关学院海关检验检疫系
通讯作者:
薛亮和张子蕾为共同通信作者。
薛亮,E-mail:
张子蕾,E-mail:
作者简介:

徐颖欢(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:食源性病毒传播和防控研究

Epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in China mainland: A systematic review
Ying-huan XU1, 2, 3, Jun-shan GAO2, 3, Yang JIAO2, 3, Yong-quan XU1, 2, 3, Ju-mei ZHANG2, 3, Zi-lei ZHANG4 , Liang XUE2, 3
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505428
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目的

分析我国诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发疫情的流行特点与传播特征,为后疫情时代的防控策略提供新的科学依据。

方法

本研究通过检索四个数据库(中国知网、万方、Web of Science和PubMed)相关文献,收集并分析我国近20年诺如病毒疫情的流行病学信息。

结果

我国诺如病毒疫情流行特征呈动态变化,与全球优势株更替高度相关。诺如病毒疫情的高发率与地区(华东和华南地区,63.27%)、传播途径(食源性传播,29.20%)、场所(学校,72.57%)和基因群(GII,76.07%)有关。进一步的交叉分析表明,学校以人传人和水源性传播为主,而GII基因型主要通过人际传播、食源性传播及气溶胶传播扩散。

结论

诺如病毒在我国的流行具有明显的时空聚集性和传播途径多样性,需针对性加强防控措施。

诺如病毒  /  急性胃肠炎  /  暴发  /  病毒监测
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological patterns and transmission characteristics of norovirus in China, providing new scientific evidence for prevention and control strategies in the post-COVID-19 era.

Methods

Epidemiological data on norovirus outbreaks in China over the past two decades were collected and analyzed via a review of relevant literature from four major databases (CNKI, Wanfang, Web of Science, and PubMed).

Results

The epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in China exhibited dynamic changes, highly correlated with the alternation of globally dominant strains. High outbreak frequency was associated with specific geographical regions (East China and South China regions, 63.27%), transmission routes (foodborne transmission, 29.15%), outbreak settings (schools, 72.57%), and viral genogroups (GII, 76.07%). Cross-analysis revealed that school outbreaks predominantly involved person-to-person and waterborne transmission, while the GII genotype spread chiefly through interpersonal contact, foodborne contamination, and aerosol dispersion.

Conclusion

Norovirus epidemics in China demonstrate distinct spatiotemporal clustering and diverse transmission pathways, necessitating targeted reinforcement of prevention and control measures to address these multifaceted challenges.

Norovirus  /  Acute gastroenteritis  /  Outbreaks  /  Virus surveillance
徐颖欢, 高珺珊, 教杨, 徐永权, 张菊梅, 张子蕾, 薛亮. 中国大陆诺如病毒疫情暴发流行病学特征的系统综述. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (4) : 577 -581 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505428
Ying-huan XU, Jun-shan GAO, Yang JIAO, Yong-quan XU, Ju-mei ZHANG, Zi-lei ZHANG, Liang XUE. Epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in China mainland: A systematic review[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (4) : 577 -581 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505428
诺如病毒是全球急性肠胃炎(acute gastroenteritis,AGE)的主要病原体,约18%的AGE病例与诺如病毒感染有关,使其成为全球疾病负担中伤残调整寿命年数(disability adjusted life year,DALY)的第五大负担病原体[1-2]。人群对诺如病毒普遍易感,其中5岁以下儿童发病率最高,且该年龄段儿童的腹泻死亡率也居首位[3]。全球范围内,诺如病毒每年导致约42亿美元的医疗成本和603亿美元的社会成本[4]。其中三分之二的经济负担由5岁以下儿童造成,这对低收入国家构成了显著的经济压力[5]。因此,诺如病毒感染不仅是全球公共卫生的持久威胁,也对社会经济造成了巨大的损失。
由于诺如病毒基因群具有遗传多样性、变异快且无法实验室常规培养等难点,一直阻碍着诺如病毒疫苗的研发[6]。目前尚无特异性抗病毒治疗方法,因此有效控制诺如病毒主要依赖于广泛的监测体系。在我国,诺如病毒监测主要使用两个系统:国家公共卫生突发事件监测系统(public health emergency event surveillance system,PHEESS)和中国诺如病毒暴发监测网络(CaliciNet China)。然而,这两个监测系统均存在一定局限性,且相关监测信息暂未对公众开放。因此,本研究通过系统收集截至2024年的诺如病毒暴发疫情文献,分析我国近20年来的流行病学特征及传播规律,为后疫情时代的防控策略提供科学依据。
本文研究数据来源于中国知网、万方、Web of Science和Pubmed数据库,通过Endnote X9管理文献并去重。2023年12月在英文文献库中使用“norovirus”或“norwalk”或“acute gastroenteritis”和“outbreak”和“China”作为主题词进行检索。2023年12月在中文数据库中使用“急性胃肠炎”为主题,以“诺如病毒”或“疫情爆发”作为主要主题词进行检索。
纳入的文章应具备以下特征:(1)疫情发生在中国(不包括香港特区、澳门特区和台湾省的数据);(2)确定诺如病毒是疫情的病原体;(3)文章是对单次疫情的信息报道;(4)对于包含不止一次疫情的文章应具有各疫情的基本信息;排出标准为:散发个例、动植物研究、疫苗研究、模型研究、健康人群横断面研究、健康教育、分子机制和与诺如病毒相关的综述类报告。
诺如病毒急性肠胃炎疫情的定义:在一个环境中,接触后3天内出现5例以上急性肠胃炎病例,且有2份以上实验室阳性样本[7]。
对纳入的文章进行了全面阅读,并使用标准表格提取数据。收集的基本信息包括疫情发生的年月、季节、地区、疫情持续时间、报告时间(从首例发病到疫情报告之间的时间间隔)、病例数、发病率、阳性病例数、阳性率、传播方式、病毒基因群、基因型和变异株。
运用Microsoft Excel 2019和SPSS 16.0进行统计学分析。采用描述性流行病学方法分析疫情的三间分布、传播方式、发生场所和基因型别。计数资料采用频数或构成百分比描述;计量偏态资料采用中位数和四分位距M(Q1,Q3)表示;多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验,分析采用α=0.05水平评价统计学显著性;数据间相关性采用Pearson相关性进行分析。
本研究共最终纳入了680篇文章,31个一级行政区域共报告了798起诺如病毒疫情,累计病例数达66 444例。文章的筛选流程如图1所示。
所纳入数据中最早的诺如病毒疫情报告可追溯至2000年。2005年至2017年病例整体数量上升,并于2017年达到高峰。2014年病例数量最多,高达到10 400例;2019年报告的疫情数量和患病数量降低,疫情报告数量约为2018年的50%(图2)。
中国大陆31个省级行政区域共报告了798起诺如疫情,其中,报告暴发最多的前五个地区分别是广东、浙江、江苏、北京和湖南,分别占19.17%、13.15%、12.16%、10.03%和4.64%。与北方和西部城市相比,华东(39.01%)和华南(24.26%)地区报告的疫情数量较多。
我国诺如病毒疫情暴发场所共计涉及16种不同类型场所,其中,培训机构、旅行团及军队的人群罹患率最高,不同暴发场所间的发病人数、罹患率、报告时间及疫情持续时间均存在统计学意义上的显著差异(P < 0.05)。从发病人群规模来看,监狱是疫情规模发病人数最多的场所,其发病人数中位数及四分位数范围为286.5(211.5,366.0)人(表1)。
监狱、家庭及看护中心疫情的持续时间最长,中位数分别为17天、14天和10.5天。发病人数与疫情持续时间呈正相关(Pearson系数=0.40);报告时间与疫情持续时间呈正相关(Pearson相关系数=0.625)。
798起疫情中,579起发生在学校,学校是主要暴发场所(72.57%),其次是社区(7.84%)、医院(4.68%)和公司/工厂(3.92%)。在学校场所中,尤以幼儿园(36.19%)和小学(32.44%)报告占比最高,而中学、大学和职校的占比分别是21.71%、8.31%和1.34%,呈现随学制的降低而高发的趋势。
共565起报告了具体的疫情来源。食物传播(29.20%)、人传人传播(24.78%)、水传播(24.25%)和呕吐物引起的气溶胶传播(15.75%)是最常见的四种传播方式(表2)。学校主要通过人传人的直接接触(28.27%)和食物传播(27.32%)引起大规模暴发。社区环境主要以水源性传播(85.45%)为主(表2)。而食源性传播是大多数场所中主要传播方式。在食源性传播中,47.41%是由于厨师或相关食品从业人员污染食物所致,其中近45%是携带病毒的隐性患者。
在798起疫情中,54.74%是由GII基因群引起的,GI基因群和GI+GII混合基因群分别占8.36%和8.86%,还有28.04%没有分组信息。对有分型信息的基因型别进行统计,GⅡ.2、GⅡ.4和GⅡ.17是引起疫情的主要型别,占比分别为19.58%、17.48%和16.78%。在变异株中以GⅡ.2[P16]、GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012和GⅠ.5[P4]最常见。
GII基因群主要通过人与人之间的接触(28.00%)、食物(27.69%)和呕吐产生的气溶胶(20.31%)传播(表3)。GI基因群(38.46%和34.09%)和混合基因群(43.86%和28.07%)主要通过水和食物传播。
诺如病毒是我国急性胃肠炎暴发的首要病原体,其对儿童、老年人等免疫功能相对薄弱的脆弱人群健康威胁尤为显著。在没有有效疫苗的情况下,了解诺如病毒的传播特点是预防和控制诺如病毒的基本措施。
本研究结果显示,2005—2008年、2014年、2017年、2019年及2020年为近二十年我国诺如病毒疫情波动的关键时期,反映其流行演变特征。早期研究表明,2005—2008年疫情及病例增多,与GII.4 2006a、2006b变异株相关,该基因型此前长期占据优势,直至2014年GII.17 [P17]变异株出现[8]。后者因新增组织血型抗原结合能力、抗原特征改变导致毒力增强,迅速成为全球暴发主要毒株。2017年我国疫情暴发数达历史峰值,可能与GⅡ.2 [P16]变异株相关,相关研究显示2016年底暴发数为往年4倍,2016—2018年81.2%感染与之相关,使其成为当时优势流行株[9]。在2020年SARS-CoV-2大流行期间,几乎所有传染病的发病率都显著下降,其中肠道传染病的病例减少尤为明显,下降幅度达到59.4%[10]。但随着防控措施放松,2021年后病例数迅速反弹,提示非药物干预措施对诺如病毒传播具有短期抑制作用。值得注意的是,学校作为诺如病毒暴发的高风险场所,在2020年9月新学期开学后,疫情反弹尤为明显,华南地区发病率显著上升[11-12]。
我国诺如病毒暴发呈现显著的地方性特点。研究结果表明,疫情高发地区主要集中在华南和华东,尤其是广东、浙江和江苏等城市报告的报告疫情数量最高。这一地域分布可能与冬季潮湿的气候、较高的人口密度、较强的经济发展水平以及完善的监测系统等因素密切相关[13]。Lian等人[14]通过PHEESS分析得出的结论与此结果相同,他们认为沿海城市当地人群食用贝类等重点污染食品也是诺如病毒的高发的重要影响因素。一般而言,诺如病毒的疫情在冬季暴发较为频繁,而在夏季则较为罕见[15-16]。诺如病毒的季节性暴发通常受到环境条件、病原体流行情况以及宿主易感性等因素的共同影响[17]。社会性活动(如开学季)也被认为是导致诺如病毒季节性暴发的一个重要因素[18]。
疫情暴发环境与传播方式密切相关,不同场所传播途径存在差异。水源性传播易引发社区、公司、工厂及旅行团等“社区流行病”,通常停止供水2~3天后疫情可得到控制[19]。人际接触传播多见于学校、医院、家庭、培训机构等人员密集场所,感染者在密集区域易进一步扩散,尤其培训机构、旅行团和军队这类人群密集型高且相对封闭的场所人群罹患率相对较高。食源性传播包括污染食物本身及加工过程接触污染,近半数食源性疫情源自隐性感染的食品从业者。现有预防策略难以完全阻断该传播途径,及时隔离感染员工才是最有效防控措施[20]。本文也发现,报告时间与疫情持续时间相关性较高,及时报告并采取控制措施,可大幅遏制疫情发展。
此外,在SARS-CoV-2大流行背景下,诺如病毒气溶胶传播研究至关重要。气溶胶传播多见于学校、机场等公共场所,源自呕吐者和腹泻患者产生的气溶胶,其病毒颗粒多、传染性强,相关从业人员处理不当易扩大感染范围[21]。Adams等人[22]证实呕吐的病毒颗粒传染性更高,及时隔离患者、规范处理呕吐物是关键防控措施。诺如病毒还可以在物体表面持久存活,通过环境传播引发间接感染[23]。最新研究提示唾液可能为潜在传播途径,但其在疫情暴发中的作用仍需进一步验证[24]。
在基因群层面,GII基因群是诺如病毒传播的主要类型,其流行率分别是GI基因群的6.5倍和GI/GII混合基因群的6.2倍。其中,以GII.2和GII.4最常见。自20世纪末以来,GII.4一直是优势毒株,导致了全球约50%~70%的诺如病毒暴发[25]。CaliciNet China和NoroNet的数据分析显示,特定的基因型与传播方式密切相关[26]。GⅡ.4传播与人传人途径有关,而非GⅡ.4基因型中,如GⅠ.3、GⅠ.6、GⅠ.7、GⅡ.3、GⅡ.6和GⅡ.12,则与食源性传播有关[27]。重组株GⅡ.4 Sydney[P31]主要以人传人形式传播,而GⅡ.2[P16]通过人传人和食物形式传播为主[26]。近年来,不同基因型之间的重组现象改变了诺如病毒的遗传多样性趋势,表明基因重组是其进化的重要驱动力。因此,加强对非流行株的监测并扩展病毒信息库,对于理解诺如病毒的流行规律至关重要。
本研究结果显示,我国诺如病毒疫情具有明显的场所聚集性,其中学校为主要暴发场景。尽管该校所单次疫情的平均波及规模相对较小,但暴发频次显著高于其他场所,是卫生健康及疾控监管部门需重点纳入监测与防控的关键区域。传播途径层面,食源性传播与人-人传播是诺如病毒扩散的主要路径。基于此,在疫情高发季节及学校等高风险场所,需持续强化食品安全全链条监管,降低食源性暴露风险;一旦发现疑似或确诊病例,应立即启动隔离管控措施,并同步开展规范处置,以快速阻断人际传播链。此外,社区等集体生活场景的诺如病毒疫情以水源性传播为主要特征,此类传播模式易引发大规模疫情,需重点加强饮用水净化消毒与水质监测。通过整合食品与饮用水安全管理、动态疫情监测预警、病例早发现早报告,以及公众个人卫生习惯宣教等多维度干预措施,可有效遏制诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情的扩散,降低其公共卫生危害。
本研究通过多数据库检索与严格质量控制,降低了发表偏倚及报告不足对诺如病毒流行病学分析的影响,但仍存局限:一是纳入文献多来自华南地区,可能影响华北与华南疫情特征的可比性;二是部分文献缺失疫情时间信息,难以准确反映报告及时性与持续时长;三是部分早期文献未提供病毒亚型及传播途径数据,限制了相关分析的全面性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32272436; 32302250)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFF1103100)
  • 上海海关学院科研启动项目(kyqd202212)
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2026年第53卷第4期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505428
  • 接收时间:2025-05-29
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-29
基金
国家自然科学基金(32272436; 32302250)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFF1103100)
上海海关学院科研启动项目(kyqd202212)
作者信息
    1.华南农业大学食品学院,广东 广州 510642
    2.广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,广东省微生物安全与健康重点实验室,国家卫健委微生物食品营养与安全科技创新平台
    3.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品微生物安全大数据技术),国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估与标准研制特色实验室,粤港澳大湾区微生物安全与健康国际科技创新中心
    4.上海海关学院海关检验检疫系

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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