Article(id=1324078006314087147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505179, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747152000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614396884, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614396884, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614396884, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614396884, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077868950631142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614364134, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614446224, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078213328142371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078213332336676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=662, endPage=668, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324078006527996652, articleId=1324078006314087147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Research on the prediction of elderly service beds based on a grey system framework from the perspective of regional differences, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Based on the theoretical framework of the grey system, a combined model suitable for the demand prediction of elderly care service beds is constructed to reveal the future development trend of elderly care service bed resources in different regions of China from the perspective of regional differences, providing decision-making references for optimizing the allocation of elderly care resources and the formulation of related policies.

Methods

Researchers construct a combined prediction framework integrating improved models such as the fractional-order grey model and the non-homogeneous discrete grey model. Based on the relevant indicator data of elderly care service beds in the “China Social Statistical Yearbook”, they predict the changing trend of elderly care service bed demand in the four regions of eastern, central, western and northeastern China from 2024 to 2028.

Results

By 2028, the number of elderly care beds in China and its four representative provinces is expected to reach 6 653 258,740 181,572 245,184 002, and 237 566, respectively. The demand for elderly care service beds in the four major regions of the east, central, west and northeast all shows an upward trend. Especially in the east and central regions, the growth is more significant, reflecting the greater elderly care pressure brought about by the intensification of population aging. Although the overall demand in the western and northeastern regions is relatively low, it is also showing a steady upward trend, indicating that the pressure of elderly care in these areas will gradually increase in the future.

Conclusion

The resources of elderly care service beds in various regions of our country will continue to grow in the future. The allocation level of elderly care resources in the eastern region will still be better than that in the central and western regions as well as the northeastern region. This research can better reflect the differential characteristics of elderly care service demands in various regions and provide strong support for the scientific allocation of regional elderly care resources.

, authors=Mei-xiao SONG1, Yu-xin QIAN1, Jia-yi LU1, Yi-tong LU1, Jia-yi JIN1, Ya-qin ZHONG2, Xiao-jun GUO1, authorsList=Mei-xiao SONG, Yu-xin QIAN, Jia-yi LU, Yi-tong LU, Jia-yi JIN, Ya-qin ZHONG, Xiao-jun GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiao-jun GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324078010999124749, articleId=1324078006314087147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=区域差异视角下基于灰色系统框架的养老服务床位预测研究, columnId=1228016568014139551, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=卫生政策与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于灰色系统理论框架,构建适用于养老服务床位需求预测的组合模型,从区域差异的视角揭示我国不同地区养老服务床位资源的未来发展趋势,为优化养老资源配置与相关政策制定提供决策参考。

方法

构建融合分数阶灰色模型与非齐次离散灰色模型等改进模型的组合预测框架,基于《中国社会统计年鉴》中养老服务床位相关指标数据,针对我国东部、中部、西部和东北四个地区,预测2024—2028年养老服务床位需求的变化趋势。

结果

预计2028年,中国及其四个代表性省份的养老床位数将分别达到6 653 258张、740 181张、572 245张、184 002张、237 566张。东部、中部、西部和东北四大区域的养老服务床位需求均呈上升趋势,尤以东部和中部地区增长更为显著,反映出人口老龄化加剧带来的更大养老压力;西部和东北地区虽整体需求较低,但亦呈稳步上升态势,预示其养老压力将在未来逐渐加重。

结论

我国各区域养老服务床位资源将在未来持续增长,东部地区的养老资源配置水平仍将优于中西部及东北地区。本研究能较好反映各地区养老服务需求的差异性特征,为区域养老资源的科学配置提供有力支持。

, authors=宋梅晓1, 钱雨馨1, 陆佳怡1, 卢奕彤1, 金佳怡1, 仲亚琴2, 郭晓君1, authorsList=宋梅晓, 钱雨馨, 陆佳怡, 卢奕彤, 金佳怡, 仲亚琴, 郭晓君, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭晓君, authorNote=

宋梅晓(2004—),女,本科在读,研究方向:灰色系统理论,人口老龄化

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郭晓君,E-mail:
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注:图A、B、C、D、E分别为江苏省、湖北省、陕西省、辽宁省以及全国的养老床位预测数。

, figureFileSmall=5K0YfmG8sqbFY14LMrb/Zg==, figureFileBig=uYqZbcW2T5lsjk2lMZgZ8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078015889683266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Forecast data for the number of elderly care beds in regional representative provinces from 2012 to 2028, figureFileSmall=d/GAPV/8LVPVObgk/X4zzg==, figureFileBig=Ppdzyw1LJnKRwd6Dax4AWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078015948403523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2012—2028年区域代表省份养老床位预测数据, figureFileSmall=d/GAPV/8LVPVObgk/X4zzg==, figureFileBig=Ppdzyw1LJnKRwd6Dax4AWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324078016011318084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The standard for evaluating accuracy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合等级CP
1级良好C≤0.35P≥0.95
2级合格0.35<C≤0.500.80≤P<0.95
3级勉强0.50<C≤0.650.70≤P<0.80
4级不合格C>0.65P<0.70
), ArticleFig(id=1324078016070038341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

精度检验标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合等级CP
1级良好C≤0.35P≥0.95
2级合格0.35<C≤0.500.80≤P<0.95
3级勉强0.50<C≤0.650.70≤P<0.80
4级不合格C>0.65P<0.70
), ArticleFig(id=1324078016137147206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Original data for China and four representative provinces from 2012 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份抽样比全国江苏湖北
65岁及以上抽样人口数
(人)
每千养老床位数
(床/1 000人)
65岁及以上抽样人口数
(人)
每千养老床位数
(床/1 000人)
65岁及以上抽样人口数
(人)
每千养老床位数
(床/1 000人)
20120.000 831105 70421.487 59736.735 18928.64
20130.000 822108 26124.398 03041.394 74127.16
20140.000 822113 17127.207 92538.614 92227.25
20150.015 5002 230 46530.31157 13541.02102 14630.12
20160.000 837125 64231.629 04840.335 71633.02
20170.000 840130 42830.929 21040.235 95531.83
20180.000 820136 64529.159 43539.456 05932.77
20190.000 780137 28330.539 44740.896 02637.29
20201.000 000190 635 28031.1013 726 53140.788 424 33940.07
20210.001 058212 41930.5215 35439.309 52439.04
20220.001 023214 87729.6215 58637.479 75337.47
20230.001 050228 25227.7016 56935.6010 41836.90
年份抽样比陕西辽宁
65岁及以上抽样人口数
(人)
每千养老床位数
(床/1 000人)
65岁及以上抽样人口数
(人)
每千养老床位数
(床/1 000人)
20120.000 8312 90514.963 63927.33
20130.000 8223 05317.343 70128.41
20140.000 8223 30617.794 40724.31
20150.015 50060 99423.6087 59521.14
20160.000 8373 43925.474 84922.90
20170.000 8403 51225.525 06321.43
20180.000 8203 53623.305 35319.41
20190.000 7803 63325.995 38221.21
20201.000 0005 266 59726.197 417 48122.31
20210.001 0585 86126.628 42422.64
20220.001 0235 94826.358 60521.75
20230.001 0506 33825.709 27321.00
), ArticleFig(id=1324078016208450375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2012—2023年全国以及四个代表性省份原始数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份抽样比全国江苏湖北
65岁及以上抽样人口数
(人)
每千养老床位数
(床/1 000人)
65岁及以上抽样人口数
(人)
每千养老床位数
(床/1 000人)
65岁及以上抽样人口数
(人)
每千养老床位数
(床/1 000人)
20120.000 831105 70421.487 59736.735 18928.64
20130.000 822108 26124.398 03041.394 74127.16
20140.000 822113 17127.207 92538.614 92227.25
20150.015 5002 230 46530.31157 13541.02102 14630.12
20160.000 837125 64231.629 04840.335 71633.02
20170.000 840130 42830.929 21040.235 95531.83
20180.000 820136 64529.159 43539.456 05932.77
20190.000 780137 28330.539 44740.896 02637.29
20201.000 000190 635 28031.1013 726 53140.788 424 33940.07
20210.001 058212 41930.5215 35439.309 52439.04
20220.001 023214 87729.6215 58637.479 75337.47
20230.001 050228 25227.7016 56935.6010 41836.90
年份抽样比陕西辽宁
65岁及以上抽样人口数
(人)
每千养老床位数
(床/1 000人)
65岁及以上抽样人口数
(人)
每千养老床位数
(床/1 000人)
20120.000 8312 90514.963 63927.33
20130.000 8223 05317.343 70128.41
20140.000 8223 30617.794 40724.31
20150.015 50060 99423.6087 59521.14
20160.000 8373 43925.474 84922.90
20170.000 8403 51225.525 06321.43
20180.000 8203 53623.305 35319.41
20190.000 7803 63325.995 38221.21
20201.000 0005 266 59726.197 417 48122.31
20210.001 0585 86126.628 42422.64
20220.001 0235 94826.358 60521.75
20230.001 0506 33825.709 27321.00
), ArticleFig(id=1324078016283947848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The number of elderly care beds in China and four representative provinces from 2012 to 2023 (Unit: beds)

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年份全国江苏湖北陕西辽宁
20122 732 277335 786178 83652 297119 680
20133 212 270404 336156 63164 397127 908
20143 744 831372 270163 18971 539130 334
20154 361 638415 850198 49392 868119 468
20164 746 476435 978225 514104 653132 669
20174 800 993449 635230 036108 761131 664
20184 857 563453 916242 138100 474126 709
20195 373 397495 241288 089121 053146 349
20205 928 757559 768337 563137 932165 484
20216 127 626570 333351 434147 467180 264
20226 221 561570 877357 229153 206182 951
20236 021 505561 768366 118155 130185 460
), ArticleFig(id=1324078016359445321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2012—2023年全国以及四个代表省份的养老床位数(单位:张)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份全国江苏湖北陕西辽宁
20122 732 277335 786178 83652 297119 680
20133 212 270404 336156 63164 397127 908
20143 744 831372 270163 18971 539130 334
20154 361 638415 850198 49392 868119 468
20164 746 476435 978225 514104 653132 669
20174 800 993449 635230 036108 761131 664
20184 857 563453 916242 138100 474126 709
20195 373 397495 241288 089121 053146 349
20205 928 757559 768337 563137 932165 484
20216 127 626570 333351 434147 467180 264
20226 221 561570 877357 229153 206182 951
20236 021 505561 768366 118155 130185 460
), ArticleFig(id=1324078016472691530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The prediction error value of the number of elderly care beds under the grey model framework(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区灰色模型
GM(1,1)DGMNDGMFGMCFGMDAGMNIPGM
全国13.2913.304.225.633.3711.693.14
江苏7.557.5216.177.552.097.557.54
湖北15.1615.3115.2112.653.0914.8114.65
陕西10.2210.202.074.372.461 837.392.05
辽宁2.953.1342.218.282.952.836.44
), ArticleFig(id=1324078016560771915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

灰色模型框架下养老床位数的预测误差值(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区灰色模型
GM(1,1)DGMNDGMFGMCFGMDAGMNIPGM
全国13.2913.304.225.633.3711.693.14
江苏7.557.5216.177.552.097.557.54
湖北15.1615.3115.2112.653.0914.8114.65
陕西10.2210.202.074.372.461 837.392.05
辽宁2.953.1342.218.282.952.836.44
), ArticleFig(id=1324078016644657996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Forecast results of the number of elderly care beds (taking Jiangsu as an example) (Unit: beds)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份原始数据GM(1,1)DGMNDGMFGMCFGMDAGMNIPGM
2012335 786335 786335 786335 786335 786335 786335 786335 786
2013404 336371 630371 946384 950371 630356 736371 630371 617
2014372 270391 441391 728396 553391 441394 111391 441391 438
2015415 850412 309412 562410 490412 309423 686412 309412 313
2016435 978434 289434 505427 228434 289448 722434 289434 298
2017449 635457 441457 615447 333457 441470 765457 441457 452
2018453 916481 827481 953471 480481 827490 680481 827481 838
2019495 241507 513507 586500 483507 513509 000507 513507 519
2020559 768534 568534 583535 318534 568526 081534 568534 567
2021570 333563 066563 015577 157563 066542 174563 066563 052
Simulation MAPE(%)3.063.062.563.064.903.063.06
2022570 877593 083592 960627 410593 083557 460593 083593 052
2023561 768624 700624 497687 768624 700572 076624 700624 647
Forecast MAPE(%)7.557.5216.177.552.097.557.54
), ArticleFig(id=1324078016728544077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

养老床位数预测结果(以江苏为例)(单位:张)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份原始数据GM(1,1)DGMNDGMFGMCFGMDAGMNIPGM
2012335 786335 786335 786335 786335 786335 786335 786335 786
2013404 336371 630371 946384 950371 630356 736371 630371 617
2014372 270391 441391 728396 553391 441394 111391 441391 438
2015415 850412 309412 562410 490412 309423 686412 309412 313
2016435 978434 289434 505427 228434 289448 722434 289434 298
2017449 635457 441457 615447 333457 441470 765457 441457 452
2018453 916481 827481 953471 480481 827490 680481 827481 838
2019495 241507 513507 586500 483507 513509 000507 513507 519
2020559 768534 568534 583535 318534 568526 081534 568534 567
2021570 333563 066563 015577 157563 066542 174563 066563 052
Simulation MAPE(%)3.063.062.563.064.903.063.06
2022570 877593 083592 960627 410593 083557 460593 083593 052
2023561 768624 700624 497687 768624 700572 076624 700624 647
Forecast MAPE(%)7.557.5216.177.552.097.557.54
), ArticleFig(id=1324078016850178894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The verification results of accuracy for China and representative provinces in the region from 2024 to 2028

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域2024—2028年全国及区域代表省份模型检验数据
模型MAPE
(%)
灰色绝对关联度C值P值预测精度等级
全国NIPGM2.720.996 90.036 311级(良好)
东部地区(江苏)CFGM3.150.994 50.042 411级(良好)
中部地区(湖北)CFGM3.960.993 50.051 811级(良好)
西部地区(陕西)NIPGM4.230.996 90.058 311级(良好)
东北地区(辽宁)DAGM5.170.995 40.066 111级(良好)
), ArticleFig(id=1324078016938259279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2024—2028年全国及区域代表省份精度检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域2024—2028年全国及区域代表省份模型检验数据
模型MAPE
(%)
灰色绝对关联度C值P值预测精度等级
全国NIPGM2.720.996 90.036 311级(良好)
东部地区(江苏)CFGM3.150.994 50.042 411级(良好)
中部地区(湖北)CFGM3.960.993 50.051 811级(良好)
西部地区(陕西)NIPGM4.230.996 90.058 311级(良好)
东北地区(辽宁)DAGM5.170.995 40.066 111级(良好)
), ArticleFig(id=1324078017013756752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Forecasted data on the number of elderly care beds in China and each region from 2024 to 2028 (Unit: beds)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份养老床位数
全国东部地区(江苏)中部地区(湖北)西部地区(陕西)东北地区(辽宁)
20246 320 266620 488421 913161 814195 633
20256 423 084648 462455 748167 872205 365
20266 511 570677 697491 957173 576215 582
20276 587 721708 250530 725178 946226 307
20286 653 258740 181572 245184 002237 566
), ArticleFig(id=1324078017127002961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324078006314087147, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

2024—2028年全国及各区域养老床位预测数据(单位:张)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份养老床位数
全国东部地区(江苏)中部地区(湖北)西部地区(陕西)东北地区(辽宁)
20246 320 266620 488421 913161 814195 633
20256 423 084648 462455 748167 872205 365
20266 511 570677 697491 957173 576215 582
20276 587 721708 250530 725178 946226 307
20286 653 258740 181572 245184 002237 566
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区域差异视角下基于灰色系统框架的养老服务床位预测研究
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宋梅晓 1 , 钱雨馨 1 , 陆佳怡 1 , 卢奕彤 1 , 金佳怡 1 , 仲亚琴 2 , 郭晓君 1
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2026,53(4): 662-668
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现代预防医学 |卫生政策与管理 2026 , 53 (4) : 662 -668
区域差异视角下基于灰色系统框架的养老服务床位预测研究
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宋梅晓1, 钱雨馨1, 陆佳怡1, 卢奕彤1, 金佳怡1, 仲亚琴2, 郭晓君1
作者信息
  • 1.南通大学数学与统计学院,江苏 南通 226019
  • 2.南通大学公共卫生学院
通讯作者:
郭晓君,E-mail:
作者简介:

宋梅晓(2004—),女,本科在读,研究方向:灰色系统理论,人口老龄化

Research on the prediction of elderly service beds based on a grey system framework from the perspective of regional differences
Mei-xiao SONG1, Yu-xin QIAN1, Jia-yi LU1, Yi-tong LU1, Jia-yi JIN1, Ya-qin ZHONG2, Xiao-jun GUO1
Affiliations
  • School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505179
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目的

基于灰色系统理论框架,构建适用于养老服务床位需求预测的组合模型,从区域差异的视角揭示我国不同地区养老服务床位资源的未来发展趋势,为优化养老资源配置与相关政策制定提供决策参考。

方法

构建融合分数阶灰色模型与非齐次离散灰色模型等改进模型的组合预测框架,基于《中国社会统计年鉴》中养老服务床位相关指标数据,针对我国东部、中部、西部和东北四个地区,预测2024—2028年养老服务床位需求的变化趋势。

结果

预计2028年,中国及其四个代表性省份的养老床位数将分别达到6 653 258张、740 181张、572 245张、184 002张、237 566张。东部、中部、西部和东北四大区域的养老服务床位需求均呈上升趋势,尤以东部和中部地区增长更为显著,反映出人口老龄化加剧带来的更大养老压力;西部和东北地区虽整体需求较低,但亦呈稳步上升态势,预示其养老压力将在未来逐渐加重。

结论

我国各区域养老服务床位资源将在未来持续增长,东部地区的养老资源配置水平仍将优于中西部及东北地区。本研究能较好反映各地区养老服务需求的差异性特征,为区域养老资源的科学配置提供有力支持。

养老服务床位  /  灰色系统  /  灰色预测模型  /  区域差异
Objective

Based on the theoretical framework of the grey system, a combined model suitable for the demand prediction of elderly care service beds is constructed to reveal the future development trend of elderly care service bed resources in different regions of China from the perspective of regional differences, providing decision-making references for optimizing the allocation of elderly care resources and the formulation of related policies.

Methods

Researchers construct a combined prediction framework integrating improved models such as the fractional-order grey model and the non-homogeneous discrete grey model. Based on the relevant indicator data of elderly care service beds in the “China Social Statistical Yearbook”, they predict the changing trend of elderly care service bed demand in the four regions of eastern, central, western and northeastern China from 2024 to 2028.

Results

By 2028, the number of elderly care beds in China and its four representative provinces is expected to reach 6 653 258,740 181,572 245,184 002, and 237 566, respectively. The demand for elderly care service beds in the four major regions of the east, central, west and northeast all shows an upward trend. Especially in the east and central regions, the growth is more significant, reflecting the greater elderly care pressure brought about by the intensification of population aging. Although the overall demand in the western and northeastern regions is relatively low, it is also showing a steady upward trend, indicating that the pressure of elderly care in these areas will gradually increase in the future.

Conclusion

The resources of elderly care service beds in various regions of our country will continue to grow in the future. The allocation level of elderly care resources in the eastern region will still be better than that in the central and western regions as well as the northeastern region. This research can better reflect the differential characteristics of elderly care service demands in various regions and provide strong support for the scientific allocation of regional elderly care resources.

Elderly service beds  /  Grey system  /  Grey prediction model  /  Regional differences
宋梅晓, 钱雨馨, 陆佳怡, 卢奕彤, 金佳怡, 仲亚琴, 郭晓君. 区域差异视角下基于灰色系统框架的养老服务床位预测研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (4) : 662 -668 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505179
Mei-xiao SONG, Yu-xin QIAN, Jia-yi LU, Yi-tong LU, Jia-yi JIN, Ya-qin ZHONG, Xiao-jun GUO. Research on the prediction of elderly service beds based on a grey system framework from the perspective of regional differences[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (4) : 662 -668 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505179
人口老龄化[1]已成为21世纪全球面临的共同挑战,对经济社会发展产生深远影响。自2000年正式进入老龄化社会以来,我国老年人口规模持续扩大,截至2022年底老龄人口已达2.8亿,预计到2035年将突破4亿,进入重度老龄化阶段。我国人口老龄化呈现出规模大、增速快、区域差异显著的特点,这种不均衡的发展态势给养老服务体系建设带来严峻挑战,亟需采取科学有效的应对措施。在此背景下,本文构建融合分数阶灰色模型[2]与非齐次离散灰色模型[3]等改进模型的组合预测框架,整合不同灰色模型的优势。通过分析不同区域老龄化进程与养老资源供需的动态关系,验证该模型对养老服务床位数据预测的适用性,为我国老龄化现状提出应对建议,也为其他领域的预测研究,如教育资源,提供了实例支持。
人口老龄化及养老资源(如养老床位、养老机构数等指标)现有预测研究主要采用时间序列分析、多元线性回归以及灰色系统模型等方法。Wei等[4]用ARIMA、指数平滑、GM(1,1)及LSTM构建猴痘疫情预测模型。Javanmardi等[5]以灰色关联分析探讨可持续发展;Qin等[6]开发含生物标志物的肿瘤免疫疗效模型。不同模型和方法在人口预测中各有优劣。相比之下,郝文琪和曹莉[7]用贝叶斯模型预测海南人口;Guo等[8]基于灰色模型分析江苏老龄化趋势;Zhang等[9]的新型灰色模型有效捕捉中国老龄化动态。针对传统灰色模型平滑性强但波动性捕捉不足的缺陷,学者提出多种改进方案: Tahraoui等[10]融合KNN与灰狼优化器创新水质预测;Zhang等[11]验证新型灰色模型在老龄化预测中的有效性;胥俊林和陈友军[12]用新陈代谢灰色模型精准预测四川老龄化数据。针对人口老龄化的区域差异,本文构建了模型组合框架,以适应最佳预测模型的选择。面对复杂的数据特征时,有利于获得更准确的预测。
灰色模型是一种通过少量的、不完全的信息,建立灰色微分预测模型,对事物发展规律作出模糊性的合理描述的预测模型。最基本的灰色模型是GM(1,1)[13]模型,具体建模步骤如下:
Step 1:设置原始数据序列X(0):
其中x(0)(k)≥0,k=1,2,…n,且n≥4。
Step 2:累加生成,得到原始数据序列X(0)的一阶累加生成序列X(1):
其中,k=1,2,…n。
Step 3:定义一阶累加生成序列X(1)的邻值生成数列z(1)为
其中,k=2,3,…n。
Step 4:定义GM(1,1)的灰微分方程模型:
其中参数a为发展系数,参数b为灰作用量,x(0)(k)、z(1)(k)见Step1、Step3。
Step 5:将上述微分方程离散化,通过最小二乘估计确定方程(4)的参数。引入矩阵向量,可得
可得。
Step 6:定义GM(1,1)的白微分方程模型,将x(0)(k)的时刻k=2,3,…n视为连续变量t,可得GM(1,1)灰微分方程对应的白微分方程模型为
Step 7:求解式(6),可得解
Step 8:得到时间响应函数为
Step 9:得到相应的预测函数为
根据上述步骤和式(9),可得序列X(0)的拟合值和预测值。
基于传统GM(1,1)模型得到改进的灰色模型,具有更好的非线性预测性能。本文选择离散灰色模型(Discrete Grey Model , DGM)、非齐次离散灰色模型(Non-Homogeneous Discrete Grey Model , NDGM)、分数阶灰色模型(Fractional Grey Model , FGM)、一致性分数阶灰色模型(Conformable Fractional Order Grey Model, CFGM)、阻尼累加灰色模型(Damping Accumulated Grey Model, DAGM)和新信息优先灰色模型(New Information Priority Accumulated Grey Model, NIPGM)作为竞争模型。
拓展的灰色模型相较于GM(1,1)有显著的优势,如灰色模型DGM通过离散化计算降低数值误差、灰色模型NDGM可以嵌入外部变量实现因果推断,精准量化干预因素对预测结果的影响等。上述模型在数据处理和模型结构上存在差异,但建模步骤可以简化为四个步骤:
Step 1:构造积累序列,对原始序列进行累加生成AGO、累减生成、离散生成操作;
Step 2:建立灰色微分方程或离散方程;
Step 3:参数估计与求解,用普通最小二乘法、优化算法或约束条件求解模型参数;
Step 4:基于求解的时间响应函数或递推公式生成预测值。
通过计算预测数据的平均绝对百分比误差(Mean Absolute Percentage Error , MAPE)[14]、灰色绝对关联度、后验差比值C值以及小误差概率P值,可评估模型预测精度。其中MAPE表示预测值与实际值之间的差异相对于实际值的平均百分比。灰色绝对关联度反映比较序列与参考序列在各时间点的曲线形态逼近程度。C值为单点关联系数衡量序列局部相似性。P值则通过整合所有C值得出整体关联强度。MAPE值越小,灰色绝对关联度越大,预测精度越高。后验差比值C值以及小误差概率P值满足C≤0.35、P≥0.95时模型精度较好,适合用该模型进行预测。模型精度检验标准见表1。
基于灰色模型的养老服务床位的预测框架,建模流程步骤如图1所示。
本文研究涉及数据来源于中国统计局官网、《中国社会统计年鉴》。涵盖2012—2023年全国养老床位总数以及上述四省的对应指标。其中,养老床位总数通过抽样比、65岁及以上抽样人口数、每千养老床位数等数据计算得到。综合考虑各省份老龄化程度、人口数以及国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product,GDP)[15]情况以确定各地区的典型省份,其中各省份老龄化数据为主要指标,数据来源于2024年《中国社会统计年鉴》。以东部地区为例,老龄化程度排名前三为北京、上海、江苏;考虑人口因素以及GDP总量排名,选择江苏代表东部(江苏省GDP总量为第二)。最终,本研究选取江苏省、湖北省、陕西省和辽宁省分别作为东部、中部、西部及东北地区的典型样本。2012—2023年全国以及四个代表性省份原始数据详见表2。
利用抽样比、65岁及以上抽样人口数以及每千养老床位数,可得到养老床位总数的计算公式:
对表2的数据进行处理,得到全国以及四个代表省份的养老床位数数据表,见表3。
结合表3,得到2012到2023年全国以及四个代表性省份养老床位数折线图,如图2所示。
从图2可以看出,中国及其四个省份的养老床位数整体呈上升趋势,但不同地区的发展速度存在显著差异。全国层面在2016—2018年间增长缓慢,2018—2020年增幅明显,随后在2020—2023年趋于放缓并出现一定回落。江苏省在2012—2020年期间增长较快,其中2013年床位数出现明显上升,其每千人床位数也长期高于全国平均水平,表明其养老服务能力在全国处于领先位置;但2020—2023年增速放缓。湖北省自2013年起床位数持续增长,2018年养老机构数量大幅增加,反映出该省养老资源需求快速扩张。陕西省近年来虽总体呈上升态势,但2018年出现小幅下降,且床位水平低于全国平均,需要进一步关注养老资源保障能力的提升。辽宁省在2012—2018年增长相对缓慢,但自2018年起加速提升。总体来看,东部和中部地区的养老床位数显著高于其他区域,而西部与东北地区之间的差距在逐步缩小。
将表3的数据带入灰色模型。将2012—2021年的数据作为训练数据,2022—2023年的数据作为测试数据,通过对比MAPE值选择最佳模型。预测误差值见表4,数据最优预测结果控制在4.00%以内,预测精度相对较高,灰色模型预测框架是非常有效的。
根据表4可以得到,NIPGM模型对全国和陕西地区的养老床位数预测效果最好,CFGM模型预测江苏地区和湖北地区的养老床位数效果最佳,辽宁地区的养老床位数选择DAGM模型来预测最有效。以江苏省为例,根据表2中养老床位数进行模拟计算。7个灰色模型预测结果见表5,CFGM模型预测误差率最低,为2.09%,适合作为江苏省养老床位数的预测模型。
根据3.2.1中选取的模型预测2024—2028年中国及其四个代表性省份的养老床位数。精度检验结果见表6,预测数据见表7。
图3展示了四个区域代表省份2012—2023年的养老床位数情况,以及2024—2028年的养老床位数预测值。各地区数据总体上均呈上涨趋势。其中江苏省和湖北省的养老床位数增长率略高于陕西省和辽宁省,湖北省的养老床位数上升情况更陡峭。这意味着中国东中部地区的养老资源正在增加,考虑到东中部地区的老龄人口数量更多,整体的养老资源仍为供小于求的阶段。
从图3可以看出,2024—2028年的养老床位数,整体呈现上升趋势。其中陕西省和辽宁省的养老床位数数据趋势相近,可见西部地区与东北部地区的养老资源状况相近。
预测结果表明,未来几年中国各地区的养老呈现出不同的特征。
(1)各地区养老床位数整体呈上升趋势。中国及其四个代表性省份的养老床位数将分别达到665万张、74万张、57万张、18万张、23万张。
(2)全国整体养老床位总量年增1.3%,增速较为平缓,但区域差异显著。东部、中部的增速快于西部,东北区域发展不均衡。江苏省养老床位增速快且数量多,2028年预测达740 181张,显著高于其他区域,反映东部地区养老服务需求较高。湖北省床位增速最快,可见我国中部老龄化问题急剧凸显。陕西省养老床位基数小且增速平缓。辽宁省虽然床位增速中等,但老龄化问题仍然较为严峻。
(3)各地区人口老龄化程度不平衡,对养老床位的需求程度也不同。中国东部地区养老床位配置程度高于中西部、东北地区。但是东部的老龄化程度也远高于中西部以及东北地区。这一定程度上表明未来5年,中国东部地区的养老床位需求程度将比其他区域更为严重。
根据模型预测结果及相关分析,提出以下建议。
(1)养老资源(包括养老床位、养老机构等)开发势在必行。中国进入深度老龄化社会,养老资源短缺。而传统家庭养老功能弱化,社会化养老资源成为重要补充,对医疗、护理等需求持续增长。
(2)中国人口区域差异明显,各地区需制定不同的应对策略。东部地区可以继续增加养老领域方面的投入。中部地区可以优化养老设施,提高养老水平。西部地区则需大力投资养老改善老年人医疗条件。
(3)面对养老服务设施不足、专业护理人员短缺等问题,各区域需科学合理配置养老、医疗相关资源。全社会参与,加大中西部地区的财政投入,完善社会保障体系,发展多元化模式,利用远程医疗、智能穿戴设备等智慧养老提升服务效率。
本研究基于灰色系统理论,构建适用于中国不同地区的养老床位预测模型,分析了东部、中部、西部和东北四个地区在2024—2028年养老床位需求的变化趋势。从预测结果来看,四个地区的养老床位数均呈现出上升趋势。在东部和中部地区,养老床位的需求增长更加显著。西部和东北地区的养老床位需求相对较低,但也呈现逐步增长的态势,表明这些地区的养老压力在未来几年将逐步增加。基于本研究的灰色系统模型框架具有较高的准确性和适用性,能有效反映各地区养老床位需求的趋势。该模型在应用中较好地捕捉到了不同地区老龄化速度的差异,为养老服务的资源配置提供了有力的支持。未来的研究可以更注重细化和多维度的预测模型建设,结合实际的政策环境和地方政府的需求,提供更具实用性的决策支持。
  • 国家社会科学基金项目(21BGL302)
  • 江苏省大学生创新训练计划项目(202410304076Y)
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2026年第53卷第4期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505179
  • 接收时间:2025-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
补充材料
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-14
基金
国家社会科学基金项目(21BGL302)
江苏省大学生创新训练计划项目(202410304076Y)
作者信息
    1.南通大学数学与统计学院,江苏 南通 226019
    2.南通大学公共卫生学院

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郭晓君,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505179
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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