Article(id=1324077671273083268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077560820282023, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509107, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757001600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614317005, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614317005, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614317005, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614317005, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077560820282023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614290671, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614391469, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324077983656444429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077560820282023, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324077983660638734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077560820282023, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1062, endPage=1067, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077671478604166, articleId=1324077671273083268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=A quantitative study of China’s elderly social participation policies from the perspectives of policy instrument and the PMC index, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To provide insights for optimizing social participation policies for older adults in China, to introduce a novel analytical perspective to policy research and to explore quantitative approaches to assess policy tools configuration.

Methods

Policy documents were collected from the websites of the State Council, the National Health Commission, and the PKULAW database using the literature collection method. The content of elderly policies was quantitatively analyzed using the policy tool classification theory and the PMC index, and the policies were evaluated using the four-quadrant method.

Results

This study selected 17 policy documents as research objects. Specifically, there were 8 policies in Quadrant Ⅰ, 2 policies in Quadrant Ⅱ, 6 policies in Quadrant Ⅲ, and only 1 policy in Quadrant Ⅳ. Among the policy tools involved, there were 53 supply-side policy tools (57.0%), 23 demand-side policy tools (24.7%), and 17 environmental policy tools (18.3%). The average PMC index was 4.57, with the highest score being 7.17 and the lowest score being 2.87.

Conclusion

The structure of policy tools for social participation among older adults in China requires further optimization, with notable shortcomings in policy targeting, content richness, and innovation. The government should focus on refining the policy tool structure, clarifying policy goals, enriching policy content, and enhancing policy innovation to ensure the comprehensive and reasonable development of elderly policies and promote the implementation of the national strategy of active aging.

, authors=Yi-jun LU1, Yu-lin WANG1, Guang-tong WANG2, Zhi-peng HAN1, Xing CHEN1, Shan-ju HU1, Zhen-jie YU1, authorsList=Yi-jun LU, Yu-lin WANG, Guang-tong WANG, Zhi-peng HAN, Xing CHEN, Shan-ju HU, Zhen-jie YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhen-jie YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077673244406168, articleId=1324077671273083268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=政策工具与PMC指数视角下我国老年人社会参与政策量化研究, columnId=1228016568014139551, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=卫生政策与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

本研究旨在为我国老年人社会参与政策的优化建言献策,同时为相关政策分析引入新的研究视角,并探索政策工具结构的量化路径。

方法

运用文献收集法在国务院、国家卫健委官网及北大法宝数据库收集政策文件;采用政策工具分类理论与PMC指数对老年政策内容进行量化分析,利用四象限法对政策进行评价。

结果

研究选取17份政策文件作为研究对象,Ⅰ象限共8项政策,Ⅱ象限共2项政策,Ⅲ象限共6项政策,Ⅳ象限仅1项政策。其中,供给型政策工具共53条(57.0%),需求型政策工具共23条(24.7%),环境型政策工具共17条(18.3%)。平均PMC指数为4.57,得分最高为7.17,得分最低为2.87。

结论

我国老年人社会参与政策工具结构尚待优化、政策目标导向性、政策内容丰富度及政策创新性存在短板。政府应着力优化政策工具结构,明确政策目标,丰富政策内容,提高政策创新性,确保老年政策全面合理发展,促进积极老龄化国家战略实施。

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Research on social participation of retired older adults in China from the perspective of active aging: realistic dilemmas and solutions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077680768987637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=12, issue=10, pageStart=1, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=26, authorNames=翟德华, 于存洋, journalName=老龄科学研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=翟德华,于存洋.我国老年友好型社会建设指标体系研究[J].老龄科学研究,2024,12(10):1-14., articleTitle=我国老年友好型社会建设指标体系研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077680865456630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=12, issue=10, pageStart=1, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Zhai DH, Yu CY, journalName=Scientific Research on Aging, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhai DH, Yu CY. The indicator system of building an Age-Friendly society in China[J]. Scientific Research on Aging, 2024, 12(10): 1-14. (In Chinese), articleTitle=The indicator system of building an Age-Friendly society in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077680949342711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=123, pageEnd=129, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=28, authorNames=闫浩宇, journalName=理论观察, refType=null, unstructuredReference=闫浩宇.积极老龄化视角下促进城镇低龄老年人再就业的问题研究[J].理论观察,2025,(4):123-129., articleTitle=积极老龄化视角下促进城镇低龄老年人再就业的问题研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077681033228792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=123, pageEnd=129, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Yan HY, journalName=Theory Observe, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yan HY. Research on promoting the re-employment of urban young-old adults from the perspective of active aging[J]. Theory Observe, 2025, (4): 123-129. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Research on promoting the re-employment of urban young-old adults from the perspective of active aging, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077681108726265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=006, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=30, authorNames=佚名, journalName=中国社会报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=佚名.从政策到实践:老年人社会参与的难点怎么破?[N].中国社会报,2025-06-11(006)., articleTitle=从政策到实践:老年人社会参与的难点怎么破?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077681188418042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=006, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Anonym, journalName=China Social News, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Anonym. From policy to practice: how to break the difficulties of social participation of older adults?[N]. China Social News, 2025-06-11(006). (In Chinese), articleTitle=From policy to practice: how to break the difficulties of social participation of older adults?, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324077678193684953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, awardId=ZR2019MG028, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金(ZR2019MG028), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1324077678323708378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=2025年山东省人文社会科学课题一般项目, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077673466704281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077673475092890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, companyId=1324077673466704281, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Management, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077673756111259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, companyId=1324077673466704281, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山东第二医科大学管理学院,山东 潍坊 261053)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077673835803036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077673844191645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, companyId=1324077673835803036, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.潍坊市疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324077676251722185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Semantic network diagram, figureFileSmall=y+PUtJPGgvAE66hDeWpH8w==, figureFileBig=33GGQRTdQ3HceJw/FtLLIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077676348191178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=CN, label=图1, caption=语义网络图谱, figureFileSmall=y+PUtJPGgvAE66hDeWpH8w==, figureFileBig=33GGQRTdQ3HceJw/FtLLIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077676620820939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Composition of policy tools and structural index, figureFileSmall=iyRKUOTxw1Odlp6o7IT/Jg==, figureFileBig=Y4ndn783dFK9N4270+dRHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077676713095628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=CN, label=图2, caption=政策工具构成及结构指数, figureFileSmall=iyRKUOTxw1Odlp6o7IT/Jg==, figureFileBig=Y4ndn783dFK9N4270+dRHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077676780204493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Single policy PMC surface graph, figureFileSmall=SfyT6Bcpe+WMnDdjH/xU3g==, figureFileBig=BbVwQEa2MH8M8oDrvkY8RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077676843119054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=CN, label=图3, caption=单项政策PMC曲面图, figureFileSmall=SfyT6Bcpe+WMnDdjH/xU3g==, figureFileBig=BbVwQEa2MH8M8oDrvkY8RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077676931199439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Overall policy PMC surface graph, figureFileSmall=Hxt7huhHGNjaj0wM1olPLg==, figureFileBig=b9Kcc0T2jg8CMr0nmxMrCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077677002502608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=CN, label=图4, caption=政策整体PMC曲面图, figureFileSmall=Hxt7huhHGNjaj0wM1olPLg==, figureFileBig=b9Kcc0T2jg8CMr0nmxMrCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077677098971601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Four-Quadrant diagram, figureFileSmall=ijulxNJhwF0Hu6i/g0MAFw==, figureFileBig=/JEgk6ZFTMxVLY6/vNZ34Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077677333852626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=CN, label=图5, caption=四象限图, figureFileSmall=ijulxNJhwF0Hu6i/g0MAFw==, figureFileBig=/JEgk6ZFTMxVLY6/vNZ34Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077677451293139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Variable indicator system table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级变量二级变量变量含义(是计1,否计0)变量设置来源
政策性质(X1)建议(X1.1)政策具备建议性基于周立芳文章修改[11]
描述(X1.2)政策具备描述性
预测(X1.3)政策具备预测性
监督(X1.4)政策具备监督性
支持(X1.5)政策具备支持性
指导(X1.6)政策具备指导性
政策时长(X2)长期(>5年)(X2.1)政策时长超过5年基于孙琪文章修改[12]
中期(3~5年)(X2.2)政策时长3到5年
短期(<3年)(X2.3)政策时长短于3年
政策级别(X3)国家级(X3.1)政策为国家层面颁布基于文本挖掘内容
省市级(X3.2)政策为省市层面颁布
政策对象(X4)老年人群(X4.1)对象为老年人基于文本挖掘内容
企业(X4.2)对象为企业
医疗机构(X4.3)对象为医疗机构
政府部门(X4.4)对象为政府及其部门
政策目标(X5)形成老年友好型社区(X5.1)目标涉及老年友好型社区基于文本内容和高频词统计
提升社区能力水平(X5.2)目标涉及社区能力水平
支持养老体系建设(X5.3)目标涉及养老体系建设
培育积极老龄观(X5.4)目标涉及积极老龄观
共创老年友好型社会(X5.5)目标涉及老年友好型社会
政策内容(X6)促使老年人继续就业(X6.1)内容涉及老年人就业基于文本内容和高频词统计
提供老年人法律援助(X6.2)内容涉及老年人法律援助
倡导老年人自我管理(X6.3)内容涉及老年人自我管理
促进老年人体育健身(X6.4)内容涉及老年人体育健身
提高老年人教育参与(X6.5)内容涉及老年人教育参与
加强社区建设(X6.6)内容涉及社区建设
推动老年人参与志愿服务(X6.7)内容涉及老年人志愿服务
加强老年人技能培训(X6.8)内容涉及老年人技能培训
丰富老年人精神生活(X6.9)内容涉及老年人精神生活
引导基层老年组织发展(X6.10)内容涉及老年组织
加强老年人力资源开发(X6.11)内容涉及老年人力资源
加强为老服务设施建设(X6.12)内容涉及服务设施建设
政策保障(X7)人才支持(X7.1)保障涉及人才支持基于毛太田文章修改[13]
资金支持(X7.2)保障涉及资金支持
技术支持(X7.3)保障涉及技术支持
试点示范(X7.4)保障涉及试点示范
平台支持(X7.5)保障涉及平台支持
宣传教育(X7.6)保障涉及宣传教育
政策评价(X8)依据充分(X8.1)有明确的政策设置来源、依据基于毛太田文章修改[13]
目标明确(X8.2)目标存在时间安排
方案合理(X8.3)具备计划、任务、实施步骤
分工明确(X8.4)任务精确分配给各部门实施
政策创新(X9)数智技术应用(X9.1)鼓励应用大数据、信息技术辅助老年人参与社会活动基于文本内容
国际经验迁移应用(X9.2)借鉴海外国家老年人社会参与治理经验
区域间资源共享(X9.3)地区间老年人社会参与资源共建共享
), ArticleFig(id=1324077677539373524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量指标体系表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级变量二级变量变量含义(是计1,否计0)变量设置来源
政策性质(X1)建议(X1.1)政策具备建议性基于周立芳文章修改[11]
描述(X1.2)政策具备描述性
预测(X1.3)政策具备预测性
监督(X1.4)政策具备监督性
支持(X1.5)政策具备支持性
指导(X1.6)政策具备指导性
政策时长(X2)长期(>5年)(X2.1)政策时长超过5年基于孙琪文章修改[12]
中期(3~5年)(X2.2)政策时长3到5年
短期(<3年)(X2.3)政策时长短于3年
政策级别(X3)国家级(X3.1)政策为国家层面颁布基于文本挖掘内容
省市级(X3.2)政策为省市层面颁布
政策对象(X4)老年人群(X4.1)对象为老年人基于文本挖掘内容
企业(X4.2)对象为企业
医疗机构(X4.3)对象为医疗机构
政府部门(X4.4)对象为政府及其部门
政策目标(X5)形成老年友好型社区(X5.1)目标涉及老年友好型社区基于文本内容和高频词统计
提升社区能力水平(X5.2)目标涉及社区能力水平
支持养老体系建设(X5.3)目标涉及养老体系建设
培育积极老龄观(X5.4)目标涉及积极老龄观
共创老年友好型社会(X5.5)目标涉及老年友好型社会
政策内容(X6)促使老年人继续就业(X6.1)内容涉及老年人就业基于文本内容和高频词统计
提供老年人法律援助(X6.2)内容涉及老年人法律援助
倡导老年人自我管理(X6.3)内容涉及老年人自我管理
促进老年人体育健身(X6.4)内容涉及老年人体育健身
提高老年人教育参与(X6.5)内容涉及老年人教育参与
加强社区建设(X6.6)内容涉及社区建设
推动老年人参与志愿服务(X6.7)内容涉及老年人志愿服务
加强老年人技能培训(X6.8)内容涉及老年人技能培训
丰富老年人精神生活(X6.9)内容涉及老年人精神生活
引导基层老年组织发展(X6.10)内容涉及老年组织
加强老年人力资源开发(X6.11)内容涉及老年人力资源
加强为老服务设施建设(X6.12)内容涉及服务设施建设
政策保障(X7)人才支持(X7.1)保障涉及人才支持基于毛太田文章修改[13]
资金支持(X7.2)保障涉及资金支持
技术支持(X7.3)保障涉及技术支持
试点示范(X7.4)保障涉及试点示范
平台支持(X7.5)保障涉及平台支持
宣传教育(X7.6)保障涉及宣传教育
政策评价(X8)依据充分(X8.1)有明确的政策设置来源、依据基于毛太田文章修改[13]
目标明确(X8.2)目标存在时间安排
方案合理(X8.3)具备计划、任务、实施步骤
分工明确(X8.4)任务精确分配给各部门实施
政策创新(X9)数智技术应用(X9.1)鼓励应用大数据、信息技术辅助老年人参与社会活动基于文本内容
国际经验迁移应用(X9.2)借鉴海外国家老年人社会参与治理经验
区域间资源共享(X9.3)地区间老年人社会参与资源共建共享
), ArticleFig(id=1324077677749088725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Policy tools entries summary table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政策工具工具名称工具含义数量总数占比(%)
供给型人力开发对老年人才进行开发,促进其老有所为。125357.0%
文化教育通过兴办老年大学等举措为老年人参与教育提供帮助。22
资金支持政府为老年人社会参与提供必要的资金支持。2
表彰激励为积极参与社会活动的老年人群进行表彰。1
设施建设建设适老化设施,更好地服务于老年人社会参与。16
需求型科学引导通过科学的手段积极引导老年人参与社会活动。102324.7%
试点示范通过设立示范性试点,为社会参与提供范式。3
政府购买政府通过购买服务来促进老年人社会参与。6
服务外包鼓励各企业加入老年人社会参与运营过程。4
环境型法律保障为老年人参与社会活动过程中提供法律咨询通道及法律协助。51718.3%
平台建设为老年人参与社会活动搭建参与及服务平台。4
组织建设鼓励并支持老年社会组织建设。5
文化宣传通过宣传积极老龄化,在全社会树立积极老龄观。3
), ArticleFig(id=1324077677828780502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

政策工具条目汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政策工具工具名称工具含义数量总数占比(%)
供给型人力开发对老年人才进行开发,促进其老有所为。125357.0%
文化教育通过兴办老年大学等举措为老年人参与教育提供帮助。22
资金支持政府为老年人社会参与提供必要的资金支持。2
表彰激励为积极参与社会活动的老年人群进行表彰。1
设施建设建设适老化设施,更好地服务于老年人社会参与。16
需求型科学引导通过科学的手段积极引导老年人参与社会活动。102324.7%
试点示范通过设立示范性试点,为社会参与提供范式。3
政府购买政府通过购买服务来促进老年人社会参与。6
服务外包鼓励各企业加入老年人社会参与运营过程。4
环境型法律保障为老年人参与社会活动过程中提供法律咨询通道及法律协助。51718.3%
平台建设为老年人参与社会活动搭建参与及服务平台。4
组织建设鼓励并支持老年社会组织建设。5
文化宣传通过宣传积极老龄化,在全社会树立积极老龄观。3
), ArticleFig(id=1324077677933638103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

PMC index table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政策文件政策维度PMC
X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9
P10.500.330.500.750.800.920.830.750.335.72
P20.670.330.500.750.400.921.001.000.676.23
P30.670.330.500.500.400.750.830.750.675.20
P40.830.330.501.001.000.831.001.000.677.17
P50.830.330.500.750.000.671.001.001.006.08
P60.180.330.500.250.200.330.330.750.002.87
P70.330.330.500.750.400.170.170.500.003.15
P80.830.330.500.750.400.330.170.750.004.07
P90.500.330.501.000.200.250.671.000.334.78
P100.500.330.500.500.200.420.500.750.334.03
P110.500.330.500.250.200.170.500.750.003.20
P120.500.330.500.500.000.250.330.750.333.50
P130.500.330.500.500.200.250.000.750.333.37
P140.330.330.500.250.400.170.170.750.333.23
P150.500.000.501.001.000.500.831.000.335.67
P160.330.330.500.250.400.170.330.750.004.65
P170.500.000.501.001.000.500.330.750.004.73
均值0.580.310.500.660.380.490.530.810.314.57
), ArticleFig(id=1324077678055272920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077671273083268, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PMC指数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政策文件政策维度PMC
X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9
P10.500.330.500.750.800.920.830.750.335.72
P20.670.330.500.750.400.921.001.000.676.23
P30.670.330.500.500.400.750.830.750.675.20
P40.830.330.501.001.000.831.001.000.677.17
P50.830.330.500.750.000.671.001.001.006.08
P60.180.330.500.250.200.330.330.750.002.87
P70.330.330.500.750.400.170.170.500.003.15
P80.830.330.500.750.400.330.170.750.004.07
P90.500.330.501.000.200.250.671.000.334.78
P100.500.330.500.500.200.420.500.750.334.03
P110.500.330.500.250.200.170.500.750.003.20
P120.500.330.500.500.000.250.330.750.333.50
P130.500.330.500.500.200.250.000.750.333.37
P140.330.330.500.250.400.170.170.750.333.23
P150.500.000.501.001.000.500.831.000.335.67
P160.330.330.500.250.400.170.330.750.004.65
P170.500.000.501.001.000.500.330.750.004.73
均值0.580.310.500.660.380.490.530.810.314.57
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政策工具与PMC指数视角下我国老年人社会参与政策量化研究
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路逸骏 1 , 王煜琳 1 , 王广通 2 , 韩志鹏 1 , 陈星 1 , 胡善菊 1 , 于贞杰 1
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2026,53(6): 1062-1067
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现代预防医学 |卫生政策与管理 2026 , 53 (6) : 1062 -1067
政策工具与PMC指数视角下我国老年人社会参与政策量化研究
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路逸骏(2002—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:医药卫生政策与卫生经济学评价

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路逸骏1, 王煜琳1, 王广通2, 韩志鹏1, 陈星1, 胡善菊1, 于贞杰1
作者信息
  • 1.山东第二医科大学管理学院,山东 潍坊 261053
  • 2.潍坊市疾病预防控制中心
通讯作者:
于贞杰,E-mail:
作者简介:

路逸骏(2002—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:医药卫生政策与卫生经济学评价

A quantitative study of China’s elderly social participation policies from the perspectives of policy instrument and the PMC index
Yi-jun LU1, Yu-lin WANG1, Guang-tong WANG2, Zhi-peng HAN1, Xing CHEN1, Shan-ju HU1, Zhen-jie YU1
Affiliations
  • School of Management, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509107
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目的

本研究旨在为我国老年人社会参与政策的优化建言献策,同时为相关政策分析引入新的研究视角,并探索政策工具结构的量化路径。

方法

运用文献收集法在国务院、国家卫健委官网及北大法宝数据库收集政策文件;采用政策工具分类理论与PMC指数对老年政策内容进行量化分析,利用四象限法对政策进行评价。

结果

研究选取17份政策文件作为研究对象,Ⅰ象限共8项政策,Ⅱ象限共2项政策,Ⅲ象限共6项政策,Ⅳ象限仅1项政策。其中,供给型政策工具共53条(57.0%),需求型政策工具共23条(24.7%),环境型政策工具共17条(18.3%)。平均PMC指数为4.57,得分最高为7.17,得分最低为2.87。

结论

我国老年人社会参与政策工具结构尚待优化、政策目标导向性、政策内容丰富度及政策创新性存在短板。政府应着力优化政策工具结构,明确政策目标,丰富政策内容,提高政策创新性,确保老年政策全面合理发展,促进积极老龄化国家战略实施。

老年人  /  社会参与  /  政策工具  /  PMC指数
Objective

To provide insights for optimizing social participation policies for older adults in China, to introduce a novel analytical perspective to policy research and to explore quantitative approaches to assess policy tools configuration.

Methods

Policy documents were collected from the websites of the State Council, the National Health Commission, and the PKULAW database using the literature collection method. The content of elderly policies was quantitatively analyzed using the policy tool classification theory and the PMC index, and the policies were evaluated using the four-quadrant method.

Results

This study selected 17 policy documents as research objects. Specifically, there were 8 policies in Quadrant Ⅰ, 2 policies in Quadrant Ⅱ, 6 policies in Quadrant Ⅲ, and only 1 policy in Quadrant Ⅳ. Among the policy tools involved, there were 53 supply-side policy tools (57.0%), 23 demand-side policy tools (24.7%), and 17 environmental policy tools (18.3%). The average PMC index was 4.57, with the highest score being 7.17 and the lowest score being 2.87.

Conclusion

The structure of policy tools for social participation among older adults in China requires further optimization, with notable shortcomings in policy targeting, content richness, and innovation. The government should focus on refining the policy tool structure, clarifying policy goals, enriching policy content, and enhancing policy innovation to ensure the comprehensive and reasonable development of elderly policies and promote the implementation of the national strategy of active aging.

Elderly people  /  Social participation  /  Policy tools  /  PMC index
路逸骏, 王煜琳, 王广通, 韩志鹏, 陈星, 胡善菊, 于贞杰. 政策工具与PMC指数视角下我国老年人社会参与政策量化研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (6) : 1062 -1067 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509107
Yi-jun LU, Yu-lin WANG, Guang-tong WANG, Zhi-peng HAN, Xing CHEN, Shan-ju HU, Zhen-jie YU. A quantitative study of China’s elderly social participation policies from the perspectives of policy instrument and the PMC index[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (6) : 1062 -1067 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509107
为应对人口老龄化,世界卫生组织2002年发布积极老龄化政策框架,指出社会参与是积极老龄化的精髓与核心,其能够提升老年人生命质量并促进其生命健康[1]。2020 年,党的十九届五中全会将积极应对人口老龄化上升为国家战略;2022年,国务院发布《“十四五”国家老龄事业发展和养老服务体系规划》,进一步明确要积极应对人口老龄化,大力促进老年人社会参与[2]。2025年,中央各部门联合发布《关于支持老年人社会参与 推动实现老有所为的指导意见》[3]。一系列政策标志着老年人社会参与已成为积极老龄化国家战略的重要组成部分。
文献查阅可见,研究多聚焦于社会参与对老年人身心健康的影响[4],虽已有文献运用政策一致性指数模型(Policy Modeling Consistency index model, PMC指数模型)与政策工具的方法对老年人社会参与政策进行研究,但其多采用一类方法进行讨论,分析视角较为单一[5-6],本研究将政策工具分类理论与PMC指数模型相结合,通过二维视角对政策进行量化研究,弥补单一视角评估的片面性,使分析评估更立体、更全面。此外,当前研究多通过定性描述政策工具所占百分比情况判断其结构是否失衡[7],缺乏精确的量化手段。本研究引入欧氏距离法对政策工具结构均衡程度进行量化,通过结构指数判断政策工具结构情况,取代传统的主观百分比描述,使政策工具结构的衡量更加精确。本研究旨在促进老年人社会参与政策的改进提升,并为相关政策分析提供研究视角与政策工具结构量化的新思路。
以“老年人社会参与”为关键词,在国务院官网、国家卫生健康委员会官网及北大法宝数据库进行关键词检索,共收集2002年至2025年间与“老年人社会参与”相关的45份政策文件。两名研究者严格按照排除标准独立完成初筛与复筛流程,对存疑文件进行核对并通过专家咨询的方法达成一致,最终选取17份政策文件作为研究对象。政策排除标准:①发文机构非国家级部门;②政策文件类别属于“公报”“报告”“答复”“函”;③主体内容中出现关键词“老年人社会参与”,但未出现对老年人社会参与具体措施的描述,如鼓励老年人参与志愿服务活动等。
利用ROSTCM 6.0软件构建高频词网络图谱(见图1),再基于高频词统计与语义网络分析情况,结合以往研究结果,设立9个一级变量及若干个二级变量作为政策评价指标,构建PMC变量指标体系表(见表1),通过PMC指数公式计算各政策PMC指数并绘制曲面图,公式如下。
公式中i表示一级变量,j表示二级变量,n及n(Xij)表示二级变量个数,Xij表示二级变量取值,Xi表示一级变量取值。指数越高,政策表现越优良,结合Estrada研究[8]与研究政策实际情况,将政策按照PMC指数值划分为4个等级:不良政策(0~3.99)、可接受政策(4~4.99)、良好政策(5~5.99)、优秀政策(6~10)。
欧氏距离法多用于描述多维空间中点与点之间的距离问题[9],本研究引入其来衡量政策工具结构均衡程度,公式如下。
公式中d表示政策工具结构指数;n表示研究维度,Xi与Yi表示实数X与Y的第i个坐标。当前尚缺乏统一的政策工具均衡性标准,并且均衡性标准随着社会发展与人群需求变化而动态调整,本研究假设在理想状态下三类工具应发挥均衡作用,当三项政策工具比例均为33.33%时,政策工具结构达到均衡状态,因此将均衡标准值Yi取值为33.33%,Xi表示政策工具所占百分比。在三维度下,政策工具结构均衡时(三类工具占比均为33.33%),d取值为0;结构失衡最严重时(如其中一类工具占比为100%),d值为0.82。
本研究借鉴相关文献[10]分析方法,以PMC指数为纵坐标,政策工具结构指数为横坐标,选取PMC指数均值及结构指数均值为横纵轴交叉点,采用四象限法对政策进行分析。
研究结果显示,供给型政策工具最多(57.0%),需求型政策工具次之(24.7%),环境型政策工具最少(18.3%)。文化教育、科学引导、法律保障与组织建设等措施使用次数最高(见表2)。政策工具结构指数均值为0.50,指数最高为0.82,最低为0.15(见图2)。
PMC指数得分最高为P4政策(7.17),得分最低为P6政策(2.87),政策整体平均得分4.57;优秀政策3项,良好政策3项,可接受政策5项,不良政策6项。政策评价(X8)均值为0.81,政策整体设置依据较充分且方案较合理;政策对象(X4)均值为0.66,政策整体上受众对象范围较广泛;政策创新(X9)均值为0.31,政策创新程度较低(见表3)。政策整体曲面相对平缓,但各政策曲面凹凸不均,具体来看,P4相对平缓,P6、P7及P11~P14曲面较为突出,说明政策有待进一步优化。研究选择部分具有代表性的政策曲面图进行展示,具体见图3与图4。
根据上述结果绘制四象限图(见图5)。Ⅰ象限的8项政策PMC指数高于平均水平且结构指数低于平均水平;Ⅱ象限2项政策PMC指数与结构指数均低于平均水平;Ⅲ象限的6项政策PMC指数低于平均水平,结构指数高于平均水平;Ⅳ象限的1项政策PMC指数与结构指数高于平均水平。
从政策工具视角来看,政策工具结构失衡,且伴随着政策环境与老年人需求的变化,政策工具结构仍会发生动态调整。从政策优良程度来看,政策整体在目标、内容及创新维度仍有提升空间。二维评价体系下,Ⅲ象限的6项政策的结构指数高于平均水平,且PMC指数未能达到平均水平,并且6项政策中有5项为不良政策,应重点关注该象限政策出现的问题。
政策在资金投入、试点及宣传方面存在不足。政府可设立社会参与专项资金,用于激励老年群体参与社会活动,在各地区建立社会参与积分制度,选取参与积分排名靠前的地区作为示范点,供其它地区借鉴。宣传方面,可借鉴日本 “银发社会奖”等评选活动,让社会了解老年群体,从而破除其对于老年群体的偏见[14]。同时,政府应特别关注Ⅲ象限政策,其在性质、受众对象、目标等维度均低于平均水平且存在政策工具使用偏移问题,可能与政策本身性质及发展阶段有关,反映出政策设置过程存在薄弱点,应维持政策刚柔并济,均衡发力,建立政策评估调整机制,同步政策演进与老龄化进程的步调,不断优化政策工具结构,确保政策合理实施。
政策目标中提及构建老年友好型社会及提升社区能力水平较少,政府对社会参与环境改善的力度有待加强。社区能力所涉及的养老服务供给水平、设施建设水平及环境宜居程度正是构建老年友好型社会的重要指标[15]。建议强化政策目标导向性,在社区适老化设施改造及社区助老等领域发力,丰富老年友好型社会实质内容。政策内容中涉及老年人再就业较少。当前,我国低龄老年人就业率偏低[16],这与保障机制不完善及社会偏见相关。建议完善老年人就业保障机制,规定用人单位为老年群体购买意外保险,注重再就业薪资与养老待遇的享有权,鼓励低龄老人参与就业,为其设立个性化岗位,使其体面地胜任工作,确保老有所为的实现[17]。
政策创新维度中,国际经验迁移应用与区域资源共享提及较少。建议政府加强社会参与领域的对外沟通,在坚守我国特色养老服务体系的基础上引入老龄化先行国家的成熟经验,如“银发人才智库”等,使老年人继续参与经济社会发展。构建老年人社会参与平台交流机制,鼓励各地搭建老年人社会参与活动平台,可将老年志愿服务与旅游产业结合,设立“银发导游”志愿服务项目,鼓励老年人发挥专长参与讲解,既让老年人参与社会活动,实现自我价值,同时愉悦了身心,还能加强各区域间社会层面的交流互通。
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2019MG028)
  • 2025年山东省人文社会科学课题一般项目
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2026年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509107
  • 接收时间:2025-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-05
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山东省自然科学基金(ZR2019MG028)
2025年山东省人文社会科学课题一般项目
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    1.山东第二医科大学管理学院,山东 潍坊 261053
    2.潍坊市疾病预防控制中心

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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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