Article(id=1324077785819521146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077560820282023, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509392, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758556800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614344315, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614344315, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614344315, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614344315, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077560820282023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614290671, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614391469, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324077983656444429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077560820282023, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324077983660638734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077560820282023, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1139, endPage=1146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077786297671803, articleId=1324077785819521146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Mediating role of immunomodulators in the association of autoimmune hyperthyroidism with breast cancer and its subtypes: a Mendelian randomized study, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the relationship between AH and genetic susceptibility of BC, as well as the potential mediating mechanisms, given that epidemiological investigations have explored the association between autoimmune hyperthyroidism (AH) and the risk of developing breast cancer (BC) while the causality is controversial and the potential mediating pathways remain unclear due to confounding factors.

Methods

Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was employed to investigate the causal relationship between AH and BC, with molecularly stratified analyses encompassing all receptor-defined subtypes (ER+BC, ER-BC, luminal A-like, luminal B-like, luminal B/HER2-negative-like, HER2-enriched-like, and TNBC). Additionally, the two-step Mendelian randomization (TSMR) method was used to investigate the mediating role of immune regulatory factors. Statistical inference primarily utilized inverse variance-weighted (IVW) estimators, complemented by pleiotropy-robust sensitivity validation protocols. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s Q test. Pleiotropy was detected by combining the MR-Egger intercept term and the MR-PRESSO method to ensure the robustness and reliability of the research results.

Results

Genetically predicted AH was causally associated with luminal B-like BC (OR=0.940, 95% CI: 0.900-0.983, P=6.05×10-3), whereas AH was not observed to be causally associated with other subtypes of overall BC. The cathepsin Z (CTSZ) was determined to be a mediator of the association between AH and luminal B-like BC, with a mediation ratio of 11.494% (95% CI: 2.124%-43.623%).

Conclusion

This study suggests that AH increases the expression of CTSZ and thus reduces the genetic susceptibility to luminal B-like BC, and understanding this mechanism provides new insights for the development of BC prevention strategies and interventions.

, authors=Yao-chen ZHANG2, Xin LIU1, Ting-yao DOU2, Li-min CAO4, Jing LI1, Yan LEI1, Bin-yue ZHANG2, Bin WANG1, Yan-hong WANG3, Hong-yan JIA1, authorsList=Yao-chen ZHANG, Xin LIU, Ting-yao DOU, Li-min CAO, Jing LI, Yan LEI, Bin-yue ZHANG, Bin WANG, Yan-hong WANG, Hong-yan JIA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan-hong WANG, Hong-yan JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077789900578953, articleId=1324077785819521146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=免疫调节因子在自身免疫性甲状腺功能亢进症与乳腺癌及其亚型关联中的中介作用:一项孟德尔随机化研究, columnId=1228016570119680182, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=临床与预防, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

流行病学调查探讨了自身免疫性甲状腺功能亢进症(autoimmune hyperthyroidism , AH)与患乳腺癌(breast cancer, BC)风险之间的关联,但受混杂因素的限制,因果关系存在争议,潜在的中介途径也不明确。本研究致力于调查AH与BC遗传易感性的关系,以及两者之间潜在的中介因素。

方法

本研究采用双样本孟德尔随机化(mendelian randomization, MR)方法,揭示了AH与BC及其亚型(ER+性型、ER-性型、Luminal A型、Luminal B型、Luminal B型Her2阴性、HER2阳性型和三阴型)之间的因果关系。并采用两步法孟德尔随机化(two step MR, TSMR)法探究免疫调节因子的中介作用。采用逆方差加权法(Inverse variance weighting,IVW)作为主要的MR分析方法,通过Cochran Q检验评估异质性,结合MR-Egger截距项和MR-PRESSO方法检测多效性,确保研究结果的稳健可靠。

结果

基因预测的AH与Luminal B型乳腺癌存在因果关系(OR=0.940, 95% CI:0.900~0.983, P=6.058×10-3),而未发现AH与其他乳腺癌亚型存在因果关联。研究证实组织蛋白酶Z(CTSZ)是AH与Luminal B型乳腺癌关联的中介因子,其中介比率为11.494%(95% CI:2.124%~43.623%))。

结论

本研究表明, AH可增加CTSZ的表达,从而降低Luminal B型乳腺癌的遗传易感性,了解这一机制为乳腺癌预防策略和干预措施的发展提供了新的见解。

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张耀宸和刘鑫为共同第一作者。

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刘鑫(1993—),女,硕士,医师,研究方向:乳腺疾病的诊断与治疗

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王艳红和贾红燕为共同通信作者。
王艳红,E-mail:
贾红燕,女,Email:
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注:A:经典孟德尔随机化分析的有向无环图;B:研究设计示意图。

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Pleiotropy and heterogeneity test of the MR analysis of autoimmune hyperthyroidism on breast cancer

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结局异质性检验多效性检验
MR-EggerIVWMR-Egger
Q值Q_dfP值Q值Q_dfP值截距seP值
乳腺癌41.562120.00042.128130.0000.0060.0140.693
ER+乳腺癌27.864120.00630.592130.0040.0150.0140.300
ER-乳腺癌28.771120.00429.155130.006-0.0090.0220.696
Luminal A型乳腺癌24.515100.00624.608110.0100.0030.0150.850
Luminal B型乳腺癌7.977100.6318.409110.6760.0140.0210.526
Luminal B型HER2阴性乳腺癌19.201100.03820.397110.0400.0190.0250.448
HER2阳性型乳腺癌21.858100.01621.987110.0250.0110.0450.813
三阴性乳腺癌15.050100.13015.214110.1720.0070.0220.748
), ArticleFig(id=1324077802017923296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077785819521146, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

自身免疫性甲状腺功能亢进症对乳腺癌MR分析的多效性和异质性检验

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结局异质性检验多效性检验
MR-EggerIVWMR-Egger
Q值Q_dfP值Q值Q_dfP值截距seP值
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ER+乳腺癌27.864120.00630.592130.0040.0150.0140.300
ER-乳腺癌28.771120.00429.155130.006-0.0090.0220.696
Luminal A型乳腺癌24.515100.00624.608110.0100.0030.0150.850
Luminal B型乳腺癌7.977100.6318.409110.6760.0140.0210.526
Luminal B型HER2阴性乳腺癌19.201100.03820.397110.0400.0190.0250.448
HER2阳性型乳腺癌21.858100.01621.987110.0250.0110.0450.813
三阴性乳腺癌15.050100.13015.214110.1720.0070.0220.748
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Pleiotropy and heterogeneity test of the MR analysis of autoimmune hyperthyroidism on cathepsins

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结局异质性检验多效性检验
MR-EggerIVWMR-Egger
Q值Q_dfP值Q值Q_dfP值截距seP值
CTSB18.489120.10220.092130.0930.0250.0240.328
CTSE12.240120.42712.494130.488-0.0100.0200.627
CTSF11.459120.49015.465130.279-0.0390.0200.069
CTSG23.664120.02323.858130.0330.0090.0280.759
CTSH18.788120.09418.807130.129-0.0030.0250.914
CTSO7.554120.8198.252130.827-0.0160.0200.420
CTSS8.144120.77410.196130.678-0.0280.0200.178
CTSL11.858120.45712.759130.4670.0190.0200.361
CTSZ10.476120.57410.573130.647-0.0060.0200.761
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自身免疫性甲状腺功能亢进症对组织蛋白酶的MR分析的多效性和异质性检验

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结局异质性检验多效性检验
MR-EggerIVWMR-Egger
Q值Q_dfP值Q值Q_dfP值截距seP值
CTSB18.489120.10220.092130.0930.0250.0240.328
CTSE12.240120.42712.494130.488-0.0100.0200.627
CTSF11.459120.49015.465130.279-0.0390.0200.069
CTSG23.664120.02323.858130.0330.0090.0280.759
CTSH18.788120.09418.807130.129-0.0030.0250.914
CTSO7.554120.8198.252130.827-0.0160.0200.420
CTSS8.144120.77410.196130.678-0.0280.0200.178
CTSL11.858120.45712.759130.4670.0190.0200.361
CTSZ10.476120.57410.573130.647-0.0060.0200.761
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免疫调节因子在自身免疫性甲状腺功能亢进症与乳腺癌及其亚型关联中的中介作用:一项孟德尔随机化研究
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张耀宸 2 , 刘鑫 1 , 窦庭瑶 2 , 曹丽敏 4 , 李菁 1 , 雷艳 1 , 张彬月 2 , 王斌 1 , 王艳红 3 , 贾红燕 1
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2026,53(6): 1139-1146
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现代预防医学 |临床与预防 2026 , 53 (6) : 1139 -1146
免疫调节因子在自身免疫性甲状腺功能亢进症与乳腺癌及其亚型关联中的中介作用:一项孟德尔随机化研究
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张耀宸2, 刘鑫1, 窦庭瑶2, 曹丽敏4, 李菁1, 雷艳1, 张彬月2, 王斌1, 王艳红3 , 贾红燕1
作者信息
  • 1.山西医科大学第一医院乳腺科,太原 030000
  • 2.山西医科大学第一临床医学院
  • 3.山西医科大学基础医学院
  • 4.山西医科大学儿科医学系
通讯作者:
王艳红和贾红燕为共同通信作者。
王艳红,E-mail:
贾红燕,女,Email:
作者简介:

张耀宸和刘鑫为共同第一作者。

张耀宸(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:乳腺疾病的诊断与治疗

刘鑫(1993—),女,硕士,医师,研究方向:乳腺疾病的诊断与治疗

Mediating role of immunomodulators in the association of autoimmune hyperthyroidism with breast cancer and its subtypes: a Mendelian randomized study
Yao-chen ZHANG2, Xin LIU1, Ting-yao DOU2, Li-min CAO4, Jing LI1, Yan LEI1, Bin-yue ZHANG2, Bin WANG1, Yan-hong WANG3 , Hong-yan JIA1
Affiliations
  • First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509392
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目的

流行病学调查探讨了自身免疫性甲状腺功能亢进症(autoimmune hyperthyroidism , AH)与患乳腺癌(breast cancer, BC)风险之间的关联,但受混杂因素的限制,因果关系存在争议,潜在的中介途径也不明确。本研究致力于调查AH与BC遗传易感性的关系,以及两者之间潜在的中介因素。

方法

本研究采用双样本孟德尔随机化(mendelian randomization, MR)方法,揭示了AH与BC及其亚型(ER+性型、ER-性型、Luminal A型、Luminal B型、Luminal B型Her2阴性、HER2阳性型和三阴型)之间的因果关系。并采用两步法孟德尔随机化(two step MR, TSMR)法探究免疫调节因子的中介作用。采用逆方差加权法(Inverse variance weighting,IVW)作为主要的MR分析方法,通过Cochran Q检验评估异质性,结合MR-Egger截距项和MR-PRESSO方法检测多效性,确保研究结果的稳健可靠。

结果

基因预测的AH与Luminal B型乳腺癌存在因果关系(OR=0.940, 95% CI:0.900~0.983, P=6.058×10-3),而未发现AH与其他乳腺癌亚型存在因果关联。研究证实组织蛋白酶Z(CTSZ)是AH与Luminal B型乳腺癌关联的中介因子,其中介比率为11.494%(95% CI:2.124%~43.623%))。

结论

本研究表明, AH可增加CTSZ的表达,从而降低Luminal B型乳腺癌的遗传易感性,了解这一机制为乳腺癌预防策略和干预措施的发展提供了新的见解。

自身免疫性甲状腺功能亢进症  /  组织蛋白酶Z  /  Luminal B型乳腺癌  /  遗传工具变量  /  细胞因子  /  趋化因子
Objective

To explore the relationship between AH and genetic susceptibility of BC, as well as the potential mediating mechanisms, given that epidemiological investigations have explored the association between autoimmune hyperthyroidism (AH) and the risk of developing breast cancer (BC) while the causality is controversial and the potential mediating pathways remain unclear due to confounding factors.

Methods

Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was employed to investigate the causal relationship between AH and BC, with molecularly stratified analyses encompassing all receptor-defined subtypes (ER+BC, ER-BC, luminal A-like, luminal B-like, luminal B/HER2-negative-like, HER2-enriched-like, and TNBC). Additionally, the two-step Mendelian randomization (TSMR) method was used to investigate the mediating role of immune regulatory factors. Statistical inference primarily utilized inverse variance-weighted (IVW) estimators, complemented by pleiotropy-robust sensitivity validation protocols. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s Q test. Pleiotropy was detected by combining the MR-Egger intercept term and the MR-PRESSO method to ensure the robustness and reliability of the research results.

Results

Genetically predicted AH was causally associated with luminal B-like BC (OR=0.940, 95% CI: 0.900-0.983, P=6.05×10-3), whereas AH was not observed to be causally associated with other subtypes of overall BC. The cathepsin Z (CTSZ) was determined to be a mediator of the association between AH and luminal B-like BC, with a mediation ratio of 11.494% (95% CI: 2.124%-43.623%).

Conclusion

This study suggests that AH increases the expression of CTSZ and thus reduces the genetic susceptibility to luminal B-like BC, and understanding this mechanism provides new insights for the development of BC prevention strategies and interventions.

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism  /  Cathepsin Z  /  Luminal B-like breast cancer  /  Genetic instrumental variable  /  Cytokines  /  Chemokines
张耀宸, 刘鑫, 窦庭瑶, 曹丽敏, 李菁, 雷艳, 张彬月, 王斌, 王艳红, 贾红燕. 免疫调节因子在自身免疫性甲状腺功能亢进症与乳腺癌及其亚型关联中的中介作用:一项孟德尔随机化研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (6) : 1139 -1146 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509392
Yao-chen ZHANG, Xin LIU, Ting-yao DOU, Li-min CAO, Jing LI, Yan LEI, Bin-yue ZHANG, Bin WANG, Yan-hong WANG, Hong-yan JIA. Mediating role of immunomodulators in the association of autoimmune hyperthyroidism with breast cancer and its subtypes: a Mendelian randomized study[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (6) : 1139 -1146 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509392
乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤。根据世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构发布的数据,2022年全球新增乳腺癌病例达230万例,位居癌症相关死亡原因的第四位。这种死亡负担明显超过了子宫内膜癌,卵巢癌等妇科恶性肿瘤[1]。遗传因素在乳腺癌的发病中占5%~10%的比重;然而,发病率的地域和种族差异更多是由环境因素造成的[2]。近年来,甲状腺功能障碍与乳腺癌之间的关系受到了更多关注[3-4]。本研究旨在探究这种相关性。
全球自身免疫性甲状腺功能亢进症(autoimmune hyperthyroidism,AH)的患病率在0.2%至1.3%之间[5],女性的患病率高于男性,而格雷夫斯病(Graves’ disease,GD)是主要病因。慢性未控制的甲状腺功能亢进状态及其相关的内分泌紊乱(例如雌激素代谢改变、慢性炎症环境)已被认为是乳腺癌发展的潜在风险因素。流行病学研究对AH与乳腺癌之间的因果关系报告了相互矛盾的结果。一项研究表明,GD与乳腺癌风险升高存在关联[6]。而另一项观察性研究的荟萃分析发现,BC与自身免疫性甲状腺炎有关,但与甲状腺功能亢进无关[7]。相比之下,某些临床观察性研究表明,甲状腺功能亢进可能对BC有保护作用[8-9]。目前仍无法确定乳腺癌与AH之间存在明确的因果关系。
孟德尔随机化(mendelian randomization,MR)是一种利用与暴露因素相关的单核苷酸多态性(single-nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)作为工具变量(instrumental variables,IVs),来检测暴露因素对结果的因果效应的研究方法。该方法能够有效缓解观察性研究中固有的混杂偏倚和逆向因果关系问题[10]。中介分析将暴露因素对结果的总体影响分解为两部分:直接效应,即暴露因素对结果的独立影响;间接效应,即暴露因素通过中介变量对结果产生的影响[11]。中介分析的实施基于多变量孟德尔随机化(multivariate mendelian randomization, MVMR)方法,通过使用与因果关联协变量相关的遗传工具变量,以估计暴露因素对结局的独立因果效应[12]。
目前已有研究探讨甲状腺功能紊乱与乳腺癌的因果关系。Pei Xin等发现自身免疫性甲状腺炎可通过上调7-甲基黄嘌呤表达增加乳腺癌风险[13]。Bingrui Gao等证实甲状腺功能减退通过降低总睾酮水平降低乳腺癌风险[14]。亦有研究探究甲亢、GD与BC及乳腺良性肿瘤的因果关联[15-18],但多数研究尚未针对BC不同亚型进行分层分析。
本研究进行了全面的MR分析,以探究AH与BC及其亚型之间的潜在因果关系。此外,还选取了一系列与免疫调节和肿瘤进展相关的生物标志物,包括细胞因子、趋化因子和组织蛋白酶家族,以评估它们可能的中介作用。
本研究利用大规模的全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study,GWAS)数据进行两样本MR分析,以探究AH与BC之间的遗传关联(图1)。并且遵循了“STROBE-MR”指南[19]。MR分析以SNP作为工具变量,以便评估暴露因素(AH)与结局(BC)之间的因果关系。在此过程中,必须满足三个主要假设:首先,关联性假设:SNP与暴露因素(AH)强相关;其次,独立性假设:遗传变异与混杂因素无关,而是仅通过遗传变异-暴露-结局途径与结局(BC)相关;第三,排他性假设:遗传变异只能通过暴露因素对结局产生作用[20]。然后,应用TSMR法来研究候选中介物(组织蛋白酶、细胞因子、趋化因子)是否在AH与BC的因果关联中起中介作用。本研究中使用的GWAS汇总统计数据是公开可用的,并且对所有原始研究都进行了伦理审查和知情同意。
AH的GWAS数据从FinnGen数据库(https://r11.finngen.fi/)中提取,其定义为ICD-10编码E05.9的诊断结果,包括338 977名欧洲血统的参与者(2 190例患者和336 787名对照者)。
本文中细胞因子(IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、IL-10、IL-13、IL-18、IFNγ、TNFα、TNFβ)和趋化因子(CCL2、CCL5、CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL12)的汇总统计数据均源自一项全基因组关联研究的荟萃分析[21]。该研究整合了来自“芬兰青年研究”(YFS)和“芬兰风险调查”的结果,共涉及8 293名芬兰人。所有受试者在参与前均签署了书面知情同意书,且该研究已获得当地伦理委员会的批准。
从INTERVAL研究中获取了九种组织蛋白酶(组织蛋白酶 B、E、F、G、H、L2、O、S 和 Z)的GWAS数据,该研究包括3 301名欧洲人[22]。INTERVAL研究是一项基因组学研究,所有捐赠者均提供了知情同意书。并且该研究获得了国家研究伦理委员会(11/EE/0538)的批准。
本研究获取了来自乳腺癌协会联盟(Breast Cancer Association Consortium, BCAC)与乳腺癌遗传变异发现-生物学-风险联合研究项目(Discovery, Biology and Risk of Inherited Variants in Breast Cancer Consortium, DRIVE)最大的欧洲人群乳腺癌GWAS数据[23]。共纳入122 977例乳腺癌病例和105 974例对照,其中包含69 501例ER+乳腺癌病例和21 468例ER-乳腺癌病例。进一步从BCAC获取了来自82项研究中的118 474例病例和96 201例对照数据,分析AH在五种分子亚型中的因果效应。乳腺癌亚型依据ER、PR、HER2状态划分为Luminal A型、Luminal B型、Luminal B型HER2阴性、HER2阳性型及三阴性乳腺癌[24]。
首先,根据全基因组显著性阈值(P<5×10-6)筛选与暴露相关的SNP作为工具变量。其次,剔除存在连锁不平衡的SNP(r2=0.001,kb=10 000)。第三,使用LD-Link网站(https://ldlink.nci.nih.gov/)排除与混杂因素有关的工具变量, 包括初潮年龄、绝经年龄、体重指数、吸烟、酒精摄入等经流行病学研究证实与AH及BC有关的风险因素[25-26]。最后,通过公式计算F统计量评估工具变量强度:。R2表示IVs解释AH方差的比例,n代表样本量,k代表SNP的数量。选择F>10的SNP纳入分析,从而有效地控制了MR分析中的弱工具变量偏差。
首先进行两样本MR分析,以探究AH与BC之间的因果关系。使用逆方差加权法(Inverse variance weighting,IVW)作为主要的MR分析方法。因果估计值以比值比(OR)和95%置信区间(95% CI)的形式呈现。由于本研究纳入了8个乳腺癌亚型,因此将Bonferroni校正后的显著性阈值设定为 P<0.006 25(0.05/8)。同时,采用加权中位数(Weighted median,WM)和 MR-Egger方法辅助分析。最后,通过Steiger检验探讨反向因果关系。
本研究使用TSMR法来进行中介分析:使用单变量MR法分析暴露对结局(β0)以及暴露对中介变量(β1)的因果效应,β1的Bonferroni校正显著性阈值为P<0.001 85(0.05/27);进一步使用多变量MR法探究校正暴露后中介变量对结局的独立效应(β2)。中介效应通过系数乘积法(β1*β2)来估算,中介比例定义为(β1*β2)/β0。最后,使用bootstrapping法计算了中介比例的标准误差。
本研究确定AH与Luminal B型乳腺癌之间潜在中介的原则包括:(1)AH与中介,中介与Luminal B型乳腺癌均存在因果关系;(2)AH与中介无反向因果,筛选流程见图2。
为确保结果可靠性,本研究进行了一系列敏感性分析。使用MR-Egger回归的截距值和MR-PRESSO法检测并校正多效性,通过Cochran Q检验评估异质性(P<0.05),并采用留一法来确定结果是否受单个SNP的影响。所有分析在R软件(版本4.2.1)中进行,使用“TwoSampleMR”和“MRPRESSO”包完成。
根据以上筛选标准,本研究确定了与AH相关的16个SNP,SNP rs9275576 因其可能与混杂因素(特别是体重指数)存在关联而被排除。从结局GWAS中提取暴露相关SNP并进行协调后,本研究纳入的工具变量数量如图3所示。在分析AH对中介影响的MR研究中,纳入的的工具变量数量为10、13或14个SNPs。计算所得的F统计量均大于10,有效减少了弱工具变量可能引发的偏倚。
IVW分析显示,AH与Luminal B型乳腺癌之间的因果效应具有统计学意义(OR=0.940, 95% CI:0.900~0.983, P=6.058×10-3);与Luminal A型乳腺癌呈提示性因果关联(OR=1.034, 95% CI:1.004~1.065, P=0.025),未达Bonferroni校正后的显著水平,与其他乳腺癌亚型未见有统计学意义的因果关联,各MR方法的因果效应估计值见图3。MR-Egger回归分析提示无水平多效性(截距=0.014,标准误差=0.021,P=0.526),Cochran Q检验未发现异质性(Q=8.409,P=0.676)。留一法验证结果稳健;Steiger检验表明二者无反向因果干扰(P=0.077),敏感性分析结果见表1。
在九个组织蛋白酶候选中介中,有两个符合标准并纳入中介MR分析。如图4所示,AH与组织蛋白酶Z(CTSZ)(OR=1.075,95% CI:1.027~1.124,P=1.803×10-3)和组织蛋白酶O(CTS0)(OR=1.054,95% CI:1.007~1.103,P=0.023)呈正相关,仅前者经Bonferroni校正后仍具有统计学意义,AH与其余组织蛋白酶无相关性。此MR分析无显著异质性及水平多效性(表2),留一法验证结果稳健,反向MR分析显示 CTSZ对AH无因果关联(PIVW>0.05)。
AH遗传预测风险每增加1个标准差(SD),趋化因子CCL2、CXCL10、IL-8 水平分别升高 3.4%(OR=1.034, 95% CI:1.000~1.070, P=0.048)、8.1%(OR=1.081, 95% CI:1.024~1.141, P=0.005)、4.9%(OR=1.049, 95% CI:1.003~1.096, P=0.036),但均未通过多重检验校正(Bonferroni校正阈值:P<0.05/27)。AH与其他细胞因子、趋化因子无显著关联。敏感性分析未明显异质性及多效性。
基于既往AH对CTSZ的潜在影响研究,本研究进一步探究CTSZ与Luminal B型乳腺癌的因果关系。使用多变量MR分析校正AH的影响后,CTSZ每升高 1SD,Luminal B型乳腺癌风险降低9.4%(OR=0.906,95% CI:0.864~0.951,P=5.417×10-5)。
基于上述结果,本研究以CTSZ为中介变量进行了中介效应分析(图5)。在AH与Luminal B型乳腺癌的因果路径中,CTSZ的中介效应为-0.007,中介效应占比为11.494%(95% CI:2.124%~43.623%)。
为了研究AH与乳腺癌及其亚型之间的因果关系,本研究使用了大规模的GWAS汇总数据进行了这项MR研究。研究结果表明AH与Luminal B型乳腺癌的遗传易感性降低有关。此外,确定了CTSZ为中介因素,中介比例为11.494%(2.124%~43.623%)。
本研究证实了AH与Luminal B型乳腺癌的负相关关系。Graves 病为AH最常见病因,其产生的促甲状腺激素受体抗体会致甲状腺激素过度生成[27]。甲状腺激素被认为具有促癌与抑癌的双重作用。甲状腺激素通过负向调控SMP30基因促进乳腺癌细胞凋亡[28]。局部TH治疗抑制基底细胞癌生长并诱导其凋亡[29]。这些研究表明其具有肿瘤抑制作用。而甲状腺激素生理失活剂D3在成人组织中异常激活后,会抑制T3、T4活性,从而通过抑制分化信号和改变肿瘤微环境来促进肿瘤生长[30-31]。同样,乳腺癌中也发现了D3表达及活性升高[32],提示甲状腺激素信号缺失可能参与乳腺癌发病。然而,甲状腺激素也可能通过结合雌激素受体刺激乳腺癌细胞增殖[33],故其与乳腺癌的关联尚存争议。
本研究的另一个值得注意的发现是识别了组织蛋白酶Z在AH与Luminal B型乳腺癌之间的中介作用。目前,一些研究表明,CTSZ可能与自身免疫性疾病的发生和发展有关。例如,在类风湿性关节炎和系统性红斑狼疮患者中,CTSZ的表达水平显著升高,并与疾病的严重程度相关[34]。本研究发现了AH患者中CTSZ表达增加的遗传证据。这可能与在自身免疫反应引发的炎症环境下,甲状腺细胞受到各种细胞因子的刺激,例如干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),上调组织蛋白酶Z的表达有关。
肿瘤微环境中组织蛋白酶活性失调可影响癌症进展与转移。现有研究证实肿瘤组织中多种组织蛋白酶蛋白水平升高,可通过促进肿瘤生长、侵袭和转移推动恶性进展[35-37]。但也有例外,如胰腺癌中组织蛋白酶L介导YAP1降解可促进癌细胞休眠[38]。组织蛋白酶Z与乳腺癌的关联尚存争议,本研究发现其或与Luminal B型乳腺癌遗传易感性降低相关。CTSZ主要定位于单核细胞、巨噬细胞或树突状细胞,在调控免疫细胞的增殖、成熟、迁移和黏附等方面发挥重要作用[39]。体外实验表明瘤周巨噬细胞的CTSZ表达显著高于肿瘤细胞[40],CTSZ诱导的CXCL-12加工可能支持巨噬细胞募集至肿瘤侵袭区[41]。且CTSZ参与巨噬细胞吞噬和抗原呈递过程,可能调控抗肿瘤免疫[42]。此外,组织蛋白酶参与细胞自噬[43]。肿瘤起始阶段自噬可通过抑制炎症、组织损伤及基因组不稳定性,抑制癌细胞的侵袭与转移[44]。
本研究发现CTSZ与乳腺癌遗传易感性降低有关,调控其活性或表达可能成为乳腺癌防治新策略,尤其在自身免疫性甲状腺疾病人群中更具应用价值。本研究采用MR分析,规避了传统观察性研究的混杂偏倚。暴露、中介及结局的GWAS数据均来自不同数据库,最大程度减少了样本重叠。同时为了减少假阳性,对P值应用了Bonferroni矫正;为了确保结果的准确性,使用了多种敏感性方法。然而,本研究亦存在局限性。尽管消除了可能影响结果的混杂因素,但不能完全排除;GWAS数据均源于欧洲人群,虽减少人群分层偏倚,但研究结果的全球普适性有限;虽然MR技术为因果关系提供了有价值的见解,但仍无法详细阐明潜在机制。AH经CTSZ调控Luminal B型乳腺癌的发生机制仍待深入探究。
总之,本研究提出了一个潜在的中介CTSZ,它部分解释了AH与Luminal B型乳腺癌之间因果效应的根本原因,并讨论了其合理性。随后的研究将侧重于通过临床或动物实验探究其潜在机制。
  • 山西省高等教育“百亿工程”科技引导专项(Shanxi Province Higer Education “Bidlion Project” Science and Technology Guidance Project)
  • 煤炭环境致病与防治教育部重点实验室(MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention)(2C622024113)
  • 山西省自然科学项目青年项目(202303021222339)
  • 山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2022-119)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509392
  • 接收时间:2025-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-23
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山西省高等教育“百亿工程”科技引导专项(Shanxi Province Higer Education “Bidlion Project” Science and Technology Guidance Project)
煤炭环境致病与防治教育部重点实验室(MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention)(2C622024113)
山西省自然科学项目青年项目(202303021222339)
山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2022-119)
作者信息
    1.山西医科大学第一医院乳腺科,太原 030000
    2.山西医科大学第一临床医学院
    3.山西医科大学基础医学院
    4.山西医科大学儿科医学系

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王艳红和贾红燕为共同通信作者。
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