Article(id=1324077806581318010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077716676424398, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509171, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757692800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614349265, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614349265, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614349265, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614349265, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077716676424398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='769', pageEnd='960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614327830, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614418028, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078095132655884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077716676424398, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078095132655885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077716676424398, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=782, endPage=787, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077806837170555, articleId=1324077806581318010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Cyclical characteristics analysis and machine learning based forecasting of viral hepatitis incidence in China, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To reveal fluctuation patterns and cyclical characteristics of viral hepatitis incidence in China and to forecast its short-term trend, thereby supporting the optimization of prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Based on the monthly incidence data of viral hepatitis in China from January 2015 to January 2025 by the National Disease Control and Prevention Bureau, this study employed the Census X-13 Seasonal Adjustment Method to analyze the epidemiological patterns and temporal trends of viral hepatitis during this period. The HP filter was applied to dissect the cyclical patterns of incidence.Forecasting was conducted using a machine learning model (long short-term memory, LSTM) and a time-series model(SARIMA), and and the predictive performance of the models was evaluated.

Results

The number of viral hepatitis cases showed an overall increasing trend, with clear seasonal fluctuations observed each year, and the annual peak occurred in March—April. From January 2015 to January 2025, the incidence of viral hepatitis in China was divided into three complete cyclical cycles, with an average cycle length of 40 months. Notably, the amplitude of these cyclical fluctuations was unstable over time.The mean relative prediction errors for the LSTM model and the SARIMA model were 6.37% and 6.71%, respectively. The LSTM model demonstrated lower root mean square error and mean absolute error, indicating superior predictive performance.

Conclusion

Combining cyclical analysis and machine learning models can effectively improve prediction accuracy,contributing to achieving the goal of “Healthy China 2030”.

, authors=Qing-gang MENG1, Qian-qian WU2, Yi-ting ZHANG2, Xiao-yu LI2, Chao LIU2, 3, authorsList=Qing-gang MENG, Qian-qian WU, Yi-ting ZHANG, Xiao-yu LI, Chao LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chao LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077814764405148, articleId=1324077806581318010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=中国病毒性肝炎发病的循环周期特征分析与机器学习模型预测, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

本研究通过揭示中国病毒性肝炎的发病波动规律与周期特征,实现对其短期趋势的预测,从而为科学优化防控策略提供支持。

方法

基于国家疾病预防控制局2015年1月—2025年1月中国病毒性肝炎的月度发病数据,采用Census X-13方法进行季节性调整,深入探究病毒性肝炎的流行规律与变化趋势。使用HP滤波法剖析病毒性肝炎发病的循环周期特征,并利用机器学习模型(long short-term memory,LSTM)与时间序列分析模型(seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average,SARIMA)进行预测,同时对该预测模型的预测性能进行评估。

结果

研究发现病毒性肝炎的发病病例数呈上升态势,且各年份的发病情况均表现出季节性波动特征,每年的3—4月为发病高峰。2015年1月—2025年1月,中国病毒性肝炎的发病数呈现出三个完整的循环周期,平均周期跨度为40个月,且各周期的振幅并不稳定。机器学习与时间序列模型的平均相对预测误差分别为6.37%和6.71%,其中LSTM模型的均方根误差与平均绝对误差均较低,显示出更优的预测性能。

结论

结合循环周期分析和机器学习模型可有效提升预测精度,助力实现“健康中国2030”目标。

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孟庆刚(1986—),男,硕士,实验师,研究方向:预测技术分析

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刘超,E-mail:
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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Epidemiological characteristics and incidence prediction of acute hepatitis B in Wuhan, Hubei, 2005-2023, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077825539572218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=51, issue=4, pageStart=595, pageEnd=601, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=37, authorNames=董邓波, 邹圣强, 唐舒, journalName=现代预防医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=董邓波,邹圣强,唐舒.2009-2019年中国病毒型肝炎发病的时空流行病学特征分析[J]. 现代预防医学,2024,51(4):595-601., articleTitle=2009-2019年中国病毒型肝炎发病的时空流行病学特征分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077825636041211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=51, issue=4, pageStart=595, pageEnd=601, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Dong DB, Zou SQ, Tang S, journalName=Modern Preventive Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dong DB, Zou SQ, Tang S. 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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Spatio-temporal epidemiological characterisation of viral hepatitis incidence in China,2009-2019, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077825728315900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=49, issue=16, pageStart=2903, pageEnd=2907, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=39, authorNames=杨敏雪, 于斐, 王培生, journalName=现代预防医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨敏雪,于斐,王培生,等.基于ARIMA和LSTM神经网络的乌鲁木齐市乙型肝炎发病预测研究[J].现代预防医学,2022,49(16):2903-2907., articleTitle=基于ARIMA和LSTM神经网络的乌鲁木齐市乙型肝炎发病预测研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077825787036157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=49, issue=16, pageStart=2903, pageEnd=2907, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Yang MX, Yu F, Wang PS, journalName=Modern Preventive Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang MX, Yu F, Wang PS, et al. Prediction study of hepatitis B incidence in Urumqi based on ARIMA model and the LSTM neural network model[J].Modern Preventive Medicine, 2022, 49(16): 2903-2907. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Prediction study of hepatitis B incidence in Urumqi based on ARIMA model and the LSTM neural network model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077825870922238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=9, issue=4, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Chretien JP, George D, Shaman J, journalName=PLOS One, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chretien JP, George D, Shaman J, et al. Influenza forecasting in human populations: a scoping review[J]. PLOS One, 2014, 9(4): e94130., articleTitle=Influenza forecasting in human populations: a scoping review, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324077820124725713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, awardId=21BRK025, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金项目(21BRK025), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1324077820200223186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, awardId=DXK202415, language=CN, fundingSource=河北大学多学科交叉研究计划资助项目(DXK202415), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077815112532381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077815125115294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, companyId=1324077815112532381, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077815137698207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, companyId=1324077815112532381, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.河北大学科学与技术创新研究院,河北 保定 071000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077815229972896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077815242555809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, companyId=1324077815229972896, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.河北大学统计学系,河北 保定 071000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077815351607714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077815359996323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, companyId=1324077815351607714, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.河北省公共卫生安全重点实验室,河北 保定 071000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324077817599754692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Hodrick-Prescott filter chart of viral hepatitis cases in China, January 2015—January 2025, figureFileSmall=isNEeICXpV9i66Dud9LKKg==, figureFileBig=fi8UTSpsl/eEpDd8mWa2tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077818904183238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2015年1月—2025年1月中国病毒性肝炎发病数HP滤波图, figureFileSmall=isNEeICXpV9i66Dud9LKKg==, figureFileBig=fi8UTSpsl/eEpDd8mWa2tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077819143258567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Trend curve chart of actual and predicted values for viral hepatitis cases in China, April 2023—May 2024, figureFileSmall=PWXYPvJ9UFoBiArAYZl0Tw==, figureFileBig=vT2Ole4bOIdq20V1SZw4pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077819231338952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2023年4月—2024年5月中国病毒性肝炎发病数实际值和预测值走势曲线图, figureFileSmall=PWXYPvJ9UFoBiArAYZl0Tw==, figureFileBig=vT2Ole4bOIdq20V1SZw4pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077819323613641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=LSTM-based forecast of the number of viral hepatitis cases in China, February 2025—December 2025, figureFileSmall=ZQWhgVxmY+6CYQVtCmA8xg==, figureFileBig=mtRFiiBByv61gXkwOp3LRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077819411694026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2025年2月—2025年12月中国病毒性肝炎发病数的LSTM模型预测图, figureFileSmall=ZQWhgVxmY+6CYQVtCmA8xg==, figureFileBig=mtRFiiBByv61gXkwOp3LRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077819499774411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification of viral hepatitis incidence fluctuation cycles in China, January 2015—January 2025

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周期序号起止时间(年/月)峰值谷值峰谷落差周期长度(月)
12015.01—2018.03151 84992 97858 87139
22018.04—2021.12148 24563 33084 91545
32022.01—2025.01181 00672 630108 37637
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2015年1月—2025年1月中国病毒性肝炎发病波动周期划分

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周期序号起止时间(年/月)峰值谷值峰谷落差周期长度(月)
12015.01—2018.03151 84992 97858 87139
22018.04—2021.12148 24563 33084 91545
32022.01—2025.01181 00672 630108 37637
), ArticleFig(id=1324077819688518093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Viral hepatitis cases: actual values, predicted values, and prediction error in China, April 2023—May 2024

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时间(年/月)实际发病数LSTM模型SARIMA模型
预测值RPE(%)预测值RPE(%)
2023/04142 746138 9722.64144 1100.96
2023/05141 492138 2552.29144 0961.84
2023/06133 888137 6882.84144 9128.23
2023/07151 809151 1350.44158 0414.11
2023/08166 606150 5509.64155 3936.73
2023/09147 758143 1203.14144 1352.45
2023/10152 695137 5389.93134 34612.02
2023/11156 977140 63410.41135 81313.48
2023/12143 778140 4512.31134 7256.30
2024/01159 136142 29510.58133 38616.18
2024/02142 012123 71412.88124 27512.49
2024/03181 006166 6707.92174 7233.47
2024/04168 275157 1326.62162 2343.5
2024/05165 333152 9747.48161 9342.06
MRPE(%)6.376.71
MAE9 998.72710 274.03
), ArticleFig(id=1324077819768209870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2023年4月—2024年5月中国病毒性肝炎发病数实际值、预测值和预测误差

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时间(年/月)实际发病数LSTM模型SARIMA模型
预测值RPE(%)预测值RPE(%)
2023/04142 746138 9722.64144 1100.96
2023/05141 492138 2552.29144 0961.84
2023/06133 888137 6882.84144 9128.23
2023/07151 809151 1350.44158 0414.11
2023/08166 606150 5509.64155 3936.73
2023/09147 758143 1203.14144 1352.45
2023/10152 695137 5389.93134 34612.02
2023/11156 977140 63410.41135 81313.48
2023/12143 778140 4512.31134 7256.30
2024/01159 136142 29510.58133 38616.18
2024/02142 012123 71412.88124 27512.49
2024/03181 006166 6707.92174 7233.47
2024/04168 275157 1326.62162 2343.5
2024/05165 333152 9747.48161 9342.06
MRPE(%)6.376.71
MAE9 998.72710 274.03
), ArticleFig(id=1324077819864678863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Viral hepatitis cases: actual values, predicted values, and prediction errors in China, June 2024—January 2025

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(年/月)实际发病数LSTM模型SARIMA模型
预测值RPE(%)预测值RPE(%)
2024/06152 225150 2171.32162 2686.60
2024/07170 397162 3014.75177 4904.16
2024/08163 748162 4440.80176 4937.78
2024/09146 669145 4140.86161 1909.90
2024/10148 566137 8597.21151 3991.91
2024/11154 173144 1456.50152 1301.33
2024/12161 938142 17712.20151 9576.16
2025/01165 723146 92211.34152 1458.19
MRPE(%)5.625.75
MAE8 9959 104.638
), ArticleFig(id=1324077819977925072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077806581318010, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2024年6月—2025年1月中国病毒性肝炎发病数实际值、预测值和预测误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(年/月)实际发病数LSTM模型SARIMA模型
预测值RPE(%)预测值RPE(%)
2024/06152 225150 2171.32162 2686.60
2024/07170 397162 3014.75177 4904.16
2024/08163 748162 4440.80176 4937.78
2024/09146 669145 4140.86161 1909.90
2024/10148 566137 8597.21151 3991.91
2024/11154 173144 1456.50152 1301.33
2024/12161 938142 17712.20151 9576.16
2025/01165 723146 92211.34152 1458.19
MRPE(%)5.625.75
MAE8 9959 104.638
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中国病毒性肝炎发病的循环周期特征分析与机器学习模型预测
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孟庆刚 1 , 武茜茜 2 , 张义婷 2 , 李晓钰 2 , 刘超 2, 3
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(5): 782-787
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (5) : 782 -787
中国病毒性肝炎发病的循环周期特征分析与机器学习模型预测
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孟庆刚1, 武茜茜2, 张义婷2, 李晓钰2, 刘超2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.河北大学科学与技术创新研究院,河北 保定 071000
  • 2.河北大学统计学系,河北 保定 071000
  • 3.河北省公共卫生安全重点实验室,河北 保定 071000
通讯作者:
刘超,E-mail:
作者简介:

孟庆刚(1986—),男,硕士,实验师,研究方向:预测技术分析

Cyclical characteristics analysis and machine learning based forecasting of viral hepatitis incidence in China
Qing-gang MENG1, Qian-qian WU2, Yi-ting ZHANG2, Xiao-yu LI2, Chao LIU2, 3
Affiliations
  • Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
出版时间: 2026-03-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509171
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目的

本研究通过揭示中国病毒性肝炎的发病波动规律与周期特征,实现对其短期趋势的预测,从而为科学优化防控策略提供支持。

方法

基于国家疾病预防控制局2015年1月—2025年1月中国病毒性肝炎的月度发病数据,采用Census X-13方法进行季节性调整,深入探究病毒性肝炎的流行规律与变化趋势。使用HP滤波法剖析病毒性肝炎发病的循环周期特征,并利用机器学习模型(long short-term memory,LSTM)与时间序列分析模型(seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average,SARIMA)进行预测,同时对该预测模型的预测性能进行评估。

结果

研究发现病毒性肝炎的发病病例数呈上升态势,且各年份的发病情况均表现出季节性波动特征,每年的3—4月为发病高峰。2015年1月—2025年1月,中国病毒性肝炎的发病数呈现出三个完整的循环周期,平均周期跨度为40个月,且各周期的振幅并不稳定。机器学习与时间序列模型的平均相对预测误差分别为6.37%和6.71%,其中LSTM模型的均方根误差与平均绝对误差均较低,显示出更优的预测性能。

结论

结合循环周期分析和机器学习模型可有效提升预测精度,助力实现“健康中国2030”目标。

病毒性肝炎  /  循环周期特征  /  机器学习
Objective

To reveal fluctuation patterns and cyclical characteristics of viral hepatitis incidence in China and to forecast its short-term trend, thereby supporting the optimization of prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Based on the monthly incidence data of viral hepatitis in China from January 2015 to January 2025 by the National Disease Control and Prevention Bureau, this study employed the Census X-13 Seasonal Adjustment Method to analyze the epidemiological patterns and temporal trends of viral hepatitis during this period. The HP filter was applied to dissect the cyclical patterns of incidence.Forecasting was conducted using a machine learning model (long short-term memory, LSTM) and a time-series model(SARIMA), and and the predictive performance of the models was evaluated.

Results

The number of viral hepatitis cases showed an overall increasing trend, with clear seasonal fluctuations observed each year, and the annual peak occurred in March—April. From January 2015 to January 2025, the incidence of viral hepatitis in China was divided into three complete cyclical cycles, with an average cycle length of 40 months. Notably, the amplitude of these cyclical fluctuations was unstable over time.The mean relative prediction errors for the LSTM model and the SARIMA model were 6.37% and 6.71%, respectively. The LSTM model demonstrated lower root mean square error and mean absolute error, indicating superior predictive performance.

Conclusion

Combining cyclical analysis and machine learning models can effectively improve prediction accuracy,contributing to achieving the goal of “Healthy China 2030”.

Viral hepatitis  /  Cyclical characteristics  /  Machine learning
孟庆刚, 武茜茜, 张义婷, 李晓钰, 刘超. 中国病毒性肝炎发病的循环周期特征分析与机器学习模型预测. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (5) : 782 -787 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509171
Qing-gang MENG, Qian-qian WU, Yi-ting ZHANG, Xiao-yu LI, Chao LIU. Cyclical characteristics analysis and machine learning based forecasting of viral hepatitis incidence in China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (5) : 782 -787 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509171
病毒性肝炎已成为威胁公共卫生安全和社会经济发展的重大隐患[1]。病毒性肝炎在全球范围内广泛流行,死亡负担沉重,其年死亡人数已超过结核病和艾滋病之和[2]。从致病类型看,乙型病毒性肝炎(viral hepatitis B)与丙型病毒性肝炎(viral hepatitis C)占据主导,是导致肝硬化和肝癌的关键诱因。值得注意的是,中国因人口基数大和既往感染率高等因素,承载了全球近30%的肝炎相关疾病负担[3]。因此,开发高精度、高可靠性的预测方法,对于病毒性肝炎的防控工作至关重要。
国内有关病毒性肝炎的研究多聚焦于区域流行特征分析或特定防治技术评估,而针对全国发病趋势的系统性研究较少[4]。鉴于此,本研究基于2015年1月—2025年1月中国病毒性肝炎的月度发病数据,采用Census X-13方法进行季节性调整,深入探究病毒性肝炎的流行规律与变化趋势。使用Hodrick-Prescott(HP)滤波法剖析病毒性肝炎发病的循环周期特征,并利用机器学习模型(long short-term memory,LSTM)与时间序列分析模型(seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average,SARIMA)对2025年2月—2025年12月年发病趋势进行预测,旨在为优化“预防-筛查-治疗”全链条防控策略提供科学依据,助力“健康中国2030”目标实现。
本研究的数据来源于国家疾病预防控制局,涵盖2015年 1月—2025年1月全国病毒性肝炎发病信息。为构建与评估预测模型,研究将2015年1月—2023年3月数据设为训练集,2023年4月—2024年5月数据设为测试集,同时报告了2023年4月—2024年5月全国病毒性肝炎发病数的平均相对预测误差(mean relative prediction error,MRPE)和平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)。
针对病毒性肝炎发病数的季节性特征,本研究运用Census X-13季节调整法,旨在剔除季节干扰,生成平稳的时间序列,为后续精准预测奠定基础[5]。模型构建如下:
其中,Yt为全国病毒性肝炎发病数的月度序列数据,Tt为长期趋势成分,St为季节成分,Ct为短期周期成分,It为不规则成分。
是计量经济学领域一种重要的数据处理方法,其核心功能在于将时间序列数据拆解为反映长期变化规律的趋势成分与体现短期波动特征的周期成分[6],分解公式如下:
其中,yt为病毒性肝炎发病数的月度序列数据,gt为长期趋势成分,ct为短期周期成分。
是一种专为序列数据设计的深度学习模型,它通过输入门、遗忘门、输出门等门控单元与细胞状态,有效克服了传统循环神经网络(recurrent neural network,RNN)的长期依赖问题,能更好捕捉时间序列中的长期趋势[7]。具体建模过程如下:
遗忘门负责筛选单元状态中的记忆流,公式如下:
输入门由两部分构成:一是sigmoid层,决定更新值;二是tanh层,创建新的候选值向量,公式如下:
在单元状态的更新过程中,会综合遗忘门与输入门所传递的所有信息:
输出门决定输出值,tanh函数则对输出值进行缩放:
其中,σ表示sigmoid函数,·表示向量或矩阵的点积,xt是t时刻的输入,ht是t时刻的隐藏状态,Ct是t时刻的单元状态,W和b分别是权重和偏置。
SARIMA模型在ARIMA的基础上,既涵盖非季节性变化参数,也包含四个季节性参数,其中三个超参数和一个周期参数,以精准建模具有季节性规律的时间序列[8]。模型具体公式如下:
B为延迟算子,Bs为季节性延迟算子,φ(B)和θ(B)为延迟多项式算子,Φ(Bs)和Θ(Bs)为季节性延迟多项式算子,D次季节性差分和d次常差分。
基于模型性能的评估需求,本文采纳了以下三个评价指标:相对预测误差(relative prediction error,RPE)、MRPE与MAE[9]。各指标的定义如下:
其中,yi表示第i个真实值,表示第i个预测值,n为测试集的样本数量。
使用EViews13软件进行Census X-13季节调整,并使用HP滤波法剖析病毒性肝炎发病的循环周期特征。运用Python 3.10软件建立SARIMA模型与LSTM模型并检验拟合效果,对2025年2月—2025年12月全国病毒性肝炎的发病数进行预测分析。
在本研究中,通过 Census X-13 季节调整法对病毒性肝炎发病相关数据进行季节调整,将数据分解为趋势成分、季节成分、周期成分及不规则成分。结果显示,发病数存在明显的季节性规律,且各年季节指数均呈现典型的双峰模式。其周期性波动表现为,每年在2月的初次波谷后迎来3—4月的主高峰,此后一段时间内病毒性肝炎的发病受季节性影响趋于平缓,继而经过7—8月的次高峰后,在10月达到第二个波谷,至此完成一个完整的波动周期。
在剔除季节因素后,本研究采用HP滤波法将数据分解为长期趋势与循环周期,以揭示其周期特征。结果显示,中国病毒性肝炎发病数的长期趋势总体呈逐步上升态势。
就病毒性肝炎的循环周期特征而言,在2015年1月—2025年1月大致呈现三个完整的循环周期,平均周期长度为40个月。第1周期(2015年1月—2018年3月)长度为39个月,波动相对平缓;第2、3周期振幅明显加剧。其中,第2周期(2018年4月—2021年12月)长达45个月,发病数达148 245例;第3周期(2022年1月—2025年1月)虽时长缩短至37个月,发病数却攀升至更高峰值181 006例。由此可见,各周期的振幅与长度并不稳定。见表1、图1。
以2015年1月—2023年3月全国病毒性肝炎发病数时序数据作为训练集,根据公式(10)~(12),分别计算LSTM与SARIMA 2023年4月—2024年5月每个月的RPE值、MRPE值和MAE值,结果显示2023年4月—2024年5月LSTM模型与SARIMA模型的MRPE分别为6.37%和6.71%,模型预测表现优秀。且使用LSTM模型预测获得的MAE为9 998.727,比使用SARIMA模型预测获得的值小,相比之下使用LSTM模型的预测效果更好。见表2。
为直观比较,本研究绘制了2023年4月—2024年5月全国病毒性肝炎发病数的实际值与LSTM、SARIMA模型预测值的走势图。结果显示,两种模型的预测曲线均与实际值高度吻合,表明预测偏差较小。见图2。
为评估模型对2025年全国病毒性肝炎发病数的预测表现,本研究收集2024年6月—2025年1月的实际发病数作为测试集。采用MRPE作为评价指标,MRPE处于0~10%之间说明预测表现优秀。使用LSTM模型与SARIMA模型,分别对2024年6月—2025年1月全国病毒性肝炎的发病数进行预测,MRPE分别为5.62%、5.75%,两者均小于10%,说明预测效果较为可靠。使用LSTM模型预测获得的MAE和MRPE均比使用SARIMA模型预测获得的值小,相比之下使用LSTM模型的预测效果更好。见表3。
综上所述,本研究分别以2015年1月—2023年3月全国病毒性肝炎发病数检测数据为训练集,并先后以2023年4月—2024年5月及2024年6月—2025年1月的数据为测试集进行建模与验证。结果表明,LSTM与SARIMA模型的MRPE均低于10%,模型预测结果表现优秀。但使用LSTM模型预测获得的MAE和MRPE值均比使用SARIMA模型预测获得的值小,相比之下使用LSTM模型的预测效果更好。
基于2015年1月—2025年1月全国病毒性肝炎月度发病数据,构建时间序列模型以预测2025年2月—12月的发病趋势。在数据预处理阶段,采用四分位距(IQR)法识别并处理异常值,并通过滚动平均平滑数据,有效降低噪声干扰。模型采用LSTM架构,包含一个含50个神经元的LSTM层及一个全连接输出层。训练期间,模型损失值迅速下降后趋于平稳,在训练集与验证集上均表现出良好的预测性能。模型预测结果显示,2025年2月—12月全国病毒性肝炎的发病数呈现类似周期性模式,且整体呈现持续平缓下降趋势。见图3。
已有研究在分析中国病毒性肝炎疾病负担时指出,中国在病毒性肝炎防控领域已经取得了部分成效,但是负担仍然沉重,严重影响人群健康[10]。因此,为进一步降低病毒性肝炎疾病负担,提升公共卫生整体水平,需要加大防控力度,完善干预策略,优化防治服务体系[11]。为此本研究旨在分析2015—2025年全国病毒性肝炎的流行规律,发现其流行的长期趋势、季节性特征以及周期性特征,并对比LSTM模型和SARIMA模型的预测性能,找出较优的预测模型,为制定精准的防控政策提供数据支持。
本研究结果显示,从长期趋势来看,2015—2025年中国病毒性肝炎发病数整体呈上升趋势[12],发病数由2015年124 984例上升至2025年165 723例;从季节性规律来看,中国病毒性肝炎发病存在明显的季节性规律[13],各年季节指数均呈现典型的双峰模式,其高峰期主要集中于3—4月,并于7—8月出现次高峰。从循环周期来看,2015年1月—2025年1月,中国病毒性肝炎的发病数呈现出3个完整的循环周期,平均周期跨度为40个月,且各周期的振幅并不稳定,第1周期波动相对平缓,第2、3周期振幅明显加剧。病毒性肝炎发病预测研究也证实,存在类似的周期性模式,且整体呈现持续平缓上升趋势。未来10年(2025—2035年)我国病毒性肝炎发病将呈现“周期性波动下降”的总体特征。
科学的统计模型是实现精准、高效预测的关键。本研究发现,LSTM模型的预测性能优于SARIMA模型,与倪茹玉等人[14]的研究一致。以2015年1月—2023年3月全国病毒性肝炎月度发病数据训练模型,并以两个时间段进行测试评估。结果表明,LSTM与SARIMA模型的MRPE均低于10%,拟合效果良好,且LSTM在MAE和MRPE上均优于SARIMA,预测精度分别提升0.34%和0.13%,显示出更好的稳健性与准确性。此外,据楼润平等人[15]的研究结果显示,SARIMA模型在预测肺结核发病率时表现不佳,而武长礼等人[16]、肖国栋等人[17]则证明LSTM模型的预测精度优于SARIMA模型。
参照既有研究定义2020年1月—2023年3月为COVID-19疫情期间[18],排除2020年1月—2023年3月的数据,即使用2015年1月—2019年12月的数据作为训练集,进行敏感性分析[19]。在此基础上,重新应用Census X-13季节调整法和HP滤波法分析循环周期特征,并分别训练LSTM和SARIMA模型,比较全数据集与剔除疫情数据集的预测误差,以检验模型的稳健性。结果显示,剔除疫情数据集后在2023年4月—2024年5月的预测中,LSTM模型的MAE和MRPE值均低于SARIMA模型,分别为18 113.31和11.53%,证实了LSTM模型具有更优的预测效果与稳健性。然而全数据集与剔除疫情数据集比较,全局数据集的预测误差更优。基于更短、未受疫情干扰的数据所建立的模型,其预测误差相较于全局数据局增大。这一对比恰恰证明了使用全数据模型的优越性[20]。
基于本研究发现的中国病毒性肝炎季节性和周期性规律,可在预测高发期前精准部署防控资源,灵活调整防控策略强度[21]。同时,结合本研究证实LSTM在短期预测中表现优异,能够实现发病趋势的月度滚动预测,为精准防控提供了关键技术支撑[22],优化“预防-筛查-治疗”全链条效率。该“时序分析+机器学习”框架亦具备向其他传染病预测推广的潜力[23]。未来通过融入多源数据并建立模型更新机制,可进一步提高预测精度,推动肝炎防控工作的科学化与精准化,助力“健康中国2030”目标实现。
本研究存在一定的局限性。一是,模型存在数据维度单一的局限,未能涵盖除历史发病数外的其他影响因素;二是,原始数据本身可能存在的偏差也会对预测结果的准确性造成影响。
综上所述,该研究揭示了中国病毒性肝炎发病数呈周期性波动上升趋势,平均周期约为40个月,具有明显的季节性(高峰在3—4月),且LSTM模型在预测中表现优异。这一发现不仅深化了对该病毒性肝炎流行规律的认识,其准确预测也为防控方案的制定提供了关键的决策支持。
  • 国家社会科学基金项目(21BRK025)
  • 河北大学多学科交叉研究计划资助项目(DXK202415)
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2026年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509171
  • 接收时间:2025-09-13
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-13
基金
国家社会科学基金项目(21BRK025)
河北大学多学科交叉研究计划资助项目(DXK202415)
作者信息
    1.河北大学科学与技术创新研究院,河北 保定 071000
    2.河北大学统计学系,河北 保定 071000
    3.河北省公共卫生安全重点实验室,河北 保定 071000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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