Article(id=1324077842904003128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077716676424398, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508348, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755878400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614357925, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614357925, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614357925, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614357925, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077716676424398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='769', pageEnd='960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614327830, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614418028, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078095132655884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077716676424398, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078095132655885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077716676424398, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=921, endPage=926, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077843193410105, articleId=1324077842904003128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Experimental study on the infectivity of plasma from blood donors with occult hepatitis B virus infection in the L-02 human hepatocyte cell line, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

The infectivity of plasma from blood donors with occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) in human hepatocyte cells was investigated through an in vitro hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection model using the L-02 hepatocyte cell line.

Methods

Among 54 446 blood donors, 28 OBI plasma samples were collected as the experimental group, and 28 plasma samples from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive blood donors were randomly selected as the control group.The control group samples were used to infect L-02 hepatocytes to establish an in vitro hepatocyte infection model. The infectivity of the experimental group samples to L-02 hepatocytes was studied using the same experimental method.

Results

Except for one case, HBV DNA was detected in the lysate of L-02 hepatocytes in all 27 specimens of the control group after infection. In contrast, only one of the 28 OBI specimens had detectable HBV DNA in the lysate of hepatocytes.

Conclusion

The probability of OBI donor plasma infecting hepatocyte cells is much lower than that of HBsAg-positive donor plasma, but there is still a risk of HBV transmission through blood transfusion. The presence of high-titer hepatitis B surface antibodies may be one of the key factors in preventing HBV transmission through blood transfusion from OBI.

, authors=Chen ZHANG1, 2, Ke-wang SUN3, Xiang-yan HUANG2, authorsList=Chen ZHANG, Ke-wang SUN, Xiang-yan HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiang-yan HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077843847721532, articleId=1324077842904003128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染的献血者血浆对肝细胞系L-02感染性的实验研究, columnId=1228016572288135432, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=实验技术及其应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

通过L-02肝细胞系体外乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染模型研究献血者隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染(occult hepatitis B virus infection,OBI)血浆对人肝细胞的感染性。

方法

在54 446例献血者中收集OBI血浆标本28例作为实验组,同时随机选取28例乙型肝炎表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)阳性献血者血浆标本作为对照组;对照组标本感染L-02肝细胞后检测HBV标志物以建立体外肝细胞感染模型;采用相同实验方法研究实验组标本对L-02肝细胞系的感染性。

结果

对照组标本除1例外,其他27例标本均于感染L-02肝细胞后在肝细胞裂解液中检测到HBV DNA;28例OBI标本中仅有1例标本可在肝细胞裂解液中检测到HBV DNA。

结论

OBI献血者血浆感染肝细胞的几率远低于HBsAg阳性献血者血浆,但仍存在经输血传播HBV的风险。高滴度乙型肝炎表面抗体的存在可能是防止OBI经输血传播HBV的关键因素之一。

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张晨(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:隐匿性乙肝病毒感染特征和传播风险的研究

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黄象艳,E-mail:
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The serological pattern of OBI specimens

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血清学模式例数占比(%)
Anti -HBs+/ Anti -HBc-1242.9
Anti -HBs+/ Anti -HBc+1346.4
Anti -HBs-/ Anti -HBc+13.6
Anti -HBs-/ Anti -HBc-27.1
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OBI标本的血清学模式

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血清学模式例数占比(%)
Anti -HBs+/ Anti -HBc-1242.9
Anti -HBs+/ Anti -HBc+1346.4
Anti -HBs-/ Anti -HBc+13.6
Anti -HBs-/ Anti -HBc-27.1
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Analysis of hepatocyte infection in the experimental group and the control group

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献血者例数肝细胞HBV感染例数
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P值
实验组(OBI)281(37.3)<0.05
对照组(HBsAg+)2827(24±5.7)
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实验组和对照组对肝细胞的感染分析

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献血者例数肝细胞HBV感染例数
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P值
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对照组(HBsAg+)2827(24±5.7)
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隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染的献血者血浆对肝细胞系L-02感染性的实验研究
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张晨 1, 2 , 孙可望 3 , 黄象艳 2
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2026,53(5): 921-926
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现代预防医学 |实验技术及其应用 2026 , 53 (5) : 921 -926
隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染的献血者血浆对肝细胞系L-02感染性的实验研究
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张晨(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:隐匿性乙肝病毒感染特征和传播风险的研究

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张晨(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:隐匿性乙肝病毒感染特征和传播风险的研究

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张晨1, 2, 孙可望3, 黄象艳2
作者信息
  • 1.山东第二医科大学医学检验学院,山东 潍坊 261053
  • 2.解放军联勤保障部队第九六〇医院输血医学科,山东 济南 250031
  • 3.泰安市疾病预防控制中心微生物检验科
通讯作者:
黄象艳,E-mail:
作者简介:

张晨(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:隐匿性乙肝病毒感染特征和传播风险的研究

Experimental study on the infectivity of plasma from blood donors with occult hepatitis B virus infection in the L-02 human hepatocyte cell line
Chen ZHANG1, 2, Ke-wang SUN3, Xiang-yan HUANG2
Affiliations
  • School of Medical Laboratory, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
出版时间: 2026-03-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508348
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目的

通过L-02肝细胞系体外乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染模型研究献血者隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染(occult hepatitis B virus infection,OBI)血浆对人肝细胞的感染性。

方法

在54 446例献血者中收集OBI血浆标本28例作为实验组,同时随机选取28例乙型肝炎表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)阳性献血者血浆标本作为对照组;对照组标本感染L-02肝细胞后检测HBV标志物以建立体外肝细胞感染模型;采用相同实验方法研究实验组标本对L-02肝细胞系的感染性。

结果

对照组标本除1例外,其他27例标本均于感染L-02肝细胞后在肝细胞裂解液中检测到HBV DNA;28例OBI标本中仅有1例标本可在肝细胞裂解液中检测到HBV DNA。

结论

OBI献血者血浆感染肝细胞的几率远低于HBsAg阳性献血者血浆,但仍存在经输血传播HBV的风险。高滴度乙型肝炎表面抗体的存在可能是防止OBI经输血传播HBV的关键因素之一。

献血者  /  隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染  /  L-02肝细胞系  /  感染性  /  输血安全
Objective

The infectivity of plasma from blood donors with occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) in human hepatocyte cells was investigated through an in vitro hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection model using the L-02 hepatocyte cell line.

Methods

Among 54 446 blood donors, 28 OBI plasma samples were collected as the experimental group, and 28 plasma samples from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive blood donors were randomly selected as the control group.The control group samples were used to infect L-02 hepatocytes to establish an in vitro hepatocyte infection model. The infectivity of the experimental group samples to L-02 hepatocytes was studied using the same experimental method.

Results

Except for one case, HBV DNA was detected in the lysate of L-02 hepatocytes in all 27 specimens of the control group after infection. In contrast, only one of the 28 OBI specimens had detectable HBV DNA in the lysate of hepatocytes.

Conclusion

The probability of OBI donor plasma infecting hepatocyte cells is much lower than that of HBsAg-positive donor plasma, but there is still a risk of HBV transmission through blood transfusion. The presence of high-titer hepatitis B surface antibodies may be one of the key factors in preventing HBV transmission through blood transfusion from OBI.

Blood donor  /  Occult hepatitis B virus infection  /  L-02 hepatocyte cell line  /  Infectivity  /  Transfusion safety
张晨, 孙可望, 黄象艳. 隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染的献血者血浆对肝细胞系L-02感染性的实验研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (5) : 921 -926 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508348
Chen ZHANG, Ke-wang SUN, Xiang-yan HUANG. Experimental study on the infectivity of plasma from blood donors with occult hepatitis B virus infection in the L-02 human hepatocyte cell line[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (5) : 921 -926 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508348
乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染是全球范围内威胁生命健康的公共卫生问题,血液传播仍然是全球HBV感染的主要途径。世界卫生组织2021年发布的数据显示,全球约有2.96亿人感染HBV[1]。世界卫生组织的一个主要目标是到2030年将病毒性肝炎的发病率降低72%~90%[2]。然而,隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染(occult hepatitis B virus infection,OBI)的存在成为实现这一目标的关键障碍;1978年,Hoofnagle首次提出HBV可从乙型肝炎核心抗体(hepatitis B core antibody,HBcAb或抗-HBc)单阳性的献血者传播,此后有关OBI的报道逐渐增加[3]。OBI被定义为通过目前可用的检测方法检测乙型肝炎表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)阴性个体的肝脏和/或血液中存在HBV DNA[2,4]。OBI患者携带的病毒载量极低,通常低于200IU/ml[5-7];实际上,在大多数OBI患者中,其HBV DNA载量仅为20IU/ml左右[8],且部分OBI有时还存在间歇性感染性[9-10],这无疑使得OBI通过输血传播HBV的风险进一步增加。有关OBI是否能通过输血传播存在争议,有报道OBI可通过输血传播HBV,从而在受血者中发展为典型的HBV[9]。由于OBI献血者HBV感染性的回顾性或追溯性调查存在现实困难,目前,关于献血者OBI传播风险的研究数据仍非常有限,因此,无法对献血者OBI的传播风险做出可靠的估计。L-02肝细胞系具有HBV易感且与人感染一致的优点[11-13],本研究拟利用L-02肝细胞系研究OBI血浆的感染性,以评估OBI经输血传播HBV的风险。该研究结果将有助于全面了解OBI献血者经输血传播HBV感染的风险,为更科学、更合理、更客观地选择血液筛查策略提供理论依据。
收集2020年1月—2023年7月解放军联勤保障部队第九六〇医院和山东省血液中心54 446例献血者标本中HBsAg阴性但HBV DNA阳性的献血者标本。纳入标准:年龄在18~55周岁,无其他病毒感染,丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平<50U/L。排除标准:乙型肝炎五项全阴献血者随访确定窗口期感染,丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平>50U/L,近期服用核苷类似物及干扰素等乙型肝炎治疗药物,有肝脏手术史。最终纳入实验组OBI标本28例(A1-28),男性24例,女性4例,入组平均年龄为(34.7±11.5)岁,平均循环阈值(cycle threshold,CT)为(37.5±2.6)。从本单位献血者中选取同等例数HBsAg+且HBV DNA+的HBV标本(B1-28),用于建立体外肝细胞感染模型并设为对照组,该组男性26例,女性2例,入组平均年龄为(41.1±7.0)岁,CT值为(24.5±6.2)。研究获得解放军第九六〇医院伦理委员会审核并通过,审批件编号:(2021)科研伦理审第(104)号。
ELISA法HBsAg测定试剂盒 (北京万泰,英科新创);化学发光法乙型肝炎五项测定试剂盒(上海希森美康医疗设备);QIAamp MinElute病毒核酸离心纯化试剂盒(德国,Qiagen公司);HBV血筛核酸检测试剂盒(PCR-荧光法)(广州达安基因股份有限公司),HBV核酸测定高敏试剂盒(PCR-荧光探针法)(广州达安基因股份有限公司);细胞裂解及核酸提取试剂盒(南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司);磷酸缓冲盐溶液(北京索莱宝科技有限公司);无噬菌体低内毒素特级胎牛血清(浙江天杭生物科技股份有限公司);人白蛋白测定试剂盒(酶联免疫法)(上海博湖生物科技有限公司);1640基础培养基(含谷氨酰胺)(赛默飞世尔科技公司)。L-02人正常肝细胞购自商城北纳创联生物科技有限公司;肝细胞系在37℃、5%CO2+95%空气的培养条件下,经培养传代至第三代后进行献血者OBI血浆感染实验。
多管架自动平衡离心机(TDZ5-WS)(湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司);实时荧光定量PCR仪(杭州安杰思医学科技有限公司);酶标仪(瑞士,Tecan Austria GmbH);恒温孵育振荡器(Titramax 1000)(德国,海道尔夫实验室设备供应商);Glison Piprtman移液枪(法国吉尔森Gilson);生物安全柜(HR-ⅡA2)(青岛海尔生物医疗股份有限公司);HF240二氧化碳培养箱(力康生物医疗科技有限公司);双目倒置显微镜(CKX31)(日本,奥林巴斯株式会社)。
实验组和对照组标本使用ELISA试剂复查HBsAg,实验组使用化学发光法检测乙型肝炎五项;试验操作严格按照试剂盒说明书进行操作。
实验组和对照组标本使用QIAamp MinElute病毒核酸提取试剂盒从200 μl血浆中提取病毒核酸;试验操作严格按照试剂盒说明书依次进行样本裂解、结合核酸、核酸纯化以及洗脱核酸等步骤。
使用实时荧光定量PCR仪,采用HBV血筛核酸检测试剂盒(PCR-荧光法,半定量)检测实验组和对照组HBV DNA;设置扩增条件如下:50℃,15 min,1个循环;95℃,15 min,1个循环;94℃,15 s→55℃,45 s(采集荧光),45个循环;25℃,1 min,1个循环。鉴于实验组HBV DNA载量太低,进而采用HBV核酸测定高敏试剂盒(PCR-荧光探针法,定量)检测实验组HBV DNA,设置扩增条件如下:50℃,2 min,1个循环;95℃,15 min,1个循环;94℃,15 s→55℃,45 s(收集荧光),45个循环。
复苏L-02肝细胞系培养24 h后,在倒置显微镜下观察:人肝细胞系单层贴壁生长,形态为扁平不规则多角形,呈上皮细胞样,肝细胞伸展较好,基本铺满培养瓶;经台盼蓝染色后计算细胞存活率大于91%;计算公式:细胞存活率(%)= 活细胞总数/(活细胞总数+死细胞总数)×100%。观察肝细胞复活性好、细胞形态无异常、细胞密度达到80%~90%,即可进行OBI血浆感染肝细胞实验。肝细胞感染前后生长良好,肝细胞不同时段感染状态见图1。每隔48 h对肝细胞系换液并留取上清液检测白蛋白含量,结果显示,肝细胞系在体外培养11 d后,上清液中白蛋白含量没有明显下降。
调整肝细胞密度至1×105个/ml,分别取B1~28血浆1 ml,各加入4 ml完全培养基[1640基础培养基(含谷氨酰胺)、胎牛血清和青链霉素混合液],充分混匀后分别感染肝细胞;阴性对照采用检测合格献血者血浆进行肝细胞感染实验。感染肝细胞24 h后用磷酸缓冲盐溶液(phosphate bulfered saline,PBS)将肝细胞润洗2~3次,留取最后一次洗液待检,确保感染血浆已清洗干净,没有残留血浆;之后每隔两天留取上清液待检直到第五天裂解细胞,结束感染实验。以上所有实验步骤均严格无菌操作
用28例献血者OBI血浆标本(A1~28)进行肝细胞系感染实验,在调整好肝细胞密度后(1×105个/ml),取OBI感染血浆1ml,各加入4ml完全培养基,充分混匀后分别感染肝细胞,并同时进行阴性对照实验,实验操作方法同前一步骤所述。
调整T25培养瓶中肝细胞总量不可超过5×106个。经离心收集肝细胞后,依次加入PBS和蛋白酶K等试剂,56℃水浴10 min,加入150 μl无水乙醇,振荡混匀;转移上述裂解混合液至吸附柱中,离心后弃滤液,于吸附柱中顺序加入两种缓冲液依次离心后弃滤液,向吸附柱膜中央加入洗脱液以洗脱吸附柱上的基因组DNA。以上实验严格按照试剂盒说明书进行操作。
使用HBV血筛核酸检测试剂盒(PCR-荧光法,半定量)检测上清液和肝细胞裂解液中的HBV DNA,扩增条件同上述HBV DNA检测方法。
通过Fisher精确检验分析两组感染率的统计学差异,检验水准α=0.05。
实验组和对照组HBsAg复查结果与献血者血筛结果一致。实验组中28例献血者OBI标本血清学检测结果显示,乙型肝炎表面抗体(hepatitis B surface antibodies,HBsAb或抗-HBs)阳性占比89.3%,抗-HBc阳性占比50%;OBI标本DNA定量结果显示,病毒载量(单位:IU/ml)>1 000、100~1 000、10~100和<10的人数所占比例分别为11%、14%、29%和46%(PCR扩增曲线40个循环之内有对数增长期提示DNA定量结果有反应性,但DNA浓度低于试剂盒的检测下限10IU/ml的标本,其DNA载量以<10IU/ml记录)。最后,根据血清学检测结果,将28例OBI标本划分为4种血清学模式,各血清学模式占比见表1。
OBI血浆感染肝细胞后,24h最后一次洗液HBV DNA检测阴性,说明感染血浆已清洗干净,没有残留血浆,肝细胞感染结果有意义;依据肝细胞裂解液中HBV DNA是否有反应性判断肝细胞是否发生感染。对照组中,HBsAg阳性的献血者标本(B1~28)感染肝细胞后,除B28(CT=38.18)标本外,其他27例标本可在肝细胞裂解液中检测到HBV DNA[CT值(24±5.7)],其中16例标本在72 h或120 h上清液中已检出 HBV DNA[CT值(32.3±6.4)];表明体外肝细胞感染模型可用,对照组标本绝大多数可成功感染肝细胞。实验组中,28例OBI血浆标本感染肝细胞后,仅有一例标本A22(HBV DNA载量为17.3IU/ml,抗-HBs呈阴性)感染肝细胞后可在其裂解液中检测到HBV DNA(CT值37.3),表明OBI标本仅1例发生肝细胞感染。合格献血者血浆感染的肝细胞,经检测上清液和细胞裂解液中HBV DNA均无反应性,表明合格献血者血浆不会发生肝细胞HBV感染。实验组与对照组之间感染肝细胞的比例差异具有高度统计学显著性。见表2。
OBI是一个严重的全球性公共卫生问题,对输血安全构成了严重威胁。本研究无偿献血者血液标本54 446例中OBI发生率约为0.051%。我国是HBV高流行国家,OBI发生率较高;有研究报道,我国至少有2 100万OBI患者[14],献血者中OBI流行率为0.094%[15]。尽管自20世纪70年代初以来实施了HBsAg检测,并从2000年起在多个血液机构中实施了HBV DNA筛查,但通过输血传播HBV感染的情况仍然存在[16-17],且OBI的传播风险一直存有争议[7]。世界不同地区的OBI患病率并不相同,献血者中OBI的患病率可从HBV低流行国家的0.06%到高流行国家的0.98%;在HBV高流行国家,大约每100名HBsAg阴性献血者中就有一名可能是OBI携带者[7,18-19]。另外,根据HBsAg阴性人群中OBI患病率报告的研究,多次输血患者的患病率最高(41%)[20];且回顾性研究估计,OBI在受血者中的传播感染率在2%~48%的范围内[21]。可见,OBI的传播感染风险不可低估,对输血安全的威胁不容忽视,充分了解OBI经输血传播HBV的风险对于保障血液安全至关重要。
迄今为止,OBI的发生机制尚未完全阐明,目前主要认为OBI与HBV基因突变,表观遗传调控以及宿主免疫应答等机制有关[1]。HBV基因突变可通过改变HBsAg抗原性、减少HBsAg的分泌以及使HBsAg单克隆抗体的亲和力下降进而阻碍特异性抗体对抗原的有效识别,从而导致OBI[1,22-23]。本研究28例OBI标本中有一半患者出生于1992年之后,他们发生OBI的原因可能与HBV疫苗接种产生的免疫压力有关;有报道称,一些基因突变可与HBV疫苗接种后HBV感染有关,因为HBV免疫球蛋白可以增加免疫压力,致使病毒发生突变[24-25]。在台湾,25年的监测显示,在婴儿全面免疫接种后,OBI的频率增加了3.1%[26]。相应地,OBI 的发生还可能与抗原抗体免疫复合物有关,在存在抗-HBs/HBsAg免疫复合物的情况下,过量的抗-HBs可能会掩盖HBsAg的检测,从而形成隐匿性感染[10]。已有研究发现OBI献血者中无法检出HBsAg的主要原因是HBsAg循环免疫复合物的形成[27]。此外,OBI发生的另一机制可能为机体免疫应答使病毒复制保持在低水平状态从而限制了HBsAg表达,导致其低于当前可检测水平[4,28],最终产生OBI。综上,OBI的发生受诸多因素影响,但其确切发生机制尚有待于在实践中进一步探索,但是,不同的发生机制有可能导致其通过输血传播HBV的几率不一样。
本研究28例OBI标本中有8例标本病毒载量(29%)介于10~100IU/ml,13例标本病毒载量(46%)低于10IU/ml,这与现有文献报道的大多数OBI样本中HBV DNA载量处于低水平一致[1,23]。研究结果显示,HBsAg阳性标本中仅B28标本(CT=38.18)未感染肝细胞,这表明肝细胞发生HBV感染与病毒载量高低显著相关。然而,在OBI献血者中,唯一感染肝细胞的是A22标本,其病毒载量为17.3IU/ml,抗-HBs呈阴性;这强烈表明,尽管OBI病毒载量低,但仍存在经输血传播HBV的风险。然而,病毒载量高于17.3IU/ml的其他13例标本均未感染肝细胞,其中除A2标本外的12例标本抗-HBs均为阳性。这提示抗-HBs的存在可能是防止OBI经输血传播HBV感染的重要因素;血清学结果显示,OBI献血者中抗-HBs阳性献血者占比89.3%,抗-HBs阴性献血者占比10.7%。众所周知,抗-HBs是中和HBsAg和预防HBV感染的保护性抗体。然而,有研究提出,抗-HBs的存在并不总是能预防OBI,抗-HBs缺乏(<10IU/L)与OBI风险增加显著相关[29-30]。相应地,一项对间歇性低DNA水平<10IU/ml且抗-HBs>2 000IU/L的供体的随访研究发现,7年内未发生输血后HBV感染[10]。由上述可知,抗-HBs缺乏可能无法抵抗HBV感染,高滴度的抗-HBs可能是有效阻止OBI经输血传播HBV的关键因素之一。发人深思的是,A2标本的病毒载量(482IU/ml)高于A22标本(17.3IU/ml),且抗-HBs同为阴性,但结果显示A2标本并未感染肝细胞;造成该结果可能的原因有HBV基因组发生突变、病毒整合状态以及病毒株的差异性等[10,24],如病毒转录因子的丢失导致A2标本感染性减弱等[31]。
鉴于本研究标本量和研究方法有限,尚不能对OBI血液标本感染肝细胞的影响因素得出准确推论;但是,从研究结果可以推断出,OBI献血者使肝细胞发生HBV感染的几率虽远低于HBsAg阳性的献血者,但OBI献血者仍存在输血传播HBV的风险。OBI的发生和传播风险受诸多因素影响,OBI献血者通过输血传播HBV可能与HBV DNA载量、抗-HBs的滴度以及与受血者接受献血者OBI血浆的量密切相关。为防止OBI通过输血传播,有些国家增加抗-HBc检测以识别献血者中潜在的OBI[32];抗-HBc在无症状感染期间以及从HBV感染恢复后的一生中均可检测到,是急性、慢性或已消退HBV感染的标志物,也是所有OBI患者的危险标志[14,33]。在本研究中,OBI献血者抗-HBc阳性率为50%,可见,检测抗-HBc用以排除OBI献血者对于预防输血传播HBV具有一定意义。但考虑,在HBV高流行地区将抗-HBc作为一项血筛项目,可能会导致无HBV感染风险的献血者大量流失[6],因此,不建议将抗-HBc作为检测OBI的替代标志物。值得关注的是,几种新型OBI潜在生物标志物被陆续报道[10,34-35],如miR451a和前基因组RNA,可与现有OBI检测标志物相结合,为今后献血者血液检测提供新的筛查策略。
L-02肝细胞系在OBI的传播风险研究中虽具有独特优势,但本研究也存在一定局限性:鉴于OBI在献血人群中占比低,研究样本量有限,统计效力有待提高;而L-02肝细胞则在生理相关性和人体复杂系统模拟上存在短板。未来研究还可以扩大样本量和提高OBI血浆的加入比例进行细胞感染实验,或使用人工肝小鼠开展OBI感染实验,以进一步探索OBI经输血传播HBV的风险。
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020MH325)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202508348
  • 接收时间:2025-08-23
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-23
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山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020MH325)
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    1.山东第二医科大学医学检验学院,山东 潍坊 261053
    2.解放军联勤保障部队第九六〇医院输血医学科,山东 济南 250031
    3.泰安市疾病预防控制中心微生物检验科

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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