Article(id=1324077962378740029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510260, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761062400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614386410, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614386410, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614386410, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614386410, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077868950631142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614364134, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614446224, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078213328142371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078213332336676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077868950631142, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=630, endPage=636, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077962659758398, articleId=1324077962378740029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=LMS-Based study on vital capacity in primary and secondary school students: a case study of Renhuai City, Guizhou, China, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To establish vital capacity percentile reference values for students aged 6-18 in Renhuai City, Guizhou Province, using the LMS method; to compare these findings with national average levels for primary and secondary school students; and to analyze influencing factors and population characteristics, thereby providing a scientific basis for physical health interventions targeting local students.

Methods

The LMS method was employed to construct vital capacity percentile curves and reference values (P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90 and P97). Concurrently, multiple linear regression and K-means clustering analysis were utilized to investigate influencing factors and the characteristics of student subgroups.

Results

A total of 109 072 students aged 6-18 were included in the study. The vital capacity curves for both boys and girls exhibited similar trends, increasing with age, with an accelerated growth rate observed during puberty. In comparison with national averages, the P50 values for boys were lower between ages 7 and 17 but exceeded the national average at age 18. For girls, P50 values were lower than the national average before age 14 but surpassed those after age 14. Significant variations in vital capacity were associated with BMI, boarding status, urban-rural residence, and ethnicity (R2=0.66, F=35 369.75, P<0.01). Specifically, vital capacity increased by an average of 191.5 ml for every 1-year increase in age and by 32.6 ml for every 1-unit increase in BMI. On average, females had a vital capacity 276.8 ml lower than males; The vital capacity of boarding students were 262.1 ml higher than non-boarding students; rural students were 23.3 ml lower than urban students; and ethnic minority students were 55.4 ml lower than Han students. Cluster analysis identified three distinct student subgroups. The “younger age, low BMI, non-boarding” group exhibited the lowest relative vital capacity (1 233.0 ml), while the “older age, high BMI, boarding” group demonstrated the highest (2 578.3 ml).

Conclusion

The application of LMS curves provide a valid reference standard for the health assessment of vital capacity among local adolescents. Education authorities should implement targeted interventions specifically aimed at younger students in rural areas and those with low BMI.

, authors=Bin-rong YANG1, 2, Ya-yu YANG1, Tian-xue ZHANG3, Yi YANG4, Yong-bo ZOU5, Bing XU6, Yuan-dong HU1, authorsList=Bin-rong YANG, Ya-yu YANG, Tian-xue ZHANG, Yi YANG, Yong-bo ZOU, Bing XU, Yuan-dong HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuan-dong HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077964836602190, articleId=1324077962378740029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=基于LMS曲线的中小学生肺活量研究——以贵州省仁怀市为例, columnId=1228016570031604578, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=儿少卫生与妇幼保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于LMS法建立贵州省仁怀市6~18岁中小学生肺活量百分位数参考值,与全国中小学生肺活量平均水平进行比较,分析其影响因素及群体特征,为本地学生体质健康干预提供科学依据。

方法

用LMS曲线构建肺活量百分位数曲线和参考值(P3、P10、P25、P50、P75、P90和P97),同时结合多元线性回归和K-means聚类分析探讨影响因素及学生亚组特征。

结果

共纳入109 072名6~18岁学生,男女生的肺活量曲线相似并都随年龄增长而上升,且青春期增速加快。与全国平均水平相比,男生P50值在7~17岁低于全国均值,18岁时反超;女生P50在14岁前低于全国均值,14岁后高于全国水平。肺活量在BMI、是否寄宿、城乡和民族之间存在差异(R2=0.66,F=35 369.75,P<0.01)。年龄每增长1岁,肺活量平均增长191.5 ml;BMI每升高1单位,肺活量增加32.6 ml;女性肺活量平均比男性低276.8 ml,寄宿学生肺活量平均比非寄宿学生高262.1 ml,农村学生肺活量平均比城镇学生低23.3 ml,少数民族学生肺活量平均比汉族低55.4 ml。聚类分析识别出三个特征鲜明的学生亚组,其中“低龄、低BMI、非寄宿”群体的肺活量相对最低(1 233.0 ml);“高年龄、高BMI、寄宿”群体肺活量最高(2 578.3 ml)。

结论

采用LMS曲线可以为当地青少年肺活量的健康评估提供参考标准,教育部门应针对农村低龄及低BMI学生群体实施精准干预。

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杨滨榕和杨雅愉为共同第一作者。

杨滨榕(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生。

杨雅愉(1989—),女,本科,主治医师,研究方向:内科学

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胡远东,E-mail:
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Basic characteristics of the study population [n(%)] or ()

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目男生女生合计
年龄(岁)
63 230(3.0)3 387(3.1)6 617(6.1)
75 823(5.3)6 394(5.9)12 217(11.2)
85 164(4.7)5 836(5.4)11 000(10.1)
94 802(4.4)5 329(4.9)10 131(9.3)
104 867(4.5)5 540(5.1)10 407(9.5)
114 721(4.3)5 274(4.8)9 995(9.2)
124 864(4.5)5 471(5.0)10 335(9.5)
134 614(4.2)5 159(4.7)9 773(9.0)
144 448(4.1)4 993(4.6)9 441(8.7)
154 339(4.0)4 867(4.5)9 206(8.4)
164 235(3.9)4 743(4.4)8 978(8.2)
174 148(3.8)4 637(4.3)8 785(8.1)
184 057(3.7)4 534(4.2)8 591(7.9)
BMI(kg/m2)18.45±3.8118.03±3.4218.25±3.63
区域(城、乡)
城镇41 652(52.3)38 053(47.7)79 705(73.1)
农村15 391(52.4)13 976(47.6)29 367(26.9)
寄宿情况
寄宿19 910(51.7)18 614(48.3)38 524(35.3)
非寄宿37 133(52.6)33 415(47.4)70 548(64.7)
民族情况
汉族55 314(52.4)50 309(47.6)105 623(96.8)
少数民族1 729(50.1)1 720(49.9)3 449(3.1)
), ArticleFig(id=1324077969009934737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077962378740029, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究对象基本情况[n(%)]或()

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目男生女生合计
年龄(岁)
63 230(3.0)3 387(3.1)6 617(6.1)
75 823(5.3)6 394(5.9)12 217(11.2)
85 164(4.7)5 836(5.4)11 000(10.1)
94 802(4.4)5 329(4.9)10 131(9.3)
104 867(4.5)5 540(5.1)10 407(9.5)
114 721(4.3)5 274(4.8)9 995(9.2)
124 864(4.5)5 471(5.0)10 335(9.5)
134 614(4.2)5 159(4.7)9 773(9.0)
144 448(4.1)4 993(4.6)9 441(8.7)
154 339(4.0)4 867(4.5)9 206(8.4)
164 235(3.9)4 743(4.4)8 978(8.2)
174 148(3.8)4 637(4.3)8 785(8.1)
184 057(3.7)4 534(4.2)8 591(7.9)
BMI(kg/m2)18.45±3.8118.03±3.4218.25±3.63
区域(城、乡)
城镇41 652(52.3)38 053(47.7)79 705(73.1)
农村15 391(52.4)13 976(47.6)29 367(26.9)
寄宿情况
寄宿19 910(51.7)18 614(48.3)38 524(35.3)
非寄宿37 133(52.6)33 415(47.4)70 548(64.7)
民族情况
汉族55 314(52.4)50 309(47.6)105 623(96.8)
少数民族1 729(50.1)1 720(49.9)3 449(3.1)
), ArticleFig(id=1324077969127375250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077962378740029, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Percentile reference values and LMS values for lung capacity (ml) of boys

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄(岁)百分位数LMS
P3P5P15P50P85P95P97
65175446248101 1041 3641 492-0.59810.400.27
75465796779041 2491 5401 678-0.37903.540.29
86236657911 0771 4911 8211 972-0.171 077.130.31
97387919491 2941 7692 1272 285-0.021 294.360.30
108749491 1231 5192 0412 4202 5840.071 518.760.28
111 0271 0921 3071 7582 3382 7512 9270.131 757.780.28
121 1661 2571 5172 0552 7333 2053 4050.212 054.980.28
131 3271 4421 7652 4153 1993 7263 9450.372 414.980.29
141 5201 6622 0542 7953 6254 1524 3640.602 794.520.27
151 7521 9232 3713 1553 9594 4394 6260.903 154.700.24
162 0112 2052 6873 4634 1994 6174 7761.243 463.330.21
172 2612 4692 9613 7014 3614 7204 8561.613 701.320.18
182 2982 7123 2003 8944 4844 7974 9131.983 894.210.16
), ArticleFig(id=1324077969240621459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077962378740029, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

男生肺活量百分位数参考值(ml)及LMS值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄(岁)百分位数LMS
P3P5P15P50P85P95P97
65175446248101 1041 3641 492-0.59810.400.27
75465796779041 2491 5401 678-0.37903.540.29
86236657911 0771 4911 8211 972-0.171 077.130.31
97387919491 2941 7692 1272 285-0.021 294.360.30
108749491 1231 5192 0412 4202 5840.071 518.760.28
111 0271 0921 3071 7582 3382 7512 9270.131 757.780.28
121 1661 2571 5172 0552 7333 2053 4050.212 054.980.28
131 3271 4421 7652 4153 1993 7263 9450.372 414.980.29
141 5201 6622 0542 7953 6254 1524 3640.602 794.520.27
151 7521 9232 3713 1553 9594 4394 6260.903 154.700.24
162 0112 2052 6873 4634 1994 6174 7761.243 463.330.21
172 2612 4692 9613 7014 3614 7204 8561.613 701.320.18
182 2982 7123 2003 8944 4844 7974 9131.983 894.210.16
), ArticleFig(id=1324077969425170836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077962378740029, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Percentile reference values and LMS values for lung capacity (ml) of girls

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年龄(岁)百分位数LMS
P3P5P15P50P85P95P97
65215476237991 0691 3031 417-0.60798.500.26
75415726628681 1751 4291 548-0.39867.900.28
86046427551 0071 3681 6511 780-0.201 007.420.29
97127608991 2021 6161 9262 063-0.061 202.240.28
108489051 0691 4191 8762 2082 3520.041 418.660.27
119881 0551 2451 6422 1502 5102 6640.101 641.970.26
121 1141 1911 4121 8672 4392 8403 0090.161 866.670.26
131 2241 3131 5642 0782 7133 1503 3340.222 077.540.27
141 3421 4391 7132 2612 9243 3713 5570.292 261.180.26
151 4871 5891 8712 4213 0653 4913 6650.362 420.810.24
161 6341 7362 0172 5523 1613 5553 7140.422 552.090.22
171 7401 8422 1202 6403 2193 5873 7350.482 640.240.20
181 8121 9142 1892 6973 2533 6003 7400.552 697.190.19
), ArticleFig(id=1324077969530028437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077962378740029, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

女生肺活量百分位数参考值(ml)及LMS值

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年龄(岁)百分位数LMS
P3P5P15P50P85P95P97
65215476237991 0691 3031 417-0.60798.500.26
75415726628681 1751 4291 548-0.39867.900.28
86046427551 0071 3681 6511 780-0.201 007.420.29
97127608991 2021 6161 9262 063-0.061 202.240.28
108489051 0691 4191 8762 2082 3520.041 418.660.27
119881 0551 2451 6422 1502 5102 6640.101 641.970.26
121 1141 1911 4121 8672 4392 8403 0090.161 866.670.26
131 2241 3131 5642 0782 7133 1503 3340.222 077.540.27
141 3421 4391 7132 2612 9243 3713 5570.292 261.180.26
151 4871 5891 8712 4213 0653 4913 6650.362 420.810.24
161 6341 7362 0172 5523 1613 5553 7140.422 552.090.22
171 7401 8422 1202 6403 2193 5873 7350.482 640.240.20
181 8121 9142 1892 6973 2533 6003 7400.552 697.190.19
), ArticleFig(id=1324077969903321494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077962378740029, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Multiple regression analysis of adolescent lung capacity and its influencing factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型未标准化系数
B
标准误差
SE
标准化系数
β
t值P值共线性统计
容差VIF
常量-457.9015.87--28.84<0.001--
年龄191.510.680.66281.23<0.0010.571.77
BMI32.570.530.1261.39<0.0010.851.18
性别(女)-276.844.06-0.14-81.43<0.0010.991.01
寄宿(是)262.114.500.1358.30<0.0010.621.61
区域(农村)-23.574.41-0.01-5.62<0.0010.851.18
民族(少数民族)-55.449.70-0.01-5.71<0.0010.991.01
), ArticleFig(id=1324077969983013271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077962378740029, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

青少年肺活量与影响因素的多元性回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型未标准化系数
B
标准误差
SE
标准化系数
β
t值P值共线性统计
容差VIF
常量-457.9015.87--28.84<0.001--
年龄191.510.680.66281.23<0.0010.571.77
BMI32.570.530.1261.39<0.0010.851.18
性别(女)-276.844.06-0.14-81.43<0.0010.991.01
寄宿(是)262.114.500.1358.30<0.0010.621.61
区域(农村)-23.574.41-0.01-5.62<0.0010.851.18
民族(少数民族)-55.449.70-0.01-5.71<0.0010.991.01
), ArticleFig(id=1324077970062705048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077962378740029, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Characteristics of the identified student clusters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量第一类
(n=16 978)
第二类
(n=55 327)
第三类
(n=36 767)
F/χ2P
肺活量(ml)2 361.97±970.641 233.01±500.532 578.26±836.1144 166.09<0.01
年龄(岁)12.50±2.668.55±1.7114.34±1.89102 636.98<0.01
BMI(kg/m2)24.66±2.7215.97±1.8618.71±1.87121 583<0.01
性别男n(%)10 403(61.3)28 505(51.5)18 135(49.3)691.98<0.01
寄宿n(%)6 152(36.2)7 714(13.9)24 658(67.1)27 293.38<0.01
城镇n(%)13 505(79.5)40 541(73.3)25 659(69.8)564.14<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1324077970150785433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077962378740029, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同聚类学生群体的特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量第一类
(n=16 978)
第二类
(n=55 327)
第三类
(n=36 767)
F/χ2P
肺活量(ml)2 361.97±970.641 233.01±500.532 578.26±836.1144 166.09<0.01
年龄(岁)12.50±2.668.55±1.7114.34±1.89102 636.98<0.01
BMI(kg/m2)24.66±2.7215.97±1.8618.71±1.87121 583<0.01
性别男n(%)10 403(61.3)28 505(51.5)18 135(49.3)691.98<0.01
寄宿n(%)6 152(36.2)7 714(13.9)24 658(67.1)27 293.38<0.01
城镇n(%)13 505(79.5)40 541(73.3)25 659(69.8)564.14<0.01
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基于LMS曲线的中小学生肺活量研究——以贵州省仁怀市为例
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杨滨榕 1, 2 , 杨雅愉 1 , 张天雪 3 , 杨翌 4 , 邹永波 5 , 徐兵 6 , 胡远东 1
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026,53(4): 630-636
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现代预防医学 |儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026 , 53 (4) : 630 -636
基于LMS曲线的中小学生肺活量研究——以贵州省仁怀市为例
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杨滨榕1, 2, 杨雅愉1, 张天雪3, 杨翌4, 邹永波5, 徐兵6, 胡远东1
作者信息
  • 1.贵州省疾病预防控制中心,贵州 贵阳 550004
  • 2.山西医科大学公共卫生学院
  • 3.贵定县疾病预防控制中心
  • 4.贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院
  • 5.仁怀市妇幼保健院
  • 6.仁怀市疾病预防控制中心
通讯作者:
胡远东,E-mail:
作者简介:

杨滨榕和杨雅愉为共同第一作者。

杨滨榕(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生。

杨雅愉(1989—),女,本科,主治医师,研究方向:内科学

LMS-Based study on vital capacity in primary and secondary school students: a case study of Renhuai City, Guizhou, China
Bin-rong YANG1, 2, Ya-yu YANG1, Tian-xue ZHANG3, Yi YANG4, Yong-bo ZOU5, Bing XU6, Yuan-dong HU1
Affiliations
  • Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510260
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目的

基于LMS法建立贵州省仁怀市6~18岁中小学生肺活量百分位数参考值,与全国中小学生肺活量平均水平进行比较,分析其影响因素及群体特征,为本地学生体质健康干预提供科学依据。

方法

用LMS曲线构建肺活量百分位数曲线和参考值(P3、P10、P25、P50、P75、P90和P97),同时结合多元线性回归和K-means聚类分析探讨影响因素及学生亚组特征。

结果

共纳入109 072名6~18岁学生,男女生的肺活量曲线相似并都随年龄增长而上升,且青春期增速加快。与全国平均水平相比,男生P50值在7~17岁低于全国均值,18岁时反超;女生P50在14岁前低于全国均值,14岁后高于全国水平。肺活量在BMI、是否寄宿、城乡和民族之间存在差异(R2=0.66,F=35 369.75,P<0.01)。年龄每增长1岁,肺活量平均增长191.5 ml;BMI每升高1单位,肺活量增加32.6 ml;女性肺活量平均比男性低276.8 ml,寄宿学生肺活量平均比非寄宿学生高262.1 ml,农村学生肺活量平均比城镇学生低23.3 ml,少数民族学生肺活量平均比汉族低55.4 ml。聚类分析识别出三个特征鲜明的学生亚组,其中“低龄、低BMI、非寄宿”群体的肺活量相对最低(1 233.0 ml);“高年龄、高BMI、寄宿”群体肺活量最高(2 578.3 ml)。

结论

采用LMS曲线可以为当地青少年肺活量的健康评估提供参考标准,教育部门应针对农村低龄及低BMI学生群体实施精准干预。

LMS法  /  聚类分析  /  儿童青少年  /  肺活量  /  参考标准
Objective

To establish vital capacity percentile reference values for students aged 6-18 in Renhuai City, Guizhou Province, using the LMS method; to compare these findings with national average levels for primary and secondary school students; and to analyze influencing factors and population characteristics, thereby providing a scientific basis for physical health interventions targeting local students.

Methods

The LMS method was employed to construct vital capacity percentile curves and reference values (P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90 and P97). Concurrently, multiple linear regression and K-means clustering analysis were utilized to investigate influencing factors and the characteristics of student subgroups.

Results

A total of 109 072 students aged 6-18 were included in the study. The vital capacity curves for both boys and girls exhibited similar trends, increasing with age, with an accelerated growth rate observed during puberty. In comparison with national averages, the P50 values for boys were lower between ages 7 and 17 but exceeded the national average at age 18. For girls, P50 values were lower than the national average before age 14 but surpassed those after age 14. Significant variations in vital capacity were associated with BMI, boarding status, urban-rural residence, and ethnicity (R2=0.66, F=35 369.75, P<0.01). Specifically, vital capacity increased by an average of 191.5 ml for every 1-year increase in age and by 32.6 ml for every 1-unit increase in BMI. On average, females had a vital capacity 276.8 ml lower than males; The vital capacity of boarding students were 262.1 ml higher than non-boarding students; rural students were 23.3 ml lower than urban students; and ethnic minority students were 55.4 ml lower than Han students. Cluster analysis identified three distinct student subgroups. The “younger age, low BMI, non-boarding” group exhibited the lowest relative vital capacity (1 233.0 ml), while the “older age, high BMI, boarding” group demonstrated the highest (2 578.3 ml).

Conclusion

The application of LMS curves provide a valid reference standard for the health assessment of vital capacity among local adolescents. Education authorities should implement targeted interventions specifically aimed at younger students in rural areas and those with low BMI.

LMS method  /  Cluster analysis  /  Children and adolescents  /  Vital capacity  /  Reference standards
杨滨榕, 杨雅愉, 张天雪, 杨翌, 邹永波, 徐兵, 胡远东. 基于LMS曲线的中小学生肺活量研究——以贵州省仁怀市为例. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (4) : 630 -636 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510260
Bin-rong YANG, Ya-yu YANG, Tian-xue ZHANG, Yi YANG, Yong-bo ZOU, Bing XU, Yuan-dong HU. LMS-Based study on vital capacity in primary and secondary school students: a case study of Renhuai City, Guizhou, China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (4) : 630 -636 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510260
青少年的体质健康水平不仅关系个人健康成长和幸福生活,而且关系整个民族健康素质[1]。随着我国“健康中国”战略的推进,学生体质健康成为国家重点关注的问题之一。其中肺活量是反映儿童青少年心肺功能的核心指标,直接与人体生长发育水平和体质健康状况相关[2]。《青少年体质健康发展报告》显示,许多青少年的肺功能持续降低[3]。因此,了解当地青少年肺活量及其影响因素,针对性开展健康促进,提升儿童青少年体质健康,尤其是肺活量健康,已成为亟需解决的问题。但现有的全国性健康评估标准较为广泛,缺乏针对特定年龄、性别和地区的细化数据,难以为地域性的健康指导提供科学依据。
制定适应地区和群体特点的肺活量标准显得尤为重要。偏度系数-中位数-变异系数法(Lambda-Median-Sigma,LMS)法是一种用于生长曲线建模的统计方法[4-5],已在全球范围内得到广泛应用,世界卫生组织(WHO)也应用该方法制定了适用于全球的身高体重的百分位数曲线。肺活量作为衡量心肺功能的关键指标,受到个体和环境因素影响,包括年龄、BMI、性别、寄宿情况及城乡差异等。
本文旨在构建贵州省仁怀市6~18岁中小学生肺活量LMS曲线,并与全国平均水平进行比较。同时,结合多元线性回归分析与聚类分析探讨肺活量影响因素及群体特征,为地方性健康指导提供科学依据,探索个性化健康干预策略。
基于2024年9月在贵州省仁怀市开展的中小学生体质健康普查,覆盖仁怀市所有在校学生。研究对象纳入标准为年龄在6~18岁的中小学生,共计109 072人(男57 043人,女52 029人),年龄采用实足年龄计算。所有参与研究的学生在知情同意后纳入研究,均无已知呼吸系统疾病。本研究已获得贵州省疾控中心伦理委员会批准(批准号:Q2025-15)。本研究采用《国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)》中各年龄组男生/女生的肺活量平均值作为全国参考标准,与本地LMS曲线P50值进行比较。由于该标准数据为均值而非中位数,在大样本基础上可作为P50的近似代表,用以评估本地学生肺活量水平的相对位置[6]。
肺活量测量:测试严格按照《国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)》的操作规范进行,使用校准过的NL-100型肺活量计,要求学生采用站立位,深吸气后尽力呼气,取两次测试的最大值。
本研究使用RStudio 4.4.3中的gamlss包构建LMS(Lambda-Mu-Sigma)曲线。该方法通过最大似然法估算三个参数:形状参数Lambda(L,用于Box-Cox变换调整偏度)、中位数位置参数Mu(M,反映随年龄变化的平均水平)和离散度参数Sigma(S,反映数据的离散程度),从而生成平滑的百分位数曲线。
数据预处理:采用四分位间距法(IQR)剔除异常极端值,并对缺失值及不完整记录进行多重插补,以减少对拟合曲线的干扰。
百分位数计算:利用拟合好的LMS模型,计算不同年龄的P3、P5、P15、P50、P85、P95、P97百分位数。公式如下:
C100α(t)代表年龄为t时对应的第100α百分位数的肺活量值;Zα为尾部面积百分位数α所对应的正态离差;L(t)、S(t)、M(t)分别为年龄t时的Box-Cox变换幂指数、变异系数和中位数[4-5,7]。并通过Q-Q图和残差分析验证模型拟合效果。
使用SPSS 29.0统计软件进行分析。采用多元线性回归分析年龄、BMI、是否寄宿、城乡、民族对肺活量的影响;鉴于大样本(n>10万)及残差随机分布的特征,数据符合线性回归的适用条件。采用K-means聚类分析,识别由多种因素共同作用形成的肺活量特征群体。聚类变量涵盖年龄、BMI、性别、寄宿情况及城乡,其中连续变量(年龄、BMI)经Z-score标准化。鉴于样本中民族分布极度不平衡(少数民族仅占约3%),为避免分类偏倚,民族变量仅纳入回归分析,未纳入聚类分析。通过手肘法结合误差平方和最终确定k=3为最优聚类数。各聚类亚组间连续变量(肺活量、年龄、BMI)的差异采用单因素方差分析,统计量为F值;分类变量(性别、寄宿、城乡)的差异采用卡方检验,统计量为χ2值。所有检验均为双侧,检验水准α=0.01。
共纳入6~18岁中小学生109 072人,其中男生57 043人(52.3%),女生52 029人(47.7%)。小学阶段(6~12岁)人数为71 058(65.2%),中学阶段(13~18岁)人数为38 014(34.9%)。中小学生平均BMI为18.25±3.63 kg/m2。城镇学生占比73.1%,农村学生占比26.9%。具体人口学特征分布见表1。
由表2和表3可见,男生的L值由-0.59增长至1.98;女生由-0.60增长至0.55。M值随年龄增长显著上升,男生从6岁的810.40 ml增至18岁的3 894.21 ml,女生从6岁的798.50 ml增至18岁的2 697.19 ml,男生增幅更大。男生S值由0.27减至0.16,女生由0.26减至0.19,即肺活量相对变异系数逐渐降低。
由图1、图2可见,男女生肺活量随年龄增长呈上升趋势,青春期后都大幅度增加。但是无论是低百分位数(P3, P5, P15)、中位数(P50),还是高百分位数(P85, P95, P97),男生的肺活量均高于同龄的女生,且差异在青春期后更为显著。此外,残差图及Q-Q图显示残差满足正态性,方差齐性与独立性假设,表明LMS模型拟合良好,结果可靠。
评估本地学生肺功能水平与全国标准的差异,绘制了7~18岁男、女生肺活量P50百分位数曲线,并与全国标准(2014版)进行对比,见图3。男生肺活量P50在7~17岁低于全国均值,但是差距逐步缩小,18岁时略高于全国平均水平。女生在14岁前低于全国均值,14岁后高于全国均值。
多元线性回归模型拟合良好(R2=0.66,F=35 369.75,P<0.01)。各变量均对肺活量表现出显著的独立影响,见表4。年龄每增长1岁,肺活量平均增长191.5 ml;BMI每增加1 kg/m2,肺活量平均增加32.6 ml;女生肺活量平均比男生低276.8 ml;寄宿学生肺活量平均比非寄宿学生高262.1 ml;农村学生肺活量平均比城镇学生低23.6 ml;少数民族学生肺活量平均比汉族学生低55.4 ml。
K-means聚类分析将109 072名学生划分为三个群体,见表5。不同类别间各指标比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。第一类为高BMI、多男性较高年龄非寄宿的城镇群体;第二类为低BMI、多男性低龄非寄宿的城镇群体;第三类为BMI居中、年龄最大、较多女性且寄宿的城镇群体。其中第三类群体的肺活量最高,第一类次之,第二类最低。
本研究采用LMS方法构建了贵州省仁怀市中小学生肺活量参考值曲线。相较于传统百分位数法易受数据的影响而使曲线出现波动、不连续或异常尖峰,LMS法通过校准偏态数据及处理极端值,生成平滑且连续的百分位数曲线,能更加科学反映青少年肺活量的发展趋势[8-10],为制定本地化健康干预策略提供了可靠依据。
本研究分析了6~18岁中小学生肺活量的分布特征和变化趋势。结果显示,男女生肺活量随年龄增长呈显著上升趋势,且在青春期(10~18岁)呈加速特征,这与既往研究揭示的儿童青少年生理发育规律一致[11]。该增长模式还与增强的体能活动有关。朱建明等人的研究证实学生参与课外活动和体育课程的增多对中小学生心肺功能具有显著提升作用[12]。本研究结果进一步印证了生理发育与身体活动共同促进了肺功能的完善。
本研究将仁怀市学生肺活量P50与全国平均水平对比发现:男生P50总体低于全国均值,而女生在14岁后高于全国水平。在解读这一结果时,需考虑统计指标的特性,肺活量呈正偏态分布,算术均数往往高于中位数。因此,男生P50低于全国均值时,部分可能归因于“中位数天生小于均数”的统计偏差,提示实际差距可能被高估。反之,女生在14岁后P50数值超过了全国均值,这一反超更具统计学说服力,强有力地证实了当地青春期后期女生肺功能的良好发育水平。至于低龄段及男生整体水平偏低的情况,除统计因素外,这可能是与仁怀处于欠发达地区,经济发展、体育设施配置及资源分配不均衡等因素有关[13]。
本研究还揭示了该地区男生肺活量增长速度显著快于女生。尤其在青春期后期。这既可能是青春期激素变化导致男女生肺活量增长模式不同[14]。也可能是男生在青春期前后参与体力活动的积极性也更高。这一点与周运等人研究中男生比女生更积极参与体力活动的发现相一致[15]。由此,学校应制定更加个性化的体育课程,要加强和家庭的联合,提高女生在肺功能上的发展[16]。
通过多元线性回归分析与聚类分析,本研究揭示了肺活量的影响因素与群体之间的差异。回归分析表明肺活量随着BMI增加而增加,这可能是与BMI增加会影响呼吸肌力量增强有关[17-18]。且在聚类分析中进一步揭示这些因素的交织作用:第三类(高年级、适中BMI、多寄宿)肺活量最高,第一类(高BMI、城镇为主)次之,第二类(低龄、低BMI)最低。尽管第一类群体BMI最高(24.66 kg/m2),其肺活量却低于第三类,主要归因于其平均年龄显著较小(12.5岁vs 14.3岁)且寄宿比例较低。此外,寄宿学生肺活量较高,这或许是因为寄宿学校管理严格,进行规律性的体育锻炼,统一的作息时间。农村学生肺活量偏低,这可能是农村家庭燃煤导致青少年肺功能降低[19]。因此,政府与学校的干预措施需更具针对性:在农村区域,应优先关注那些兼具“低龄”、“低BMI”特征的男生。需做到学校、家庭和社会的网络式的健康生活方式教育系统[20]。
基于本研究的LMS曲线及聚类群体特征,教育部门可构建一个“标准评估-精准定位-个性干预”的健康促进体系。首先,用LMS曲线可以确定个体在群体中的相对位置,进而结合群体特征,确定其健康风险水平。对于肺活量低的高危群体(第二类亚组),制定适合的体育锻炼计划,加强有氧运动,在校园中开展同期训练来提升儿童青少年心肺功能[21];对于肺活量较高的学生(第三类亚组),推广寄宿生活的健康模式,并强化耐力训练来保持其健康水平。
尽管本研究为中小学生肺活量的健康评估提供了参考,但仍存在一定的局限性。首先,本研究数据虽然覆盖仁怀市所有中小学生,但由于海拔、经济发展等因素在推广至全省或其他西南山区时仍需保持审慎。因此,未来的研究应扩大样本范围,提高结果的代表性。此外,本研究为横断面研究,无法揭示肺活量随时间变化的动态趋势,未来研究应采用纵向跟踪明确肺活量发展趋势。最后,肺活量受空气污染、生活方式等多种因素影响。未来应结合多维健康数据进行更深入的分析,进行更加全面的健康评估。
  • 贵州省科技厅科学技术平台及人才团队计划课题(黔科合平台人才[2017]5722)
  • 贵州省疾控中心博士工作室专项资助项目(bsgzs2025-04)
  • 贵州省科协“会地合作”助力仁怀卫生健康水平提升项目(KCGZXDXM-02)
  • 贵州省科协2025年度决策咨询调研课题及学术交流活动(QKX2025-ZX-003)
  • 2026年度贵州省卫生健康委科学技术基金项目(gzwkj2026-452)
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2026年第53卷第4期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510260
  • 接收时间:2025-10-22
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-22
基金
贵州省科技厅科学技术平台及人才团队计划课题(黔科合平台人才[2017]5722)
贵州省疾控中心博士工作室专项资助项目(bsgzs2025-04)
贵州省科协“会地合作”助力仁怀卫生健康水平提升项目(KCGZXDXM-02)
贵州省科协2025年度决策咨询调研课题及学术交流活动(QKX2025-ZX-003)
2026年度贵州省卫生健康委科学技术基金项目(gzwkj2026-452)
作者信息
    1.贵州省疾病预防控制中心,贵州 贵阳 550004
    2.山西医科大学公共卫生学院
    3.贵定县疾病预防控制中心
    4.贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院
    5.仁怀市妇幼保健院
    6.仁怀市疾病预防控制中心

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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