Article(id=1324077985967518324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506402, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750694400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614392034, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614392034, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614392034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614392034, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077868950631142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614364134, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614446224, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078213328142371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078213332336676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=608, endPage=614, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077987850760821, articleId=1324077985967518324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Factors influencing delays in pulmonary tuberculosis detection and health-seeking among Chinese mainland students: A systematic review and meta-analysis, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To systematically evaluate the factors influencing delayed detection and health-seeking of pulmonary tuberculosis among Chinese mainland students.

Methods

Literature was searched from CNKI, CBM, VIP, WanFang Data, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Web of science, Cochrane library, and CINAHL Complete up to May 8, 2025. Registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251058065).

Results

22 papers involving 123 802 tuberculosis students were included. Meta-analysis showed that junior high school (OR=0.795, 95% CI=0.674-0.936), onset in the fourth quarter (OR=0.806, 95% CI=0.702~0.926), pathogenetic positivity (OR=1.599, 95% CI=1.166-2.192), and tuberculous pleurisy (OR=1.611, 95% CI=1.447-1.794) influenced delayed detection; female (OR=1.092, 95% CI=1.005-1.187), pathogenetic positivity (OR=1.220, 95% CI=1.092~1.362), no pathogenetic result (OR=0.482, 95% CI=0.351-0.664), tuberculous pleurisy(OR=1.181, 95% CI=1.041-1.341), passive detection(OR=2.348, 95% CI=1.891~2.916), consultation due to disease (OR=3.743, 95% CI=2.531-5.535), referral due to disease (OR=3.591, 95% CI=3.074-4.196), and referral (OR=2.914, 95% CI=2.716-3.127), follow-up (OR=4.163, 95% CI=3.389-5.115), other routes (OR=2.790, 95% CI=2.379-3.272), serious illness (OR=1.127, 95% CI=1.049-1.210), and general hospital (OR=0.540, 95% CI=0.372-0.783) influenced delayed health-seeking.

Conclusion

Student tuberculosis delays are multifactorial, necessitating targeted interventions including campus symptom monitoring and cross-departmental referral channels.

, authors=Yi-ting WANG, Hua KANG, Fan YANG, Hui-yu HU, authorsList=Yi-ting WANG, Hua KANG, Fan YANG, Hui-yu HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hua KANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077989255852672, articleId=1324077985967518324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=中国大陆学生肺结核发现延迟与就诊延迟影响因素的系统评价与Meta分析, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

系统评价中国大陆地区学生肺结核发现和就诊延迟的影响因素。

方法

检索中国知网、SinoMed、维普、万方、Embase、Scopus、PubMed、Web of science、Cochrane library和CINAHL Complete数据库从建库到2025年5月8日所有相关文献。研究已在PROSPERO平台注册(CRD420251058065)。

结果

最终纳入22篇文献,涉及123 802名肺结核患者。Meta分析结果显示,初中(OR=0.795,95% CI=0.674~0.936)、第四季度发病(OR=0.806,95% CI=0.702~0.926)、病原学阳性(OR=1.599,95% CI=1.166~2.192)、结核性胸膜炎(OR=1.611,95% CI=1.447~1.794)是发现延迟的影响因素;女性(OR=1.092,95% CI=1.005~1.187)、病原学阳性(OR=1.220,95% CI=1.092~1.362)、无病原学结果(OR=0.482,95% CI=0.351~0.664)、结核性胸膜炎(OR=1.181,95% CI=1.041~1.341)、被动发现(OR=2.348,95% CI=1.891~2.916)、因症就诊(OR=3.743,95% CI=2.531~5.535)、因症推荐(OR=3.591,95% CI=3.074~4.196)、转诊(OR=2.914,95% CI=2.716~3.127)、追踪(OR=4.163,95% CI=3.389~5.115)、其他途径(OR=2.790,95% CI=2.379~3.272)、重症(OR=1.127,95% CI=1.049~1.210)、综合医院(OR=0.540,95% CI=0.372~0.783)是就诊延迟的影响因素。

结论

中国大陆学生肺结核发现和就诊延迟受多种因素综合影响,相关部门应建立校园症状监测系统与跨部门转诊绿色通道等针对性措施减少学生发现和就诊延误,从而实现疾病的早发现、早诊断、早治疗。

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汪伊婷(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:临床护理

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康华,E-mail:
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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Delay in care-seeking and its influencing factors among tuberculosis patients in Dongguan city, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077989587202689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077985967518324, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077989595591298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077985967518324, companyId=1324077989587202689, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077989608174211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077985967518324, companyId=1324077989587202689, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=成都中医药大学护理学院,四川 成都 610075)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324077993634706085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077985967518324, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Literature screening flowchart, figureFileSmall=62bdeGMNGe+iXXh2QzoEiQ==, figureFileBig=pisNyXyGj29DvbDVbquRvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077993710203558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077985967518324, language=CN, label=图1, caption=文献筛选流程图, figureFileSmall=62bdeGMNGe+iXXh2QzoEiQ==, figureFileBig=pisNyXyGj29DvbDVbquRvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077994066719399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077985967518324, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics and quality evaluation of the included literature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入研究地区研究时间样本量影响因素研究类型质量评分质量等级
发现延迟就诊延迟
王瑞华2025[8]泰安2013—2022656-①②③④⑬A7中
廖文平2025[9]重庆2020—20244 725-①②③④⑤⑥A5中
杨国锋2024[10]西藏2012—20217 063-①②③④A5中
陈高尚2024[11]金华2012—20231 592①④⑦⑧⑫-A6中
徐丽娟2023[12]内蒙古2011—20226 032④⑦⑫③④⑫A6中
马丽2023[13]乌鲁木齐2010—2019996④③④⑤A5中
李玲2023[14]云南2016—202111 469-①②④⑧A5中
龚德华2023[15]湖南2011—202017 365①④⑥⑪-A5中
杜文琼2023[16]河南2016—202014 422①③④⑧⑨⑩⑭⑮⑯①③④⑧⑨⑩⑭⑮B8高
代晓琦2023[17]青岛2012—20211 463④⑤⑥⑫①④⑤⑥A6中
马志2022[18]伊宁2009—2020443-①③④A5中
马斌忠2022[19]青海2011—20204 496-②④⑥⑨⑰A7中
李丽2022[20]武汉市洪山区2016—2020528-③④⑥⑦⑲A5中
赖静文2022[21]广州市番禺区2015—2020479-①④⑧A5中
马煜2021[22]陕西2015—20196 739-①③④⑤⑧⑨⑪A5中
马晓雪2021[23]贵州2011—202034 315-①②③④⑤⑥⑨⑪⑮⑳A6中
胡洁2021[24]嘉兴2010—2019443①④⑪⑫⑱-A5中
傅颖2021[25]苏州2011-20201 148①③④⑤⑥-B7高
白璐璐2021[26]贵阳2014—20201 323①③④⑧⑩⑫①③④⑤⑨⑩⑫A7中
张正斌2020[27]武汉2011—20183 717-②④⑤⑥⑧⑬A5中
郭培军2016[28]烟台2011—2015566-③④⑯A6中
陈彬2013[29]浙江2008—20103 822①④⑥⑦⑫⑬⑰-A5中
), ArticleFig(id=1324077994142216872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077985967518324, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳入文献基本特征及质量评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入研究地区研究时间样本量影响因素研究类型质量评分质量等级
发现延迟就诊延迟
王瑞华2025[8]泰安2013—2022656-①②③④⑬A7中
廖文平2025[9]重庆2020—20244 725-①②③④⑤⑥A5中
杨国锋2024[10]西藏2012—20217 063-①②③④A5中
陈高尚2024[11]金华2012—20231 592①④⑦⑧⑫-A6中
徐丽娟2023[12]内蒙古2011—20226 032④⑦⑫③④⑫A6中
马丽2023[13]乌鲁木齐2010—2019996④③④⑤A5中
李玲2023[14]云南2016—202111 469-①②④⑧A5中
龚德华2023[15]湖南2011—202017 365①④⑥⑪-A5中
杜文琼2023[16]河南2016—202014 422①③④⑧⑨⑩⑭⑮⑯①③④⑧⑨⑩⑭⑮B8高
代晓琦2023[17]青岛2012—20211 463④⑤⑥⑫①④⑤⑥A6中
马志2022[18]伊宁2009—2020443-①③④A5中
马斌忠2022[19]青海2011—20204 496-②④⑥⑨⑰A7中
李丽2022[20]武汉市洪山区2016—2020528-③④⑥⑦⑲A5中
赖静文2022[21]广州市番禺区2015—2020479-①④⑧A5中
马煜2021[22]陕西2015—20196 739-①③④⑤⑧⑨⑪A5中
马晓雪2021[23]贵州2011—202034 315-①②③④⑤⑥⑨⑪⑮⑳A6中
胡洁2021[24]嘉兴2010—2019443①④⑪⑫⑱-A5中
傅颖2021[25]苏州2011-20201 148①③④⑤⑥-B7高
白璐璐2021[26]贵阳2014—20201 323①③④⑧⑩⑫①③④⑤⑨⑩⑫A7中
张正斌2020[27]武汉2011—20183 717-②④⑤⑥⑧⑬A5中
郭培军2016[28]烟台2011—2015566-③④⑯A6中
陈彬2013[29]浙江2008—20103 822①④⑥⑦⑫⑬⑰-A5中
), ArticleFig(id=1324077994226102953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077985967518324, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Meta-analysis of factors influencing the delayed onset of tuberculosis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素参照组篇数异质性检验效应模型Meta分析敏感性分析
OR(95%CI)
I2值P值OR(95%CI)P值
发现延迟
性别
女性男性20.00.426F1.051(0.894~1.236)0.546-
学段
初中小学312.00.321F0.795(0.674~0.936)0.0060.794(0.648~0.973)
高中小学361.80.073R0.782(0.583~1.050)0.102-
首发症状出现时间
二季度一季度286.70.006R0.789(0.510~1.222)0.289-
三季度一季度267.60.079R0.947(0.706~1.270)0.715-
四季度一季度228.30.238F0.806(0.702~0.926)0.0020.792(0.658~0.953)
诊断结果
病原学阳性病原学阴性478.10.003R1.599(1.166~2.192)0.0041.967(1.824~2.121)
结核性胸膜炎病原学阴性223.40.253F1.611(1.447~1.794)<0.0011.522(1.095~2.117)
无病原学结果病原学阴性264.10.095R0.530(0.103~2.729)0.4480.919(0.693~1.219)
患者来源
主动筛查健康检查20.00.765F1.746(0.741~4.116)0.203-
就诊延迟
性别
女性男性765.60.008R1.092(1.005~1.187)0.0381.073(1.036~1.112)
年龄
13~18岁≤12岁367.30.047R0.806(0.571~1.137)0.219-
民族
少数民族汉族596.0<0.001R1.103(0.818~1.488)0.519-
藏族汉族294.9<0.001R1.612(0.240~10.844)0.623-
除藏族外其他少数民族汉族283.40.014R1.709(0.509~5.735)0.386-
诊断结果
病原学阳性病原学阴性1085.9<0.001R1.220(1.092~1.362)<0.0011.345(1.300~1.392)
无病原学结果病原学阴性512.60.333F0.938(0.816~1.078)0.366-
无病原学结果病原学阳性20.00.738F0.482(0.351~0.664)<0.0010.482(0.351~0.664)
结核性胸膜炎病原学阴性457.20.072R1.181(1.041~1.341)0.0101.189(1.106~1.277)
户籍
本地外地487.4<0.001R1.224(0.651~2.375)0.509-
流动本地883.6<0.001R0.989(0.874~1.120)0.867-
治疗分类
复治初治577.50.001R1.434(0.989~2.080)0.058-
患者来源
被动发现主动发现483.7<0.001R2.348(1.891~2.916)<0.0012.283(2.119~2.460)
因症就诊健康检查689.2<0.001R3.743(2.531~5.535)<0.0014.593(4.283~4.926)
因症推荐健康检查30.00.976F3.591(3.074~4.196)<0.0013.591(3.074~4.196)
转诊健康检查518.50.297F2.914(2.716~3.127)<0.0012.902(2.575~3.269)
追踪健康检查554.10.069R4.163(3.389~5.115)<0.0014.187(3.866~4.535)
密切接触者检查健康检查40.00.622F1.198(0.933~1.538)0.157-
其他途径健康检查30.00.699F2.79(2.379~3.272)<0.0012.790(2.379~3.272)
重症
是否212.40.285F1.127(1.049~1.210)0.0011.104(0.930~1.311)
首诊单位类型
综合医院疾控机构262.90.101R0.54(0.372~0.783)0.0010.592(0.506~0.693)
), ArticleFig(id=1324077994330960554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077985967518324, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

延迟发生影响因素的Meta分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素参照组篇数异质性检验效应模型Meta分析敏感性分析
OR(95%CI)
I2值P值OR(95%CI)P值
发现延迟
性别
女性男性20.00.426F1.051(0.894~1.236)0.546-
学段
初中小学312.00.321F0.795(0.674~0.936)0.0060.794(0.648~0.973)
高中小学361.80.073R0.782(0.583~1.050)0.102-
首发症状出现时间
二季度一季度286.70.006R0.789(0.510~1.222)0.289-
三季度一季度267.60.079R0.947(0.706~1.270)0.715-
四季度一季度228.30.238F0.806(0.702~0.926)0.0020.792(0.658~0.953)
诊断结果
病原学阳性病原学阴性478.10.003R1.599(1.166~2.192)0.0041.967(1.824~2.121)
结核性胸膜炎病原学阴性223.40.253F1.611(1.447~1.794)<0.0011.522(1.095~2.117)
无病原学结果病原学阴性264.10.095R0.530(0.103~2.729)0.4480.919(0.693~1.219)
患者来源
主动筛查健康检查20.00.765F1.746(0.741~4.116)0.203-
就诊延迟
性别
女性男性765.60.008R1.092(1.005~1.187)0.0381.073(1.036~1.112)
年龄
13~18岁≤12岁367.30.047R0.806(0.571~1.137)0.219-
民族
少数民族汉族596.0<0.001R1.103(0.818~1.488)0.519-
藏族汉族294.9<0.001R1.612(0.240~10.844)0.623-
除藏族外其他少数民族汉族283.40.014R1.709(0.509~5.735)0.386-
诊断结果
病原学阳性病原学阴性1085.9<0.001R1.220(1.092~1.362)<0.0011.345(1.300~1.392)
无病原学结果病原学阴性512.60.333F0.938(0.816~1.078)0.366-
无病原学结果病原学阳性20.00.738F0.482(0.351~0.664)<0.0010.482(0.351~0.664)
结核性胸膜炎病原学阴性457.20.072R1.181(1.041~1.341)0.0101.189(1.106~1.277)
户籍
本地外地487.4<0.001R1.224(0.651~2.375)0.509-
流动本地883.6<0.001R0.989(0.874~1.120)0.867-
治疗分类
复治初治577.50.001R1.434(0.989~2.080)0.058-
患者来源
被动发现主动发现483.7<0.001R2.348(1.891~2.916)<0.0012.283(2.119~2.460)
因症就诊健康检查689.2<0.001R3.743(2.531~5.535)<0.0014.593(4.283~4.926)
因症推荐健康检查30.00.976F3.591(3.074~4.196)<0.0013.591(3.074~4.196)
转诊健康检查518.50.297F2.914(2.716~3.127)<0.0012.902(2.575~3.269)
追踪健康检查554.10.069R4.163(3.389~5.115)<0.0014.187(3.866~4.535)
密切接触者检查健康检查40.00.622F1.198(0.933~1.538)0.157-
其他途径健康检查30.00.699F2.79(2.379~3.272)<0.0012.790(2.379~3.272)
重症
是否212.40.285F1.127(1.049~1.210)0.0011.104(0.930~1.311)
首诊单位类型
综合医院疾控机构262.90.101R0.54(0.372~0.783)0.0010.592(0.506~0.693)
), ArticleFig(id=1324077994435818155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077985967518324, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of subgroup analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素参照组亚组篇数I2值OR(95%CI)P值亚组间P值
发现延迟
高中小学>28d1-0.576(0.350~0.947)0.0300.239
中位数274.00.854(0.595~1.228)0.395
病原学阳性病原学阴性>28 d1-1.733(1.136~2.643)0.0110.550
中位数385.01.514(1.002~2.287)0.049
就诊延迟
女性男性>14d573.81.132(0.996~1.285)0.0580.338
≥14 d1-1.080(0.975~1.196)0.140
中位数1-0.970(0.844~1.115)0.668
13~18岁≤12岁>14d272.00.890(0.619~1.281)0.5300.110
中位数1-0.570(0.327~0.992)0.047
少数民族汉族>14d365.51.226(1.173~1.283)<0.001<0.001
中位数293.20.813(0.753~0.879)<0.001
病原学阳性病原学阴性>14d787.51.167(0.970~1.403)0.1020.001
≥14 d1-1.087(0.964~1.226)0.174
≥15 d1-1.388(1.278~1.507)<0.001
中位数1-1.285(1.182~1.396)<0.001
结核性胸膜炎病原学阴性>14d30.01.102(1.001~1.212)0.0450.017
≥15 d1-1.316(1.179~1.469)<0.001
本地外地>14d391.61.217(0.526~2.815)0.6460.748
>15 d1-1.350(0.720~2.531)0.349
流动本地>14d586.60.970(0.797~1.182)0.7650.002
≥14 d20.00.954(0.859~1.060)0.385
≥15 d1-1.110(1.023~1.205)0.013
复治初治>14d382.11.539(0.853~2.776)0.1520.037
≥14 d1-0.920(0.541~1.564)0.758
≥15 d1-1.800(1.293~2.505)<0.001
被动发现主动发现>14d281.82.328(1.380~3.930)0.0020.002
≥15 d1-2.671(2.335~3.056)<0.001
中位数1-2.015(1.821~2.230)<0.001
因症就诊健康检查>14d460.35.143(4.108~6.440)<0.001<0.001
≥14 d1-1.840(1.319~2.567)<0.001
中位数1-0.990(0.341~2.871)0.985
追踪健康检查>14d326.34.117(3.792~4.470)<0.0010.050
≥14 d1-6.070(4.290~8.589)<0.001
中位数1-2.210(0.780~6.261)0.136
), ArticleFig(id=1324077994951717548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077985967518324, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

亚组分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素参照组亚组篇数I2值OR(95%CI)P值亚组间P值
发现延迟
高中小学>28d1-0.576(0.350~0.947)0.0300.239
中位数274.00.854(0.595~1.228)0.395
病原学阳性病原学阴性>28 d1-1.733(1.136~2.643)0.0110.550
中位数385.01.514(1.002~2.287)0.049
就诊延迟
女性男性>14d573.81.132(0.996~1.285)0.0580.338
≥14 d1-1.080(0.975~1.196)0.140
中位数1-0.970(0.844~1.115)0.668
13~18岁≤12岁>14d272.00.890(0.619~1.281)0.5300.110
中位数1-0.570(0.327~0.992)0.047
少数民族汉族>14d365.51.226(1.173~1.283)<0.001<0.001
中位数293.20.813(0.753~0.879)<0.001
病原学阳性病原学阴性>14d787.51.167(0.970~1.403)0.1020.001
≥14 d1-1.087(0.964~1.226)0.174
≥15 d1-1.388(1.278~1.507)<0.001
中位数1-1.285(1.182~1.396)<0.001
结核性胸膜炎病原学阴性>14d30.01.102(1.001~1.212)0.0450.017
≥15 d1-1.316(1.179~1.469)<0.001
本地外地>14d391.61.217(0.526~2.815)0.6460.748
>15 d1-1.350(0.720~2.531)0.349
流动本地>14d586.60.970(0.797~1.182)0.7650.002
≥14 d20.00.954(0.859~1.060)0.385
≥15 d1-1.110(1.023~1.205)0.013
复治初治>14d382.11.539(0.853~2.776)0.1520.037
≥14 d1-0.920(0.541~1.564)0.758
≥15 d1-1.800(1.293~2.505)<0.001
被动发现主动发现>14d281.82.328(1.380~3.930)0.0020.002
≥15 d1-2.671(2.335~3.056)<0.001
中位数1-2.015(1.821~2.230)<0.001
因症就诊健康检查>14d460.35.143(4.108~6.440)<0.001<0.001
≥14 d1-1.840(1.319~2.567)<0.001
中位数1-0.990(0.341~2.871)0.985
追踪健康检查>14d326.34.117(3.792~4.470)<0.0010.050
≥14 d1-6.070(4.290~8.589)<0.001
中位数1-2.210(0.780~6.261)0.136
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中国大陆学生肺结核发现延迟与就诊延迟影响因素的系统评价与Meta分析
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汪伊婷 , 康华 , 杨帆 , 胡荟羽
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(4): 608-614
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (4) : 608 -614
中国大陆学生肺结核发现延迟与就诊延迟影响因素的系统评价与Meta分析
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汪伊婷, 康华 , 杨帆, 胡荟羽
作者信息
  • 成都中医药大学护理学院,四川 成都 610075
通讯作者:
康华,E-mail:
作者简介:

汪伊婷(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:临床护理

Factors influencing delays in pulmonary tuberculosis detection and health-seeking among Chinese mainland students: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Yi-ting WANG, Hua KANG , Fan YANG, Hui-yu HU
Affiliations
  • School of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506402
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目的

系统评价中国大陆地区学生肺结核发现和就诊延迟的影响因素。

方法

检索中国知网、SinoMed、维普、万方、Embase、Scopus、PubMed、Web of science、Cochrane library和CINAHL Complete数据库从建库到2025年5月8日所有相关文献。研究已在PROSPERO平台注册(CRD420251058065)。

结果

最终纳入22篇文献,涉及123 802名肺结核患者。Meta分析结果显示,初中(OR=0.795,95% CI=0.674~0.936)、第四季度发病(OR=0.806,95% CI=0.702~0.926)、病原学阳性(OR=1.599,95% CI=1.166~2.192)、结核性胸膜炎(OR=1.611,95% CI=1.447~1.794)是发现延迟的影响因素;女性(OR=1.092,95% CI=1.005~1.187)、病原学阳性(OR=1.220,95% CI=1.092~1.362)、无病原学结果(OR=0.482,95% CI=0.351~0.664)、结核性胸膜炎(OR=1.181,95% CI=1.041~1.341)、被动发现(OR=2.348,95% CI=1.891~2.916)、因症就诊(OR=3.743,95% CI=2.531~5.535)、因症推荐(OR=3.591,95% CI=3.074~4.196)、转诊(OR=2.914,95% CI=2.716~3.127)、追踪(OR=4.163,95% CI=3.389~5.115)、其他途径(OR=2.790,95% CI=2.379~3.272)、重症(OR=1.127,95% CI=1.049~1.210)、综合医院(OR=0.540,95% CI=0.372~0.783)是就诊延迟的影响因素。

结论

中国大陆学生肺结核发现和就诊延迟受多种因素综合影响,相关部门应建立校园症状监测系统与跨部门转诊绿色通道等针对性措施减少学生发现和就诊延误,从而实现疾病的早发现、早诊断、早治疗。

中国  /  学生  /  发现延迟  /  就诊延迟  /  影响因素  /  Meta分析
Objective

To systematically evaluate the factors influencing delayed detection and health-seeking of pulmonary tuberculosis among Chinese mainland students.

Methods

Literature was searched from CNKI, CBM, VIP, WanFang Data, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Web of science, Cochrane library, and CINAHL Complete up to May 8, 2025. Registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251058065).

Results

22 papers involving 123 802 tuberculosis students were included. Meta-analysis showed that junior high school (OR=0.795, 95% CI=0.674-0.936), onset in the fourth quarter (OR=0.806, 95% CI=0.702~0.926), pathogenetic positivity (OR=1.599, 95% CI=1.166-2.192), and tuberculous pleurisy (OR=1.611, 95% CI=1.447-1.794) influenced delayed detection; female (OR=1.092, 95% CI=1.005-1.187), pathogenetic positivity (OR=1.220, 95% CI=1.092~1.362), no pathogenetic result (OR=0.482, 95% CI=0.351-0.664), tuberculous pleurisy(OR=1.181, 95% CI=1.041-1.341), passive detection(OR=2.348, 95% CI=1.891~2.916), consultation due to disease (OR=3.743, 95% CI=2.531-5.535), referral due to disease (OR=3.591, 95% CI=3.074-4.196), and referral (OR=2.914, 95% CI=2.716-3.127), follow-up (OR=4.163, 95% CI=3.389-5.115), other routes (OR=2.790, 95% CI=2.379-3.272), serious illness (OR=1.127, 95% CI=1.049-1.210), and general hospital (OR=0.540, 95% CI=0.372-0.783) influenced delayed health-seeking.

Conclusion

Student tuberculosis delays are multifactorial, necessitating targeted interventions including campus symptom monitoring and cross-departmental referral channels.

China  /  Students  /  Pulmonary tuberculosis  /  Detection delay  /  Health-seeking delay  /  Influencing factors  /  Meta-analysis
汪伊婷, 康华, 杨帆, 胡荟羽. 中国大陆学生肺结核发现延迟与就诊延迟影响因素的系统评价与Meta分析. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (4) : 608 -614 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506402
Yi-ting WANG, Hua KANG, Fan YANG, Hui-yu HU. Factors influencing delays in pulmonary tuberculosis detection and health-seeking among Chinese mainland students: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (4) : 608 -614 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506402
肺结核是由结核分枝杆菌引起的慢性呼吸道传染病,具有传染性强、发病隐匿、易复发等特征[1],是我国重点控制传染病。2023年我国结核病发病率在全球排名第3[2],在国内位居甲乙类法定传染病发病前列[3]。学生群体是重点关注对象,校园内学生密集,一旦出现传染源,极易引发聚集性疫情。首发病例的发现延迟与就诊延迟,均是导致聚集性疫情扩散的关键原因[4-5]。因此,在学生肺结核人群中,关注发现和就诊延迟情况尤为重要。近年来,针对学生肺结核相关延迟的研究逐渐增多,但目前研究结果较为分散且存在差异。鉴于此,本研究旨在系统评价影响中国大陆学生肺结核发现和就诊延迟的影响因素,为进一步完善防控措施,助力制定学校肺结核防控策略提供参考依据。
检索中国知网、SinoMed、维普、万方、Embase、Scopus、PubMed、Web of science、Cochrane library和CINAHL Complete数据库从建库至2025年5月8日。采用主题词与自由词相结合的方式进行检索,并追溯相关文献的参考文献。中文检索词:学生、肺结核、肺痨、就诊、诊断、延迟、延误等;英文检索词:Students、Tuberculosis、Tuberculosis, Pulmonary、Pulmonary Consumption、Pulmonary Phthisis、Diagnos*、Delay*等。
纳入标准:(1)研究对象为中国大陆肺结核学生;(2)结局指标为多因素分析中发现延迟、就诊延迟的影响因素;(3)研究类型为横断面、队列或病例对照研究。(4)发现延迟:肺结核可疑症状出现到被确诊的时间间隔>28 d、>该人群时间分布中位数;就诊延迟:肺结核可疑症状出现到首次就诊的时间间隔>14 d、≥14 d、>15 d、≥15 d、>该人群时间分布中位数。排除标准:(1)重复发表、数据不全或无法获取有效数据;(2)综述、会议、学位论文等;(3)非中英文文献。
由2名研究者将所有相关文献导入Endnote X9进行独立筛选,去重后通过阅读题目、摘要及全文的方式最终确定纳入文献。如有分歧则由第3方协商裁定。提取内容包括作者、年份、调查时间、地区、样本量及影响因素。队列研究选用纽卡斯尔-渥太华评价量表(Newcastle-Ottawa Scale,NOS)[6]进行质量评分,总分为9分,当得分为7~9、4~6、<4分时,分别对应高、中、低质量。横断面研究选用美国卫生保健质量和研究机构(Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,AHRQ)推荐的评价标准[7]进行质量评分,总分为11分,当得分为8~11分、4~7分和0~3分时,分别为高、中、低质量。
使用Stata 15.0软件进行统计分析。异质性分析以I2值的大小为标准进行判断,如果I2<50%,采用固定效应模型;反之则采用随机效应模型,并进一步进行敏感性分析和亚组分析探讨异质性来源。采用逐一排除单篇文献、仅保留高质量队列研究和转换效应模型的分析方法进行敏感性分析。当影响因素纳入文献≥10篇时,采用漏斗图与Egger检验评估发表偏倚。
初步检索数据库获得725篇相关文献,筛选后最终纳入22篇文献。见图1。
纳入文献发表于2013—2025年,总样本量为123 802例。共纳入20项横断面研究、2项回顾性队列研究,其中高质量文献2篇、中等质量文献20篇。见表1。
对在≥2篇文献中报道的影响因素进行合并分析。结果显示,初中、第四季度发病、病原学阳性、结核性胸膜炎是发现延迟的影响因素;女性、病原学阳性、无病原学结果、结核性胸膜炎、被动发现、因症就诊、因症推荐、转诊、追踪、其它途径、重症、综合医院是就诊延迟的影响因素。见表2。
对I2>50%的影响因素按延迟时间定义进行亚组分析。具体结果见表3。
对有统计学意义的影响因素进行模型交叉验证,结果发现,各影响因素转换前后无明显变化,稳定性较好,见表2。逐一剔除各项研究进行敏感性分析,结果显示,就诊延迟中,剔除杜文琼等[16]研究后,结核性胸膜的I2值降至0;剔除马煜等[22]研究后,追踪的I2值降至26.4,提示这两项研究可能是其对应影响因素异质性的主要来源。仅保留高质量队列研究分析结果显示,发现延迟中,病原学阳性的结果稳健(OR=1.769,95% CI:1.266~2.472),其效应方向与统计学显著性均与主分析一致,但异质性仍高(I2=89.4%),这可能源于纳入研究数量过少放大随机变异。
当纳入文献≥10篇时,采用漏斗图与Egger检验评估发表偏倚;当文献数为5~9篇时,采用漏斗图与剪补法进行评估。结果显示,就诊延迟中,病原学阳性漏斗图不完全对称且Egger检验显著(P=0.032<0.05),提示存在发表偏倚;女性、少数民族、无病原学结果、流动、复治、因症就诊、转诊、追踪的漏斗图均不对称。剪补法仅对流动补充了1篇虚拟研究,补充后其效应方向反转、异质性显著,提示结果不稳定。其余因素未补充研究且分析结果未改变,发表偏倚不影响meta分析结果。
研究显示,初中与小学相比发现延迟的可能性较低。小学生对肺结核的认知水平较为欠缺[11],而初中生对结核相关症状更为了解,能主动报告潜在症状,从而实现早发现。建议相关部门修订小学健康课程,强化结核症状识别教学。第四季度一般包括学校实施入学体检时段,相较于第一季度,结核病例更易早期发现。教育部门应联合医疗机构实施新生结核筛查快速响应机制,开通疑似病例直通定点医院的绿色通道并同步开展接触者筛查,减少延误。由于大部分阳性患者体内结核杆菌长时间繁殖,患者可能经历了轻症到重症的过程后采取就诊,导致病原学阳性患者延迟高于阴性患者[30]。此外,医疗资源匮乏地区发现延迟发生率更高[31]。建议定点医院优先采用精准度更高的检测方式,并在资源匮乏地区使用移动检测与远程会诊体系降低延误。
研究显示,女性肺结核就诊延迟风险偏高,与既往研究一致[13,23]。传统性别角色给女性带来更强的病耻感,更易因担心学业、社交而隐瞒症状。重症患者就诊延迟风险较高,可能与担心被歧视而隐瞒病情有关。建议在校园与医院推行匿名诊疗服务,并在首诊时同步进行心理干预。首诊单位类型为综合医院相较于疾病预防控制中心就诊延迟风险偏低。综合医院分布广泛、方便就医,普遍成为民众就医的第一选择。建议在综合医院中要建立“学生结核绿色转诊通道”,配置快速检测设备在24小时内完成初诊,缩短就诊延误时间。病原学阳性患者就诊延迟风险高,部分源于学生群体对结核病可疑症状认知不足及顾虑学业,常拖延至症状加重才就医,在这期间结核分枝杆菌大量繁殖[16]。结核性胸膜炎确诊需进行侵入性检查,部分患者可能因恐惧疼痛而延迟就诊。建议在校园内推行结核症状监测预警制度,对持续咳嗽学生启动快速检测及学业保障方案。同时,医护人员为疑似患者提供心理辅导,减轻恐惧,减少延迟发生。
研究显示,相较于健康体检的主动发现方式,因症就诊、因症推荐、转诊及追踪等被动发现途径就诊延迟风险均较高。学生因症就诊时,通常选择首选基层综合医院,在后续推荐、转诊与追踪环节中,常因多种原因未能及时前往结核防治机构[27,32]。加之,转诊涉及多机构协同,其对接流程耗时;追踪来源多是在疾病预防控制系统监测发现异常后才进入诊疗流程;其它来源涵盖多种不规范就医行为易导致延误,从而增加延迟风险。建议实施电子化转诊与筛查机制,高危学生直通定点医院并启动自动追踪,变被动发现为主动发现。
亚组分析发现,少数民族、复治及因症就诊在不同就诊延迟定义亚组间存在显著差异。少数民族在>14天组中为危险因素,却在中位数组中为保护因素;复治在≥15天组中风险显著升高;因症就诊在>14天、≥14天组中延迟风险高,但在中位数组中不显著。这一现象可能源于延迟定义不一致,揭示了少数民族学生就医行为改善与聚居区医疗资源匮乏并存的复杂现实。因此,未来研究需统一延迟标准,相关部门加强少数民族聚居区双语结核病防治宣传,并建立动态监测体系进行精准干预。
研究局限:(1)部分影响因素研究较少,降低结论可靠性;(2)纳入多为横断面研究,因果推断有限。(3)延迟定义不统一,可能引入异质性。(4)对纳入研究<10篇的影响因素检验发表偏倚,样本量不足影响可靠性,需谨慎解读。

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2026年第53卷第4期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506402
  • 接收时间:2025-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-24
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    成都中医药大学护理学院,四川 成都 610075

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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