Article(id=1324078015331836527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509230, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757692800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614399035, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614399035, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614399035, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614399035, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077868950631142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614364134, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614446224, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078213328142371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078213332336676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=587, endPage=593, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324078015562523248, articleId=1324078015331836527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Experimental validation of the association between HMGCR and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the risk genes associated with pancreatic impairments in order to elucidate the key genes and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and progression of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

Analysis of pancreatic transcriptomes from T2DM patients and healthy populations (GSE20966 and GSE25724) identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) via R-based screening, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. Furthermore, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was employed to investigate the causal relationship with T2DM, and the expression patterns of key candidate genes were validated using RT-qPCR and Western blot.

Results

Integrated PPI network and Mendelian randomization analysis revealed consistently upregulated GABBR1and HK1, while HMGCR, HSD17B12, VLDLR, and WIPI1 were significantly downregulated in T2DM versus controls. In a high-fat diet-induced T2DM mouse model, HMGCR expression was significantly downregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels. These findings indicate that HMGCR may play a critical regulatory role in the pathogenesis of T2DM.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that HMGCR is a potential key regulator involved in pancreatic dysfunction in T2DM and may affect β-cell function.

, authors=Chun-xiu HUANG1, 2, Huang-hao ZHOU1, 2, Jing-fang ZHU1, 2, 3, Ying XU1, 2, 3, Xiao-dan WANG1, 2, Hui-juan WU1, 2, Yue HU1, 2, Cong CHEN1, 2, 3, authorsList=Chun-xiu HUANG, Huang-hao ZHOU, Jing-fang ZHU, Ying XU, Xiao-dan WANG, Hui-juan WU, Yue HU, Cong CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Cong CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324078016590127737, articleId=1324078015331836527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=HMGCR与2型糖尿病胰腺β细胞功能障碍相关的孟德尔随机化分析与实验验证, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

本研究旨在通过系统筛选胰腺病变风险基因,揭示2型糖尿病(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,T2DM)发生发展的关键基因与分子机制。

方法

本研究基于T2DM患者与健康人群的胰腺转录组数据(GSE20966和GSE25724),采用R语言筛选差异表达基因(Differentially Expressed Genes,DEGs),并构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(Protein-Protein Interaction,PPI)网络。进一步应用孟德尔随机化(Mendelian Randomization,MR)分析验证其与T2DM之间的因果关联,并通过RT-qPCR与Western blot对关键候选基因的表达模式进行验证。

结果

PPI分析与MR分析共同提示,GABBR1和HK1在T2DM患者中一致性上调,而HMGCR、HSD17B12、VLDLR和WIPI1则显著下调。其中,在高脂饮食诱导的T2DM小鼠模型中,HMGCR在mRNA和蛋白水平均显示显著下调。上述结果提示HMGCR可能在T2DM发病过程中发挥关键调控作用。

结论

本研究结果提示HMGCR是参与T2DM相关胰腺病理改变并可能影响β细胞功能的潜在关键基因。

, authors=黄春秀1, 2, 周黄浩1, 2, 朱景芳1, 2, 3, 徐颖1, 2, 3, 王晓丹1, 2, 吴慧娟1, 2, 胡悦1, 2, 陈聪1, 2, 3, authorsList=黄春秀, 周黄浩, 朱景芳, 徐颖, 王晓丹, 吴慧娟, 胡悦, 陈聪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈聪, authorNote=

黄春秀和周黄浩为共同第一作者。

黄春秀(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:糖尿病运动康复的基础研究。

周黄浩(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:运动康复的基础研究

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陈聪,E-mail:
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FEBS Journal, 2025, 292(18): 4854-4869., articleTitle=Effects of HMG CoA reductase(HMGCR)deficiency on skeletal muscle development, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324078024504779462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, awardId=32271175, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(32271175), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1324078024601248455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, awardId=2025J01959, language=CN, fundingSource=福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2025J01959), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324078016804037242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078016812425851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, companyId=1324078016804037242, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078016820814460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, companyId=1324078016804037242, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.福建中医药大学康复医学院,福建 福州 350122)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324078016883729021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078016896311934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, companyId=1324078016883729021, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.福建中医药大学康复产业研究院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324078016959226495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324078016967615104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, companyId=1324078016959226495, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.福建中医药大学康复医学技术国家地方联合工程研究中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324078021954642620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Pancreatic transcriptome data integration and differential gene identification workflow and quality control, figureFileSmall=8y87DEn2dHhPV49oG5G7Jg==, figureFileBig=mrSM7+59cN4JuKTjyz5srA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078022034334397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, language=CN, label=图1, caption=胰腺转录组数据整合与差异基因鉴定流程及质控

注:A为本文研究流程图;B为主成分分析(PCA)结果图;C为差异表达基因(DEGs)的表达热图;D为差异表达基因(DEGs)的表达火山图。

, figureFileSmall=8y87DEn2dHhPV49oG5G7Jg==, figureFileBig=mrSM7+59cN4JuKTjyz5srA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078023842079422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Forest plot of Mendelian randomization analysis for causal associations between pancreatic differentially expressed genes and type 2 diabetes, figureFileSmall=mQTmlUu35lSEBfoAXdqI4w==, figureFileBig=Z0cDl/QkNLHF5zZbkDybnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078023930159807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, language=CN, label=图2, caption=胰腺差异表达基因与2型糖尿病因果关联的孟德尔随机化森林图

注:nSNP, number of single nucleotide polymorphisms; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval。

, figureFileSmall=mQTmlUu35lSEBfoAXdqI4w==, figureFileBig=Z0cDl/QkNLHF5zZbkDybnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078024022434496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Identification and causal validation of the hub gene HMGCR by integrating PPI network and Mendelian randomization analysis, figureFileSmall=7iGNkRRaJWHGqVQG8wCg7w==, figureFileBig=xjkOJlvSX/pRdfGC2W+72Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078024085349057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, language=CN, label=图3, caption=整合PPI网络与MR分析筛选并验证核心基因HMGCR

注:A为蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(PPI)网络分析图;B为CytoHubba软件六种拓扑算法的韦恩图;C为HMGCR对T2DM风险的因果效应散点图;D为漏斗图;E为留一法分析;图F为森林图。

, figureFileSmall=7iGNkRRaJWHGqVQG8wCg7w==, figureFileBig=xjkOJlvSX/pRdfGC2W+72Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078024152457922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Validation of pancreatic risk genes in a type 2 diabetes mouse model (T2DM), figureFileSmall=NVdZuSCqVlKs+5xFMSmvaQ==, figureFileBig=wrA8mdnyRH8DROou6cuj/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078024244732611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, language=CN, label=图4, caption=胰腺风险基因在2型糖尿病小鼠模型中的验证

注:A:实验终点小鼠体重与空腹血糖(n=6);B;口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)和胰岛素耐量试验(ITT)结果(n=6);C:胰腺风险基因的qRT-PCR检测(n=6);D:胰腺HMGCR蛋白的Western blot分析(n=3)。数据以mean ± SD表示;组间比较用非配对t检验,OGTT/ITT曲线采用双因素重复测量方差分析;*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=NVdZuSCqVlKs+5xFMSmvaQ==, figureFileBig=wrA8mdnyRH8DROou6cuj/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078024324424388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristics of the GEO datasets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GSE ID样品组织平台实验类型
病例组对照组
GSE20966n=10n=10胰腺GPL1352微阵列
GSE25724n=6n=7胰腺GPL96微阵列
), ArticleFig(id=1324078024420893381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078015331836527, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GEO数据集的特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GSE ID样品组织平台实验类型
病例组对照组
GSE20966n=10n=10胰腺GPL1352微阵列
GSE25724n=6n=7胰腺GPL96微阵列
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HMGCR与2型糖尿病胰腺β细胞功能障碍相关的孟德尔随机化分析与实验验证
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黄春秀 1, 2 , 周黄浩 1, 2 , 朱景芳 1, 2, 3 , 徐颖 1, 2, 3 , 王晓丹 1, 2 , 吴慧娟 1, 2 , 胡悦 1, 2 , 陈聪 1, 2, 3
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(4): 587-593
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (4) : 587 -593
HMGCR与2型糖尿病胰腺β细胞功能障碍相关的孟德尔随机化分析与实验验证
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黄春秀1, 2, 周黄浩1, 2, 朱景芳1, 2, 3, 徐颖1, 2, 3, 王晓丹1, 2, 吴慧娟1, 2, 胡悦1, 2, 陈聪1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.福建中医药大学康复医学院,福建 福州 350122
  • 2.福建中医药大学康复产业研究院
  • 3.福建中医药大学康复医学技术国家地方联合工程研究中心
通讯作者:
陈聪,E-mail:
作者简介:

黄春秀和周黄浩为共同第一作者。

黄春秀(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:糖尿病运动康复的基础研究。

周黄浩(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:运动康复的基础研究

Experimental validation of the association between HMGCR and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes
Chun-xiu HUANG1, 2, Huang-hao ZHOU1, 2, Jing-fang ZHU1, 2, 3, Ying XU1, 2, 3, Xiao-dan WANG1, 2, Hui-juan WU1, 2, Yue HU1, 2, Cong CHEN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509230
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目的

本研究旨在通过系统筛选胰腺病变风险基因,揭示2型糖尿病(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,T2DM)发生发展的关键基因与分子机制。

方法

本研究基于T2DM患者与健康人群的胰腺转录组数据(GSE20966和GSE25724),采用R语言筛选差异表达基因(Differentially Expressed Genes,DEGs),并构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(Protein-Protein Interaction,PPI)网络。进一步应用孟德尔随机化(Mendelian Randomization,MR)分析验证其与T2DM之间的因果关联,并通过RT-qPCR与Western blot对关键候选基因的表达模式进行验证。

结果

PPI分析与MR分析共同提示,GABBR1和HK1在T2DM患者中一致性上调,而HMGCR、HSD17B12、VLDLR和WIPI1则显著下调。其中,在高脂饮食诱导的T2DM小鼠模型中,HMGCR在mRNA和蛋白水平均显示显著下调。上述结果提示HMGCR可能在T2DM发病过程中发挥关键调控作用。

结论

本研究结果提示HMGCR是参与T2DM相关胰腺病理改变并可能影响β细胞功能的潜在关键基因。

2型糖尿病  /  胰腺  /  孟德尔随机化分析  /  HMGCR
Objective

To investigate the risk genes associated with pancreatic impairments in order to elucidate the key genes and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and progression of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

Analysis of pancreatic transcriptomes from T2DM patients and healthy populations (GSE20966 and GSE25724) identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) via R-based screening, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. Furthermore, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was employed to investigate the causal relationship with T2DM, and the expression patterns of key candidate genes were validated using RT-qPCR and Western blot.

Results

Integrated PPI network and Mendelian randomization analysis revealed consistently upregulated GABBR1and HK1, while HMGCR, HSD17B12, VLDLR, and WIPI1 were significantly downregulated in T2DM versus controls. In a high-fat diet-induced T2DM mouse model, HMGCR expression was significantly downregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels. These findings indicate that HMGCR may play a critical regulatory role in the pathogenesis of T2DM.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that HMGCR is a potential key regulator involved in pancreatic dysfunction in T2DM and may affect β-cell function.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus  /  Pancreas  /  Mendelian randomization analysis  /  HMGCR
黄春秀, 周黄浩, 朱景芳, 徐颖, 王晓丹, 吴慧娟, 胡悦, 陈聪. HMGCR与2型糖尿病胰腺β细胞功能障碍相关的孟德尔随机化分析与实验验证. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (4) : 587 -593 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509230
Chun-xiu HUANG, Huang-hao ZHOU, Jing-fang ZHU, Ying XU, Xiao-dan WANG, Hui-juan WU, Yue HU, Cong CHEN. Experimental validation of the association between HMGCR and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (4) : 587 -593 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509230
糖尿病是以慢性高血糖为主要特征的代谢性疾病,核心发病机制涉及胰岛素分泌缺陷、胰岛素作用受阻或两者并存[1]。截至2024年,全球糖尿病患者已达8.28亿,较1990年增长超过6.3亿,其中2型糖尿病(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,T2DM)占病例总数的90%以上[2]。T2DM患者常伴多血管并发症,致残率和死亡率显著增高,对全球公共卫生构成严峻挑战[3]。在T2DM发展过程中,胰腺β细胞功能障碍被视为核心病理环节,表现为胰岛素生物合成减少、分泌应答受损以及β细胞数量进行性下降[4]。这一功能障碍与遗传及环境因素密切相关,涉及多种基因的异常表达。研究表明,转录因子PAX6的基因突变可影响胰岛发育和β细胞分化过程,导致胰岛素分泌障碍[5]。而在代谢应激状态下,热休克蛋白70(HSP70)的过度表达则会加剧β细胞凋亡,促进胰岛功能衰竭[6]。这些发现从分子层面揭示了β细胞功能障碍的基础,为理解其发病机制提供了重要线索。
尽管降糖药物持续更新,目前仍缺乏有效延缓或逆转β细胞功能衰竭的方法。因此,开发针对保护与再生β细胞的新型治疗策略具有重要临床意义。近年来,基因治疗通过递送功能基因以恢复β细胞功能及胰岛素分泌能力,为糖尿病功能性逆转提供了新方向。为系统评估T2DM的遗传基础并识别可靠治疗靶点,本研究采用两样本孟德尔随机化(Mendelian Randomization,MR)分析方法,利用遗传变异作为工具变量,有效克服传统观察性研究中的混杂偏倚,从而推断暴露与结局之间的因果关系。
基于来自GSE20966和GSE25724数据集的胰岛转录组数据,本研究识别出一组差异表达基因(Differentially Expressed Genes,DEGs),并发现这些DEGs在多个关键信号通路中显著富集。进一步通过孟德尔随机化(Mendelian Randomization,MR)分析筛选出与T2DM发生具有因果关联的核心基因,随后利用STRING数据库构建了蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(Protein-Protein Interaction,PPI)网络以验证其相互作用关系,并在TADM小鼠模型中完成了实验验证。本研究为理解T2DM的分子机制提供了新的视角,也为后续相关研究奠定了坚实的理论基础。
为筛选与T2DM相关基因表达谱,在GEO数据库中检索“type 2 diabetes mellitus”,“Homo sapiens”及“expression profiling by array”,最终选取两个T2DM胰腺组织数据集GSE20966和GSE25724,包含16例T2DM患者和17例健康对照样本。采用R 4.4.0对原始数据进行背景校正、标准化及ComBat批次效应校正,详见表1。随后,基于“limma”经验贝叶斯方法进行差异表达分析,经批次效应校正后,以Benjamini-Hochberg方法进行FDR多重检验校正,筛选标准为FDR-adjusted P<0.05且|log2FC|大于预设阈值,共识别出370个DEGs。为全面展示基因表达特征,利用“Pheatmap”包绘制热图与火山图,并采用“prcomp”函数进行主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)评估样本组间差异。
本研究的暴露数据来自IEU GWAS数据库(https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/)中公开的基因表达数量性状位点(expression quantitative trait loci,eQTL)研究,研究对象为欧洲人群。从中提取与目标基因表达显著相关的个体基因型信息作为暴露来源。对于具备胰腺或胰岛组织eQTL信息的基因,优先选取胰腺/胰岛eQTL作为工作变量。在胰腺eQTL样本量有限或无法获得满足P<5×10-8且F> 10要求的SNP时,采用同为欧洲人群的全血或其他外周组织eQTL作为替代。利用TwoSampleMR R包筛选与暴露因素显著相关的单核苷酸多态性(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism,SNP)作为工具变量(Instrumental Variables,IVs),设定基因组学水平的显著性阈值为P<5×10-8。为保证工作变量的独立性,采用r2<0.001、区域宽度10 000 kb,并计算F统计量评估工具强度,排除F<10的SNP以降低弱工具偏倚风险。本研究T2DM结局数据选自IEU GWAS数据库中2021年发布的欧洲裔人群T2DM全基因组关联汇总数据(ID: ebi-a-GCST90018926),共纳入38 841例病例和451 248例对照,覆盖24 167 560个SNP位点。经检索比较,该数据集为当前可公开获取的样本量较大且版本较新的欧洲人群T2DM GWAS之一,并与本研究所用eQTL资源在人群背景和数据结构上具有良好兼容性,故作为本研究MR分析的结局数据来源。暴露eQTL研究与T2DM结局GWAS分别来自独立项目,研究对象间不存在系统性样本重叠,从而降低了样本重叠对MR估计的潜在偏倚风险。
在R 4.4.0中使用TwoSampleMR软件包进行MR分析,评估胰腺相关基因与T2DM的因果关联。本研究主要采用逆方差加权(Inverse-Variance Weighted,IVW)法进行因果效应评估,该方法在所有工具变量均有效的前提下具有最高统计效能,同时辅以MR-Egger回归、加权中位数法(weighted median)、简单模型(Simple mode)和加权模型(Weighted mode)等方法进行稳健性检验。MR-Egger回归通过截距项检验并部分校正定向水平多效性,加权中位数法在超过50%工具变量有效时仍能提供一致估计。对370个候选DEGs的MR P值采用Benjamini-Hochberg方法进行FDR多重检验校正,以控制假阳性率,效应量以比值比(odds ratio,OR)及其95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)表示。
为进一步评估结果的可靠性,本研究进行了敏感性分析:采用MR-Egger截距检验水平多效性,Cochran Q检验评估工具变量间的异质性,并通过留一法逐一剔除单个SNP,识别对整体效应具有过度影响的变异。整个分析过程严格遵循MR三项核心假设:工具变量与暴露显著相关(相关性)、与已知混杂因素无关联(独立性)、且仅通过暴露影响结局(排他性)。
本研究使用STRING数据库构建DEGs的蛋白互作网络,结果导入Cytoscape 3.10.1进行可视化。运用CytoHubba插件,结合六种拓扑算法(MCC、MNC、Degree、EPC、Betweenness和Stress),提取各算法中排名前30的基因经交集分析确定关键枢纽基因。
12只5周龄雄性SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为两组:对照组(饲喂标准饲料)与T2DM模型组(通过高脂饲料诱导16周)。饲养条件为恒温(24±0.5°C)、湿度60%、12 h光/暗循环。所有操作经福建中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(2020092),并遵循动物福利伦理准则。
采用TRIzol法提取小鼠胰腺组织总RNA,经反转录试剂盒合成cDNA后,使用SYBR Green qPCR系统进行扩增反应。以β-肌动蛋白(Actb)作为内参基因,通过2(-ΔΔCt)方法计算目标基因mRNA的相对表达水平。
于预冷的RIPA裂解液中匀浆胰腺组织,4 ℃、14 000×g离心30 min取上清,采用BCA法测定总蛋白浓度。取30 μg蛋白样品经10% SDS-PAGE电泳分离,并转印至PVDF膜。使用5 %脱脂奶粉封闭,依次孵育HMGCR一抗(1:1000,Abcam,ab242315)与β-actin一抗(1:10 000,Proteintech,66009-1-Ig)及相应HRP标记二抗,ECL显影后用ImageJ定量分析。
所有数据均应用GraphPad Prism 9.5.1进行处理与分析,并以均值±标准差表示。小鼠实验末期体重、血糖水平及通过qPCR和Western blot测得的分子表达数据,采用非配对t检验进行组间比较。口服葡萄糖耐量试验(Oral Glucose Tolerance Test,OGTT)及胰岛素耐量试验(Insulin Tolerance Test,ITT)数据,则通过双因素重复测量方差分析进行评估。以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
本研究遵循图1A所示流程,首先对GSE20966和GSE25724数据集进行了整合,并采用了PCA分析(图1B)。结果显示,在校正批次效应前,样本聚类效果不佳;而在校正后,样本则实现了良好的聚类。在此基础上,经FDR校正后共筛选出370个显著DEGs,其中141个基因表达上调,229个基因表达下调(FDR-adjusted P<0.05,|log2FC|>0.585)。其表达模式通过热图(图1C)与火山图(图1D)展示。
本研究的暴露变量采用与结局数据同源的欧洲血统人群数据,基于370个T2DM相关差异表达基因(DEGs)的eQTL,以此控制人群结构偏倚。依据严格筛选条件(P<5×10-8,LD r2=0.001,窗口距离=10 000 kb),共选取752个SNP作为IVs。所有IVs均满足孟德尔随机化三大核心假设,且F值介于30.2至7 105.6之间,表明其为强工具变量。
在MR分析识别的关键基因中,IVW分析显示(图2):上调基因GABBR1(OR=1.044,95% CI:1.020~1.068)可调节β细胞基因表达及胰岛素分泌[7];糖酵解关键酶HK1(OR=1.079,95% CI:1.044~1.116)与T2DM表现出显著关联。在下调基因中,他汀类药物靶点HMGCR(OR=0.796,95% CI:0.742~0.850)与T2DM风险呈负相关;WIPI1(OR=0.937,95% CI:0.909~0.965)通过自噬调节代谢应激;HSD17B12(OR=0.946,95% CI:0.926~0.960)和VLDLR(OR=0.961,95% CI:0.936~0.980)则分别通过脂肪酸代谢和脂质代谢途径影响T2DM发生。上述6个基因均通过FDR(Benjamini-Hochberg法)校正(P(FDR-adj.)<0.05),其中,GABBR1和HK1为风险增加相关基因,HMGCR、WIPI1、HSD17B12和VLDLR为保护相关基因。
多种MR方法(包括MR-Egger和加权中位数等)结果一致支持上述因果关联(图2)。敏感性分析显示,工具变量之间无明显异质性:除GABBR1外,其余基因在MR-Egger截距检验P> 0.05(图2);所有基因的Cochran Q检验P>0.05。MR-PRESSO全局检验未发现定向水平多效性证据(P> 0.05)。留一法分析进一步显示,逐一剔除各SNP后因果估计值未发生显著变化,结果稳健。
最后,通过将MR分析结果与差异表达分析取交集,最终筛选出6个具有因果关系的DEGs。
基于STRING与Cytoscape构建PPI网络,纳入综合评分> 0.4的DEGs(图3A)。通过CytoHubba六种拓扑算法筛选各算法前30位基因并取交集,得到九个核心基因:CD74、PSMD14、OAT、PAICS、HMGCR、FASN、CD8A、ISG15和DLD(图3B)。这些基因在T2DM发病中具有多重作用。在免疫调节方面:CD74缺失可抑制T2DM诱导的心脏重构与收缩功能障碍[8];CD8A作为CD8+ T细胞的关键表面标志物,参与胰腺β细胞破坏过程[9];ISG15作为干扰素刺激基因,可通过调节炎症反应影响糖尿病进展[10]。在代谢调控方面,HMGCR和FASN作为胆固醇与脂肪酸合成限速酶,通过脂毒性应激影响胰岛素分泌及β细胞功能[11-12],DLD则在线粒体能量代谢中发挥关键作用[13]。胰腺病理方面,PSMD14影响β细胞蛋白质稳态,OAT和PAICS分别通过多胺代谢与嘌呤合成通路促进胰腺星状细胞活化及纤维化进程[14-15]。这些发现系统揭示了T2DM中免疫失调、代谢紊乱与纤维化进程相互交织的分子网络。
通过整合PPI与MR分析,本研究进一步识别了与T2DM胰腺功能障碍相关的核心基因。其中,PPI网络筛选出9个核心基因(如CD74、HMGCR等),MR分析则鉴定出6个具潜在因果关系的基因(如HK1、HMGCR等)。HMGCR是唯一在两种分析中均显著重叠的基因。MR结果显示,HMGCR表达与T2DM风险呈负相关(OR=0.796, 95% CI: 0.742~0.850, P=3.04×10-8),且检测到显著异质性(Cochran Q=2.81, P=0.25)或水平多效性(MR-Egger截距P=0.68; MR-PRESSO P=0.91),提示HMGCR可能是调控T2DM胰腺功能的关键候选基因。
该因果关联得到多种MR分析结果的支持:IVW法显示HMGCR表达与T2DM风险负相关,且与其他方法结果方向一致(图3C);漏斗图对称分布,提示无显著发表偏倚(图3D);留一法分析表明因果估计值稳定(图3E);森林图进一步揭示了各工具变量效应量的一致性(图3F)。这些结果共同增强了研究结论的可靠性。
为验证生物信息学预测结果,本研究在高脂饮食诱导的T2DM小鼠模型中检测了关键基因的表达变化。与对照组相比,模型组小鼠空腹血糖和体重显著升高(图4A),OGTT和ITT结果显示葡萄糖耐受不良和胰岛素抵抗明显加重(图4B),表明模型构建成功。基于该模型,随后对候选基因在胰腺组织中的表达进行了检测。RT-qPCR结果显示,T2DM小鼠胰腺组织中GABBR1和HK1的mRNA表达显著上调(图4C),而HMGCR、HSD17B12、VLDLR及WIPI1的表达则明显下调。值得注意的是,候选基因HMGCR的蛋白水平亦显著降低(图4D)。实验结果与预测高度一致,进一步确认了本研究结论的可靠性。需要指出的是,本研究的表达检测基于整体胰腺组织,所得结果反映的是胰腺整体水平的表达变化,尚不能区分β细胞、胰泡细胞及免疫细胞等不同细胞群的特异性贡献。
T2DM是以β细胞功能障碍和胰岛素抵抗为核心的代谢性疾病,全球患病率持续上升并带来沉重疾病负担。本研究基于T2DM患者胰腺转录组数据识别出370个DEGs,通过对DEGs进行MR分析发现了六个与T2DM胰腺病变存在因果关联的基因,包括GABBR1和HK1(上调)以及HMGCR、WIPI1、HSD17B12和VLDLR(下调)。这些基因共同参与T2DM病理发展过程。其中HK1调节葡萄糖代谢,GABBR1调控β细胞胰岛素分泌[7],HMGCR、HSD17B12和VLDLR协同调控脂质稳态[11],而WIPI1则介导自噬和应激响应,共同促成胰腺功能障碍。为验证上述发现,在高脂饮食诱导的T2DM小鼠模型中进行了RT-qPCR实验。结果显示,与对照组相比,T2DM小鼠胰腺组织中GABBR1和HK1的mRNA表达显著上调,HMGCR、WIPI1、HSD17B12和VLDLR表达则显著下降,与生物信息学预测一致。尽管上述转录组数据集的样本量相对有限,但通过批次效应校正、FDR多重检验以及后续MR和动物的多层交叉验证,在一定程度上增强了差异分析结果的可靠性。
PPI分析进一步从DEGs中筛选出九个与T2DM胰腺病变密切相关的核心基因,它们通过代谢、免疫炎症及纤维化等机制共同驱动β细胞功能障碍。这些基因通过代谢、免疫炎症及纤维化等机制共同驱动β细胞功能障碍。在免疫失调方面,CD74增强MHC-II介导的抗原呈递作用,并与CD81依赖的T/B细胞调节及ISG15驱动的干扰素反应协同,加剧胰腺炎症和β细胞凋亡[8, 10];在代谢层面,FASN介导的脂肪生成增强和HMGCR调控的胆固醇合成异常共同引发脂毒性应激,干扰胰岛素分泌并加剧氧化损伤[16];此外,DLD缺陷与PSMD14失调分别损害线粒体能量代谢和蛋白酶体功能,协同诱发内质网应激,促使β细胞衰竭[13];而OAT与PAICS则通过调控鸟氨酸代谢和嘌呤合成,共同促进胰腺星状细胞异常活化与纤维化重塑,凸显T2DM胰腺病变的进展性特征。
在本研究中,HMGCR是唯一在PPI与MR分析中同时均显著出现的基因,提示其可能是T2DM相关胰腺功能障碍的关键候选基因。作为胆固醇合成的限速酶,HMGCR活性关系到胰岛β细胞生理功能[17]。既往研究表明,HMGCR在肝脏可通过Hedgehog通路参与肝癌发生[18],在骨骼肌中与线粒体功能密切相关[19],提示其作用具有组织依赖性。结合本研究在整体胰腺组织水平观察到的HMGCR下调以及既往β细胞特异性敲除研究结果,可以推测,在胰岛中HMGCR表达下降可能导致胆固醇供应受限,影响β细胞膜上电压依赖性Ca+通道和SNARE复合体的协同,从而削弱葡萄糖刺激胰岛素分泌。上述推断主要基于转录组、整体胰腺表达结果及文献整合,仍需在胰岛分离及β细胞特异性基因操作等模型中进一步验证其直接作用。
本研究整合转录组、eQTL-MR及动物实验多维度证据提示HMGCR可能参与T2DM相关胰腺病理改变,但仍存在局限:首先,GSE20966与GSE25724样本量较小,统计功效有限,部分真实效应可能被低估;其次,暴露数据虽优先采用胰腺/胰岛eQTL,并与T2DM GWAS在人群祖源上匹配且样本不重叠,但受现有胰腺/胰岛eQTL样本量及位点覆盖不足所限,仍需部分依赖全血等外周组织eQTL,可能削弱组织特异性并引入偏倚。未来有必要在更大规模、组织特异性更强的胰腺/胰岛eQTL和更新的T2DM GWAS,以及单细胞和人胰岛功能队列中重复与拓展本研究结果,以进一步验证因果推断和机制推测的稳健性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32271175)
  • 福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2025J01959)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509230
  • 接收时间:2025-09-13
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-13
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32271175)
福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2025J01959)
作者信息
    1.福建中医药大学康复医学院,福建 福州 350122
    2.福建中医药大学康复产业研究院
    3.福建中医药大学康复医学技术国家地方联合工程研究中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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