Article(id=1324077734674182997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077716676424398, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507238, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752336000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614332121, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614332121, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614332121, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614332121, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077716676424398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='769', pageEnd='960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614327830, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614418028, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324078095132655884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077716676424398, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324078095132655885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077716676424398, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=861, endPage=866, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077734900675414, articleId=1324077734674182997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Exploration of the reference values of percentage body fat for obesity screening among primary and secondary school students, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the reference values of percentage body fat (PBF) for obesity screening in children and adolescents, in order to provide a reference for the development of rapid assessment tools for obesity among primary and secondary school students, and the promotion of obesity screening work among children and adolescents.

Methods

A stratified cluster sampling method was used to include subjects from Putuo District, Shanghai in September 2024. Basic information and anthropometric data were collected from 2 270 primary and secondary school students. The χ2 test and rank-sum test were used for data analysis with SPSS 29.0. Fitted curves were used to analyze the trend of PBF across sex and age, and optimal cut-points for obesity screening were determined by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results

The students were aged 7-17 years, with a mean age of 11.85±3.10 years. The detection rate of simple obesity was 16.8%, and the rate of central obesity was 22.1%. With increasing age, PBF in boys first increased and then decreased, whereas that in girls showed a general upward trend. Sex differences in PBF emerged after the age of 10 years (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the model fitting values were all >0.5, and the AUCs of PBF for obesity screening exceeded 0.900 across sex and age groups, with both sensitivity and specificity generally >80%.

Conclusion

PBF is highly valuable as an obesity screening indicator and can accurately and intuitively reflect body fat content and its changes in children.

, authors=Shuo YU1, Yu ZHANG1, Bing-qing WANG1, Xia-yun ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Shuo YU, Yu ZHANG, Bing-qing WANG, Xia-yun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xia-yun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077735601124185, articleId=1324077734674182997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=中小学生肥胖筛查的体脂率参考值的探索研究, columnId=1228016570031604578, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=儿少卫生与妇幼保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨儿童青少年体脂率筛查肥胖的参考值,为开发中小学生肥胖快速评估工具,推进儿童青少年肥胖筛查工作提供参考。

方法

采用分层整群抽样,于2024年9月在上海市普陀区对2 270名中小学生进行体格检查,收集研究对象的基本信息。采用SPSS 29.0软件进行χ2检验和秩和检验,拟合曲线分析不同性别、年龄体脂率的变化趋势,并绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线确定体脂率筛查肥胖的最佳切点。

结果

调查学生的年龄范围为7~17岁,平均年龄为(11.85±3.10)岁。单纯性肥胖检出率为16.8%,中心性肥胖检出率为22.1%。随着年龄增长,男生体脂率呈先增加后降低的趋势,女生体脂率整体呈上升趋势,男女生的体脂率在10岁及以后出现差异(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,性别、年龄别体脂率诊断肥胖的模型拟合值均在0.5以上,曲线下面积均大于0.900,特异度和灵敏度基本>80%。

结论

体脂率可以作为肥胖筛查指标的应用价值较高,体脂率可直观准确地反映儿童体脂含量和变化。

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于硕(1996—),女,硕士,初级医师,研究方向:学校卫生

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张夏芸,E-mail:
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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Comparison and application of obesity screening indicators in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years in Hangzhou in 2023, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324077740957250438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, awardId=ptkwws202117, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市普陀区卫生健康系统科技创新项目(ptkwws202117), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077735877948250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077735886336859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, companyId=1324077735877948250, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanghai Putuo District Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shanghai Putuo District Health Inspecting Agency),Shanghai 200333, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077735898919772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, companyId=1324077735877948250, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.上海市普陀区疾病预防控制中心(上海市普陀区卫生健康监督所),上海 200333)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077735978611549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077735995388766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, companyId=1324077735978611549, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.上海市普陀区万里街道社区卫生服务中心,上海 200333)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324077739740902268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Age-specific BFP fitting curves for boys and girls, figureFileSmall=FCBCWKhTUU/3jxiamEQE1g==, figureFileBig=F3qGjsqE9bAlwPLS59ytjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077739833176957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, language=CN, label=图1, caption=男、女生年龄别BFP拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=FCBCWKhTUU/3jxiamEQE1g==, figureFileBig=F3qGjsqE9bAlwPLS59ytjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077740093223806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Correlation analysis of general situation and obesity distribution of children and adolescents aged 7 to 17

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目性别学段单纯性肥胖中心性肥胖
性别1.000
学段-0.075**1.000
单纯性肥胖-0.180**-0.0091.000
中心性肥胖-0.177**0.108**-0.758**1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1324077740244218751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

7~17岁儿童青少年一般情况及肥胖分布相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目性别学段单纯性肥胖中心性肥胖
性别1.000
学段-0.075**1.000
单纯性肥胖-0.180**-0.0091.000
中心性肥胖-0.177**0.108**-0.758**1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1324077740344882048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of BFP among children and adolescents of different ages and genders (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄(岁)男生女生z值P值
P25P50P75P95P25P50P75P95
715.6320.2524.9838.3115.1519.6023.8835.69-0.2820.778
816.5320.3030.0838.9818.0523.3530.9837.04-1.2230.221
919.5024.3033.7040.6518.3022.5529.6037.11-1.5150.13
1021.6828.7036.0842.3518.2521.9028.4536.01-4.115<0.001
1120.2528.7035.4543.6118.1523.8028.4539.33-2.7030.007
1215.9322.0031.2339.4121.1525.7033.3544.28-2.3570.018
1313.2020.0028.0034.2024.2029.7033.0040.72-6.061<0.001
1412.3017.3026.2037.2025.1529.5533.1838.27-9.124<0.001
1515.2320.8529.3036.3025.5830.4536.0843.50-5.887<0.001
1616.2022.7028.6538.8527.9030.9036.5043.62-7.016<0.001
1717.1521.4528.6838.3827.3830.9035.4340.12-6.339<0.001
统计量106.046a221.531a
P值<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1324077740521042817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同年龄、性别组儿童青少年BFP的比较(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄(岁)男生女生z值P值
P25P50P75P95P25P50P75P95
715.6320.2524.9838.3115.1519.6023.8835.69-0.2820.778
816.5320.3030.0838.9818.0523.3530.9837.04-1.2230.221
919.5024.3033.7040.6518.3022.5529.6037.11-1.5150.13
1021.6828.7036.0842.3518.2521.9028.4536.01-4.115<0.001
1120.2528.7035.4543.6118.1523.8028.4539.33-2.7030.007
1215.9322.0031.2339.4121.1525.7033.3544.28-2.3570.018
1313.2020.0028.0034.2024.2029.7033.0040.72-6.061<0.001
1412.3017.3026.2037.2025.1529.5533.1838.27-9.124<0.001
1515.2320.8529.3036.3025.5830.4536.0843.50-5.887<0.001
1616.2022.7028.6538.8527.9030.9036.5043.62-7.016<0.001
1717.1521.4528.6838.3827.3830.9035.4340.12-6.339<0.001
统计量106.046a221.531a
P值<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1324077740604928898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Predicted simple obesity cut-off points for boys and girls in different age groups based on BFP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别年龄(岁)切点(%)灵敏度特异度约登指数AUC(95%CI)P值
男728.551.0000.9590.9590.994 (0.979 ~1.000)<0.001
829.751.0000.8960.8960.960 (0.913 ~0.990)<0.001
929.300.9130.8980.8110.964 (0.935 ~0.987)<0.001
1034.150.9640.9150.8790.964 (0.929 ~0.990)<0.001
1131.700.8670.8360.7020.932 (0.875 ~0.972)<0.001
1228.850.9090.8570.7660.929 (0.873 ~0.974)<0.001
1325.251.0000.7620.7620.938 (0.886 ~0.980)<0.001
1428.450.9310.9620.8930.975 (0.940 ~0.996)<0.001
1524.151.0000.8270.8270.957 (0.918 ~0.984)<0.001
1627.050.9550.9030.8580.967 (0.926 ~0.993)<0.001
1726.900.9710.9290.8990.974 (0.947 ~0.995)<0.001
女727.250.9290.9530.8820.975 (0.943 ~0.998)<0.001
830.950.9230.8670.7900.939 (0.874 ~0.984)<0.001
931.200.9470.8900.8370.965 (0.929 ~0.992)<0.001
1030.551.0000.8730.8730.962 (0.903 ~1.000)<0.001
1130.001.0000.8460.8460.959 (0.897 ~1.000)<0.001
1234.751.0000.9530.9530.988 (0.963 ~1.000)<0.001
1334.551.0000.8810.8810.944 (0.884 ~0.988)<0.001
1433.901.0000.8350.8350.967 (0.917 ~0.999)<0.001
1541.151.0000.9550.9550.964 (0.915 ~1.000)<0.001
1637.601.0000.8800.8800.959 (0.909 ~0.995)<0.001
1740.751.0001.0001.0001.000 (1.000 ~1.000)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1324077740693009283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077734674182997, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同年龄组男、女生BFP预测单纯性肥胖切点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别年龄(岁)切点(%)灵敏度特异度约登指数AUC(95%CI)P值
男728.551.0000.9590.9590.994 (0.979 ~1.000)<0.001
829.751.0000.8960.8960.960 (0.913 ~0.990)<0.001
929.300.9130.8980.8110.964 (0.935 ~0.987)<0.001
1034.150.9640.9150.8790.964 (0.929 ~0.990)<0.001
1131.700.8670.8360.7020.932 (0.875 ~0.972)<0.001
1228.850.9090.8570.7660.929 (0.873 ~0.974)<0.001
1325.251.0000.7620.7620.938 (0.886 ~0.980)<0.001
1428.450.9310.9620.8930.975 (0.940 ~0.996)<0.001
1524.151.0000.8270.8270.957 (0.918 ~0.984)<0.001
1627.050.9550.9030.8580.967 (0.926 ~0.993)<0.001
1726.900.9710.9290.8990.974 (0.947 ~0.995)<0.001
女727.250.9290.9530.8820.975 (0.943 ~0.998)<0.001
830.950.9230.8670.7900.939 (0.874 ~0.984)<0.001
931.200.9470.8900.8370.965 (0.929 ~0.992)<0.001
1030.551.0000.8730.8730.962 (0.903 ~1.000)<0.001
1130.001.0000.8460.8460.959 (0.897 ~1.000)<0.001
1234.751.0000.9530.9530.988 (0.963 ~1.000)<0.001
1334.551.0000.8810.8810.944 (0.884 ~0.988)<0.001
1433.901.0000.8350.8350.967 (0.917 ~0.999)<0.001
1541.151.0000.9550.9550.964 (0.915 ~1.000)<0.001
1637.601.0000.8800.8800.959 (0.909 ~0.995)<0.001
1740.751.0001.0001.0001.000 (1.000 ~1.000)<0.001
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Predicted central obesity cut-off points for boys and girls in different age groups based on BFP

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827.051.0000.8910.8910.971 (0.935 ~0.995)<0.001
929.300.9530.8920.8460.971 (0.946 ~0.989)<0.001
1033.500.9390.9480.8870.978 (0.951 ~0.996)<0.001
1131.700.8530.8730.7260.933 (0.881 ~0.975)<0.001
1223.601.0000.7580.7580.929 (0.873 ~0.973)<0.001
1324.951.0000.8160.8160.929 (0.875 ~0.972)<0.001
1422.750.9770.9220.8990.989 (0.976 ~0.997)<0.001
1524.150.9390.8700.8090.933 (0.877 ~0.976)<0.001
1623.350.9430.8780.8200.952 (0.904 ~0.987)<0.001
1724.250.9040.9000.8040.964 (0.936 ~0.986)<0.001
女728.201.0000.9440.9440.962 (0.919 ~0.993)<0.001
830.951.0000.8460.8460.949 (0.890 ~0.988)<0.001
930.450.8330.8800.7130.933 (0.881 ~0.973)<0.001
1028.251.0000.7950.7950.956 (0.881 ~1.000)<0.001
1129.201.0000.9030.9030.978 (0.943 ~0.998)<0.001
1232.700.9380.9310.8690.976 (0.938 ~0.999)<0.001
1333.950.9230.9190.8420.944 (0.886 ~0.988)<0.001
1433.450.8800.8940.7740.935 (0.886 ~0.974)<0.001
1536.201.0000.8590.8590.957 (0.900 ~0.998)<0.001
1636.250.8670.8680.7350.899 (0.772 ~0.981)<0.001
1732.001.0000.7140.7140.912 (0.812 ~0.982)<0.001
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不同年龄组男、女生BFP预测中心性肥胖切点

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1028.251.0000.7950.7950.956 (0.881 ~1.000)<0.001
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1232.700.9380.9310.8690.976 (0.938 ~0.999)<0.001
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中小学生肥胖筛查的体脂率参考值的探索研究
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于硕 1 , 张瑜 1 , 王冰清 1 , 张夏芸 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026,53(5): 861-866
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现代预防医学 |儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026 , 53 (5) : 861 -866
中小学生肥胖筛查的体脂率参考值的探索研究
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于硕1, 张瑜1, 王冰清1, 张夏芸1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.上海市普陀区疾病预防控制中心(上海市普陀区卫生健康监督所),上海 200333
  • 2.上海市普陀区万里街道社区卫生服务中心,上海 200333
通讯作者:
张夏芸,E-mail:
作者简介:

于硕(1996—),女,硕士,初级医师,研究方向:学校卫生

Exploration of the reference values of percentage body fat for obesity screening among primary and secondary school students
Shuo YU1, Yu ZHANG1, Bing-qing WANG1, Xia-yun ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Putuo District Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shanghai Putuo District Health Inspecting Agency),Shanghai 200333, China
出版时间: 2026-03-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507238
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目的

探讨儿童青少年体脂率筛查肥胖的参考值,为开发中小学生肥胖快速评估工具,推进儿童青少年肥胖筛查工作提供参考。

方法

采用分层整群抽样,于2024年9月在上海市普陀区对2 270名中小学生进行体格检查,收集研究对象的基本信息。采用SPSS 29.0软件进行χ2检验和秩和检验,拟合曲线分析不同性别、年龄体脂率的变化趋势,并绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线确定体脂率筛查肥胖的最佳切点。

结果

调查学生的年龄范围为7~17岁,平均年龄为(11.85±3.10)岁。单纯性肥胖检出率为16.8%,中心性肥胖检出率为22.1%。随着年龄增长,男生体脂率呈先增加后降低的趋势,女生体脂率整体呈上升趋势,男女生的体脂率在10岁及以后出现差异(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,性别、年龄别体脂率诊断肥胖的模型拟合值均在0.5以上,曲线下面积均大于0.900,特异度和灵敏度基本>80%。

结论

体脂率可以作为肥胖筛查指标的应用价值较高,体脂率可直观准确地反映儿童体脂含量和变化。

肥胖  /  体脂率  /  中小学生  /  ROC曲线分析
Objective

To explore the reference values of percentage body fat (PBF) for obesity screening in children and adolescents, in order to provide a reference for the development of rapid assessment tools for obesity among primary and secondary school students, and the promotion of obesity screening work among children and adolescents.

Methods

A stratified cluster sampling method was used to include subjects from Putuo District, Shanghai in September 2024. Basic information and anthropometric data were collected from 2 270 primary and secondary school students. The χ2 test and rank-sum test were used for data analysis with SPSS 29.0. Fitted curves were used to analyze the trend of PBF across sex and age, and optimal cut-points for obesity screening were determined by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results

The students were aged 7-17 years, with a mean age of 11.85±3.10 years. The detection rate of simple obesity was 16.8%, and the rate of central obesity was 22.1%. With increasing age, PBF in boys first increased and then decreased, whereas that in girls showed a general upward trend. Sex differences in PBF emerged after the age of 10 years (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the model fitting values were all >0.5, and the AUCs of PBF for obesity screening exceeded 0.900 across sex and age groups, with both sensitivity and specificity generally >80%.

Conclusion

PBF is highly valuable as an obesity screening indicator and can accurately and intuitively reflect body fat content and its changes in children.

Obesity  /  Percentage body fat  /  Primary and secondary school students  /  ROC curve analysis
于硕, 张瑜, 王冰清, 张夏芸. 中小学生肥胖筛查的体脂率参考值的探索研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (5) : 861 -866 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507238
Shuo YU, Yu ZHANG, Bing-qing WANG, Xia-yun ZHANG. Exploration of the reference values of percentage body fat for obesity screening among primary and secondary school students[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (5) : 861 -866 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507238
肥胖是由体内脂肪或脂肪组织的过度或异常积累而导致的一种身体状态[1]。随着社会经济快速发展,儿童的膳食结构发生了较大改变,不健康的生活方式呈现流行态势,儿童肥胖检出率快速增加,儿童青少年的肥胖问题逐渐显著[2]。2024年,国家卫生健康委等印发《关于印发“体重管理年”活动实施方案的通知》,其中重点强调了学生体重管理。2025年初,中共中央、国务院印发《教育强国建设规划纲要(2024-2035年)》,明确提出要“促进学生健康成长、全面发展”,并“有效控制肥胖率”。然而,目前国内评价标准为《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》(WS/T 586-2018)[3],该标准是通过分年龄和性别的身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)来筛查肥胖,但是BMI并不能真实、直观地表达出体内脂肪的含量[4],同时还存在误诊和漏诊的可能[5]。而身体脂肪比例(简称体脂率,body fat percentage, BFP)可以作为评价肥胖的更优指标。但是,目前尚未建立BFP的评价肥胖标准。为积极响应《中小学生超重肥胖公共卫生综合防控技术导则》[6]中“积极开发中小学生超重肥胖快速评估工具”的要求,本研究基于上海市普陀区中小学生常见病监测资料,分析7~17岁儿童青少年的BFP与BMI、腰围等传统肥胖指标之间的关系,并寻找其筛查不同类型肥胖的适宜切点值,这对推进儿童青少年肥胖筛查工作具有重要的意义。
本研究数据来源于2024年上海市普陀区学生常见病和健康影响因素监测项目,文章已通过上海市疾病预防控制中心伦理审查委员会审查(伦理批号:2025-95)。在普陀区内选择7所学校,包括小学、初中、高中各2所,在每所学校、每个年级的所有班级进行编码,随机抽取两个班级,确定总人数,若人数不足80人,则再随机抽取一个班级,以保证每所学校的各年级人数在80人以上。
纳入标准:(1)接受体格检查者;(2)年龄7~17岁;(3)无肢体残疾。
排除标准:(1)继发性肥胖者;(2)严重精神疾病或智力缺损者;(3)有近期手术者;(4)有金属植入者。
由调查员在调查前开展统一的培训,测量所有学生的身高、体重、腰围、BFP等指标。身高、体重和腰围分别采用机械式身高计、电子体重计、软卷尺测量,记录精确到小数点后1位。BFP采用Inbody 370s体脂仪测量,记录精确到小数点后1位。Inbody体脂仪测量原理是生物电阻抗法(bio-electrical impedance analysis, BIA)。研究表明BIA测量结果与金标准双能X线吸收计量法(dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry,DXA)测出来的体脂率具有很好的一致性[7]。
单纯性肥胖:采用国家卫生行业标准《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》(WS/T 586—2018)[3]评价儿童青少年的营养状况,BMI大于或等于相应性别、年龄组“肥胖”界值点者为肥胖。中心性肥胖:根据《7岁~18岁儿童青少年高腰围筛查界值(WS/T 611—2018)》[8],腰围大于或等于相应性别、年龄组“高腰围”界值点者为中心性肥胖。
采用Excel 2023进行原始数据整理,SPSS 29.0和R 4.5.1 进行统计分析。计数资料以频数或频率表示,年龄用(均数±标准差)表示。一般特征指标之间的关系采用Spearman相关性分析。BFP为偏态分布(正态性检验:z=0.042,P<0.001),用中位数和四分位数间距[M(P25,P75)]表示,不同组别的比较采用秩和检验。分别以我国单纯性肥胖、中心性肥胖判定标准为金标准,通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线分析,并进行bootstrap后,计算BFP相应切点值的灵敏度、特异度、ROC曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)和约登指数,评估不同切点值的诊断价值,将约登指数最大值所对应的BFP作为最佳截断值[9]。检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共纳入2 270名中小学生作为研究对象,其中男生1 220人,女生1 050人,平均年龄为(11.85±3.10)岁,单纯性肥胖率为16.8%,中心性肥胖率为22.1%。性别和学段与单纯性肥胖以及中心性肥胖的差异均具有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。相关性分析结果显示,单纯性肥胖与性别为负相关,说明男生的单纯性肥胖率高于女生(P<0.001);中心性肥胖与性别为负相关,与学段为正相关,说明男生的中心性肥胖率同样高于女生(P<0.05),高年级的中心性肥胖比例更高(P<0.001)。见表1。
从拟合曲线的结果来看,随着年龄增长,男生的BFP呈先增加后降低的趋势,而女生BFP主要呈现随年龄不断上升趋势。7~9岁男生和女生的BFP差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);10岁之后,男生的BFP普遍低于女生,差别具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。见表2、图1。
以单纯性肥胖为标准,ROC曲线分析结果显示,各性别年龄层的模型拟合值均在0.5以上,各性别年龄层报告AUC均大于0.900,灵敏度均在85%以上,特异度均在75%以上。见表3。
以中心性肥胖为标准,ROC曲线分析结果显示,各性别年龄层的模型拟合值同样在0.5以上,各性别年龄层报告AUC绝大多数大于0.900,灵敏度均在85%以上,特异度均在70%以上。见表4。
世界卫生组织将肥胖认为是本世纪最严重的公共健康问题之一[10]。本研究单纯性肥胖检出率略高于解玉等[11]以初中学生为研究对象的结果,分析原因可能是现在肥胖越来越年轻化,在小学即出现肥胖的现象越来越多[12]。刘军廷等[13]报告北京市6~18岁儿童青少年的肥胖检出率为25.2%,其中男生为30.2%,女生为19.9%,均高于本研究结果,其原因可能是该研究期间中小学生居家网课时间偏多,户外活动时间减少,致使肥胖检出率明显增高。本研究中心性肥胖检出率为22.1%,其中男生为28.9%,女生为14.2%,远高出2015年全国报告的结果(男10.23%,女10.70%)[14],与胡佳等[15]报告的苏州市结果(20.6%)相近,其原因可能是近年来儿童青少年饮食结构变化大,而上海作为超一线城市变化则更加明显。本研究发现中心性肥胖与学段呈正相关关系,其原因可能是随着年龄增长,脂肪分布模式可能发生转变,腹部脂肪积聚趋势增强,提示更应该关注高年级的学生的中心性的肥胖,加强运动[16]。本研究结果显示,中心性肥胖的检出率高于单纯性肥胖检出率,说明单纯用BMI作为筛查指标可能会低估肥胖所带来的风险,因此通过BFP有助于更全面地评估个体的肥胖风险,避免漏诊高危人群。
本研究结果显示,男生的BFP随着年龄的增加呈现先上升后降低的趋势,而女生则呈现持续上升的趋势,这与 Schilling R等人[17]的研究结果相同,呈现如此趋势的原因可能是男生在青春期发育后期主要是肌肉量增加和骨骼生长,而女生青春期发育后,雌激素增加,会导致脂肪含量不断增加和累积,使得BFP呈现不断上升的趋势[18]。另外,本研究结果显示,10岁开始之后男女生的BFP的差别开始出现统计学差异,表现为与青春期男孩相比,青春期女孩的身体脂肪含量更高,这与Chun D等[19]研究结果相同。该变化的出现是因为青春期受到内分泌系统的调节,不同性别的儿童青少年青春期受到不同激素的作用和影响,在脂肪的形成和分布上出现极大的差异[20]。因此,使用BFP去评价儿童青少年肥胖时需要考虑到不同性别的青春期发育特征,根据其不同性别、年龄的发育特点来建立适宜的评价标准。同时,上海市普陀区儿童青少年中位数变化曲线与我国华东地区结果基本一致[21],但男生的BFP中位数略高,而女生则相近,可能是本研究只局限于上海市中心城区[22-23]。
根据WHO对于肥胖的定义来看,以BMI或者腰围为评价指标,均不能直接体现出体内脂肪的具体含量。有研究表明,儿童心脏代谢风险腰围与BFP相关,而非BMI[24]。因此,BFP作为评价指标更能够直观地反映出肥胖的严重程度和患慢性疾病的风险。本研究分别以我国儿童青少年单纯性肥胖判断标准和高腰围判断标准为结局变量,分别得出各性别、年龄层的BFP的最佳切点。何璐等[25]同样以单纯性肥胖为标准,得出11~14岁男生肥胖切点为30.75%,女生的切点为34.80%,与本研究同年龄层的结果相似,略高于本研究各年龄层的结果,这可能是因为在青春发育突增阶段,同性别相差一岁也会在体脂和肌肉量有较大的变化。有研究发现BMI与WC均具有较高的AUC[26-28],而中心性肥胖的儿童青少年的慢性疾病风险更高[29]。因此,本研究同样将中心性肥胖作为判定指标。与Park S等[30]研究结果相比,针对12~17岁青少年的中心性肥胖,韩国研究显示男孩和女孩的体脂率临界值分别为23.6%~25.7% 和32.8%~37.3%,虽然男孩的体脂率切点与既往研究结果相近,但女孩的切点却存在显著差异,这可能是因为女孩的青春期发育对BFP可能存在影响。目前,仅少数研究建立了儿童青少年体脂率百分位数参考值[31]。部分研究将BFP的第95百分位数(P95)作为肥胖判别标准。本研究结果显示,BFP的单纯性肥胖和中心性肥胖预测切点,均远远小于人群的P95。因此,以P95作为标准,可能会有较高的漏诊风险[32]。与赵丽娟等[33]研究结果相比,本研究结果显示的单纯性肥胖BFP预测切点,男孩与其P90结果相近,女孩与其P85结果相近,也同样与P95相差较远。
本研究中各年龄段男女生的BFP对单纯性肥胖和中心性肥胖的AUC值绝大多数大于0.900,灵敏度大部分在90%以上,特异度大部分在80%以上,具有较好的临床实践意义。本研究将男女生分别分析,因此性别在学段上有差异不影响最终结果的解读。本研究存在一定的局限性:本研究仅在上海市普陀区开展,在结果外推时可能出现一定的限制。此外,未来可进一步明确BFP筛查参考值,使其可以综合单纯性肥胖和中心性肥胖的判断。
  • 上海市普陀区卫生健康系统科技创新项目(ptkwws202117)
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2026年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507238
  • 接收时间:2025-07-13
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-13
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上海市普陀区卫生健康系统科技创新项目(ptkwws202117)
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    1.上海市普陀区疾病预防控制中心(上海市普陀区卫生健康监督所),上海 200333
    2.上海市普陀区万里街道社区卫生服务中心,上海 200333

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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