Article(id=1324077655317938665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077560820282023, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509458, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758816000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614313201, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614313201, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614313201, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614313201, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077560820282023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614290671, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614391469, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324077983656444429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077560820282023, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324077983660638734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077560820282023, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1132, endPage=1138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077655569596906, articleId=1324077655317938665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Disease burden and projections of lung cancer attributable to high fasting plasma glucose, China, 1990-2021, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the disease burden of lung cancer attributable to high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) in China from 1990 to 2021 and its trends, and to predict the disease burden trends from 2022 to 2036, providing evidence for targeted prevention and control measures.

Methods

Using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data, Joinpoint regression was employed to analyze the trends in age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate (ASDR) of lung cancer attributable to HFPG in China. An age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to assess age, period, and cohort effects, and R software was utilized to predict future disease burden trends.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the ASMR and ASDR of lung cancer attributable to HFPG in China showed an overall upward trend, with average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of 1.28% and 1.05%, respectively (both P<0.001). The disease burden was generally higher in males than in females. With increasing age, it showed a trend of initial increase followed by a decrease, with the highest increase in mortality and DALY rates observed in the 80-84 age group. The net drift values for mortality and DALYs rate in the APC model were 0.90% (95% CI: 0.69%-1.11%) and 0.89% (95% CI: 0.69%-1.08%), respectively. The age effect indicated that mortality peaked in the 90-94 age group, while DALYs rate peaked in the 75-79 age group. The period effect showed that mortality and DALYs risks initially increased and then decreased over time. The cohort effect revealed an overall upward trend in mortality and DALYs risks with successive birth cohorts. It was projected that by 2036, the ASMR of lung cancer attributable to HFPG in China may decline to 0.74 and 0.50 per 100 000 for males and females, respectively, while the ASDR may decrease to 18.59 and 10.62 per 100 000.

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2021, the disease burden of lung cancer attributable to HFPG in China exhibits an overall upward trend, with higher burdens observed in males and older adults. Greater attention should be paid to middle-aged and elderly male populations, and more targeted prevention and intervention policies should be implemented.

, authors=Lin LI, Yang MENG, Fan HE, Cui WU, Shi-you LIU, Ya GAO, Fang-li SHEN, authorsList=Lin LI, Yang MENG, Fan HE, Cui WU, Shi-you LIU, Ya GAO, Fang-li SHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fang-li SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077658669187571, articleId=1324077655317938665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担及趋势预测, columnId=1228016573844226129, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=疾病预防控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担状况及变化趋势,并预测2022—2036年归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担状况趋势,为制定针对性的防控措施提供依据。

方法

利用2021年全球疾病负担数据,通过Joinpoint回归模型分析中国归因于高血糖的肺癌年龄标化死亡率(ASMR)和伤残调整寿命年(DALYs)年龄标化率(ASDR)变化趋势,并运用年龄-时期-队列模型评估年龄、时期和出生队列效应,采用R语言预测未来的疾病负担变化趋势。

结果

1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的ASMR和ASDR总体呈上升趋势, AAPC分别为1.28%、1.05%(均P<0.001)。男性疾病负担普遍高于女性,且随年龄增长呈现先升后降的变化趋势,80~84岁年龄组的死亡率和DALYs率增幅最高。年龄-时期-队列模型的死亡率和DALYs率的净漂移值分别为0.90%(95% CI:0.69%~1.11%)、0.89%(95% CI:0.69%~1.08%);年龄效应显示,死亡率在90~94岁年龄组达到峰值, DALYs率在75~79岁年龄组达到峰值;时期效应显示,死亡风险和DALYs风险随时期推移呈现先上升后下降的趋势;队列效应显示,死亡风险和DALYs风险随着出生队列的推移总体呈上升趋势。预计至2036年,中国归因于高血糖的肺癌男性和女性ASMR可能将分别下降至0.74/10万、0.50/10万, ASDR可能将分别下降至18.59/10万、10.62/10万。

结论

1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌的疾病负担整体呈上升趋势,男性和老年人的重点人群中观察到更高的疾病负担。我国应更加关注中老年男性群体,并持续实施更具针对性的防控和干预政策。

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李琳(1985—),女,本科,主管医师,研究方向:慢性非传染性疾病控制

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沈方力,E-mail:
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(In Chinese), articleTitle=New strategies and application prospects of lung cancer screening in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324077664235029040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, awardId=BSZK-2023-BZ14, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市宝山区医学重点学(专)科建设(BSZK-2023-BZ14), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077658916651508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077658929234421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, companyId=1324077658916651508, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanghai Baoshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shanghai Baoshan Health Supervision Institute), Shanghai 201901, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077658937623030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, companyId=1324077658916651508, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海市宝山区疾病预防控制中心(上海市宝山区卫生健康监督所),上海 201901)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324077662880268836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Trends in ASMR (A) and ASDR (B) of lung cancer attributable to high blood glucose by sex in China, 1990-2021, figureFileSmall=dR5iSZbF9rGPhKJCghNvng==, figureFileBig=KD7JFOxkNsYZQNV66QNyRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077662985126437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1990—2021年中国不同性别归因于高血糖的肺癌ASMR(A)和ASDR(B)变化趋势, figureFileSmall=dR5iSZbF9rGPhKJCghNvng==, figureFileBig=KD7JFOxkNsYZQNV66QNyRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077663215813158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Trends in mortality rate (A) and DALY rate (B) of lung cancer attributable to high blood glucose by age group in China, 1990-2021, figureFileSmall=QPfqVK5BnynyhqySUyYOyw==, figureFileBig=M7BnqTvAdGMIM9MTuSWkrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077663308087847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1990—2021年中国不同年龄组归因于高血糖的肺癌死亡率(A)和DALYs率(B)变化趋势, figureFileSmall=QPfqVK5BnynyhqySUyYOyw==, figureFileBig=M7BnqTvAdGMIM9MTuSWkrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077663404556840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=APC model of lung cancer burden attributable to high blood glucose in China, 1992-2021, figureFileSmall=hC0t1/dj99yJ3jFaERxrEA==, figureFileBig=aCTfBdXW1LlYmdZnlJWvpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077663530385961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1992—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担APC模型

注:A为净漂移值;B为年龄效应;C为时期效应;D为队列效应。

, figureFileSmall=hC0t1/dj99yJ3jFaERxrEA==, figureFileBig=aCTfBdXW1LlYmdZnlJWvpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077663735906858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Predicted trends in ASMR (A) and ASDR (B) of lung cancer attributable to high blood glucose in China, 2022-2036, figureFileSmall=cXCYnqC5cEnhkabL4zsL3w==, figureFileBig=KVXtLQLa/XVgdT28//rCcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077663811404331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2022—2036年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌ASMR(A)和ASDR(B)趋势预测, figureFileSmall=cXCYnqC5cEnhkabL4zsL3w==, figureFileBig=KVXtLQLa/XVgdT28//rCcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077663886901804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Burden of lung cancer attributable to high blood glucose in China, 1990-2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份死亡数(万)ASMR(/10万)DALYs(万人年)ASDR(/10万)YLLs(万人年)ASYLLR(/10万)YLDs(万人年)ASYLDR(/10万)
19900.480.6212.1414.1012.0313.980.110.13
20211.740.8338.6517.7338.1917.510.470.22
变化率(%)265.5933.87218.5325.74217.4525.25343.1469.23
), ArticleFig(id=1324077663970787885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份死亡数(万)ASMR(/10万)DALYs(万人年)ASDR(/10万)YLLs(万人年)ASYLLR(/10万)YLDs(万人年)ASYLDR(/10万)
19900.480.6212.1414.1012.0313.980.110.13
20211.740.8338.6517.7338.1917.510.470.22
变化率(%)265.5933.87218.5325.74217.4525.25343.1469.23
), ArticleFig(id=1324077664046285358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Trends in the burden of lung cancer attributable to high blood glucose in China, 1990-2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类指标年份变化值(%,95%CI)P值
ASMRAPC1990-19950.50(-0.30~1.30)0.207
1995-20015.22(4.39~6.07)<0.001
2001-2007-0.29(-1.08~0.51)0.460
2007-20112.11(0.31~3.95)0.024
2011-2021-0.63(-0.90~-0.35)<0.001
AAPC1990-20211.28(0.99~1.58)<0.001
ASDRAPC1990-19950.04(-0.64~0.73)0.894
1995-20014.64(3.93~5.36)<0.001
2001-2007-0.28(-0.96~0.40)0.400
2007-20111.60(0.07~3.16)0.042
2011-2021-0.59(-0.82~-0.35)<0.001
AAPC1990-20211.05(0.78~1.31)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1324077664121782831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077655317938665, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类指标年份变化值(%,95%CI)P值
ASMRAPC1990-19950.50(-0.30~1.30)0.207
1995-20015.22(4.39~6.07)<0.001
2001-2007-0.29(-1.08~0.51)0.460
2007-20112.11(0.31~3.95)0.024
2011-2021-0.63(-0.90~-0.35)<0.001
AAPC1990-20211.28(0.99~1.58)<0.001
ASDRAPC1990-19950.04(-0.64~0.73)0.894
1995-20014.64(3.93~5.36)<0.001
2001-2007-0.28(-0.96~0.40)0.400
2007-20111.60(0.07~3.16)0.042
2011-2021-0.59(-0.82~-0.35)<0.001
AAPC1990-20211.05(0.78~1.31)<0.001
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1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担及趋势预测
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李琳 , 孟杨 , 何凡 , 吴萃 , 刘世友 , 高雅 , 沈方力
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2026,53(6): 1132-1138
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现代预防医学 |疾病预防控制 2026 , 53 (6) : 1132 -1138
1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担及趋势预测
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李琳, 孟杨, 何凡, 吴萃, 刘世友, 高雅, 沈方力
作者信息
  • 上海市宝山区疾病预防控制中心(上海市宝山区卫生健康监督所),上海 201901
通讯作者:
沈方力,E-mail:
作者简介:

李琳(1985—),女,本科,主管医师,研究方向:慢性非传染性疾病控制

Disease burden and projections of lung cancer attributable to high fasting plasma glucose, China, 1990-2021
Lin LI, Yang MENG, Fan HE, Cui WU, Shi-you LIU, Ya GAO, Fang-li SHEN
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Baoshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shanghai Baoshan Health Supervision Institute), Shanghai 201901, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509458
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目的

分析1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担状况及变化趋势,并预测2022—2036年归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担状况趋势,为制定针对性的防控措施提供依据。

方法

利用2021年全球疾病负担数据,通过Joinpoint回归模型分析中国归因于高血糖的肺癌年龄标化死亡率(ASMR)和伤残调整寿命年(DALYs)年龄标化率(ASDR)变化趋势,并运用年龄-时期-队列模型评估年龄、时期和出生队列效应,采用R语言预测未来的疾病负担变化趋势。

结果

1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的ASMR和ASDR总体呈上升趋势, AAPC分别为1.28%、1.05%(均P<0.001)。男性疾病负担普遍高于女性,且随年龄增长呈现先升后降的变化趋势,80~84岁年龄组的死亡率和DALYs率增幅最高。年龄-时期-队列模型的死亡率和DALYs率的净漂移值分别为0.90%(95% CI:0.69%~1.11%)、0.89%(95% CI:0.69%~1.08%);年龄效应显示,死亡率在90~94岁年龄组达到峰值, DALYs率在75~79岁年龄组达到峰值;时期效应显示,死亡风险和DALYs风险随时期推移呈现先上升后下降的趋势;队列效应显示,死亡风险和DALYs风险随着出生队列的推移总体呈上升趋势。预计至2036年,中国归因于高血糖的肺癌男性和女性ASMR可能将分别下降至0.74/10万、0.50/10万, ASDR可能将分别下降至18.59/10万、10.62/10万。

结论

1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌的疾病负担整体呈上升趋势,男性和老年人的重点人群中观察到更高的疾病负担。我国应更加关注中老年男性群体,并持续实施更具针对性的防控和干预政策。

高血糖  /  肺癌  /  疾病负担  /  年龄-时期-队列模型  /  预测
Objective

To analyze the disease burden of lung cancer attributable to high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) in China from 1990 to 2021 and its trends, and to predict the disease burden trends from 2022 to 2036, providing evidence for targeted prevention and control measures.

Methods

Using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data, Joinpoint regression was employed to analyze the trends in age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate (ASDR) of lung cancer attributable to HFPG in China. An age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to assess age, period, and cohort effects, and R software was utilized to predict future disease burden trends.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the ASMR and ASDR of lung cancer attributable to HFPG in China showed an overall upward trend, with average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of 1.28% and 1.05%, respectively (both P<0.001). The disease burden was generally higher in males than in females. With increasing age, it showed a trend of initial increase followed by a decrease, with the highest increase in mortality and DALY rates observed in the 80-84 age group. The net drift values for mortality and DALYs rate in the APC model were 0.90% (95% CI: 0.69%-1.11%) and 0.89% (95% CI: 0.69%-1.08%), respectively. The age effect indicated that mortality peaked in the 90-94 age group, while DALYs rate peaked in the 75-79 age group. The period effect showed that mortality and DALYs risks initially increased and then decreased over time. The cohort effect revealed an overall upward trend in mortality and DALYs risks with successive birth cohorts. It was projected that by 2036, the ASMR of lung cancer attributable to HFPG in China may decline to 0.74 and 0.50 per 100 000 for males and females, respectively, while the ASDR may decrease to 18.59 and 10.62 per 100 000.

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2021, the disease burden of lung cancer attributable to HFPG in China exhibits an overall upward trend, with higher burdens observed in males and older adults. Greater attention should be paid to middle-aged and elderly male populations, and more targeted prevention and intervention policies should be implemented.

High fasting plasma glucose  /  Lung cancer  /  Disease burden  /  Age-period-cohort model  /  Prediction
李琳, 孟杨, 何凡, 吴萃, 刘世友, 高雅, 沈方力. 1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担及趋势预测. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (6) : 1132 -1138 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509458
Lin LI, Yang MENG, Fan HE, Cui WU, Shi-you LIU, Ya GAO, Fang-li SHEN. Disease burden and projections of lung cancer attributable to high fasting plasma glucose, China, 1990-2021[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (6) : 1132 -1138 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509458
世界卫生组织下属国际癌症研究机构(IARC)公布的2022年全球癌症统计数据(GLOBOCAN)显示,全球范围内肺癌新发病例数已接近250万例,是被诊断频次最高的癌症(占全球所有癌症的12.4%)[1],在中国所有癌症中的年龄标化发病率(ASIR)最高(40.8/10万)[2]。国内外均有研究显示,糖尿病与肺癌共病的患者越来越常见[3-4],归因于2型糖尿病引起的肺癌死亡率及DALYs率均有所上升[5-6]。与1990年相比,2019年中国居民归因于高血糖的DALYs率增长了220.53%,DALYs率顺位由第6位上升至第4位[7]。高血糖可通过诱发慢性炎症[8]、激活关键致癌通路(如EGFR/STAT3)[9]及驱动代谢重编程[10]等机制,加剧肺癌的进展与不良临床预后。目前尽管肺癌的疾病负担已被广泛研究,但中国归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担及其变化趋势分析,并对此进行预测的研究尚未得到充分探讨。本研究利用2021年全球疾病负担数据库(GBD)结果,分析了1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担变化趋势,运用年龄-时期-队列模型分析中国归因于高血糖的肺癌年龄、时期和队列效应,并预测2022—2036年不同性别归因于高血糖的ASMR和ASDR变化趋势,为归因于高血糖的肺癌防控提供科学依据。
本研究的数据来源为2021年全球疾病负担研究(GBD 2021)的公开数据库(https://vizhub.healthdata.org),数据提取自生命登记系统、人口普查、调查、癌症登记及口头尸检等,共纳入100 983项数据[11]。对气管、支气管和肺癌(简称肺癌)的诊断依据为《疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类(ICD-10)》,对应编码范围为为C33~C34。本研究基于GBD筛选,由于中国和全球归因于高血糖的气管、支气管和肺癌25岁以下的数据均为0,剔除25岁以下的数据,选择指标为“Deaths”“DALYs”“YLDs”“YLLs”,危险因素为“High fasting plasma glucose”,疾病为“Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer”,地区为“Global”“China”,年龄为“Age-standardized”及15个年龄组“25~29、30~34、35~39……90~94、≥95岁”,年份为“1990—2021年”。GBD 2021数据库中,高血糖(HFPG)定义遵循GBD 2021研究的标准,即空腹血糖高于理论最低风险暴露水平4.8~5.3mmol/L。
本研究选用年龄标化死亡率(ASMR)和年龄标化DALYs率(ASDR)作为主要疾病负担指标。DALYs即伤残调整寿命年,通过将早死损失寿命年(YLL)和伤残损失寿命年(YLD)相加得出[1]。使用R 4.5.0软件整理数据和统计学分析,采用Joinpoint Regression Program 5.1.0.0软件进行回归分析,主要指标包括年度变化百分比(APC)、平均年度变化百分比(AAPC)和95% CI,比较不同年份和不同性别ASMR和ASDR的的变化趋势。采用美国国家癌症中心发布的在线APC(Age-Period-Cohort)模型工具(https://analysistools.cancer.gov/apc/)分析年龄、时期和队列效应,并进一步利用R语言中的BAPC包与INLA包,预测2022—2036年间中国地区归因于高血糖的肺癌ASMR与ASDR。
根据数据特征构建回归模型,计算年度变化百分比(APC),以反映观察期内每个分段变化趋势,并对APC进行t检验,判定相邻分段APC有无统计学差异,确定Joinpoint转折点个数及其在时间轴上的位置,并对每个区间进行最优拟合,以评估疾病指标的变化趋势[12]。
应用年龄-时期-队列(APC)模型评估年龄、时期及出生队列对疾病风险的影响[13]。为保证时期分组间隔的完整性与一致性,将数据期调整为1992—2021年。最小死亡年龄在25~29岁组,按5岁为一个年龄组,将25~29岁组至≥95岁组划分成15个年龄组。将1992—2021年以5年为一期划分为6个时期。参数估计的假设检验采用Wald χ2检验,显著性水平设定为α=0.05。
采用贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型(Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort Model, BAPC)并联合集成嵌套拉普拉斯近似(INLA)方法,基于一阶随机游走平滑先验(RW1)对时期和队列效应进行约束,精度参数设定为Log-Gamma(1,0.000 5),该设定可有效平滑随机波动、增强预测稳定性,进而预测2022—2036年中国不同性别归因于高血糖的肺癌ASMR和ASDR变化趋势[14]。
2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌死亡数、ASMR和ASDR较1990年均有上升。中国归因于高血糖的肺癌死亡人数由1990年的0.48万增长到2021年的1.74万,增加了265.59%;ASMR由0.62/10万上升至0.83/10万,增长了33.87%;ASDR由14.10/10万上升至17.73/10万,增长了25.74%。见表1。
1990—2021年,中国归因于高血糖的肺癌ASMR和ASDR整体呈上升趋势(AAPC分别为1.28%、1.05%,均P<0.001)。1990—2021年我国ASMR共有3个拐点有统计学意义(P<0.05),分别是1995、2007、2011年,1990—1995年呈平稳增加,1995—2001年增速最快(APC=5.22%),随后平稳下降,2011—2021年开始明显下降(APC=-0.63%)。1990—2021年我国ASDR也有3个拐点有统计学意义,分别是1995、2007、2011年,1990—1995年平稳增加,1995—2001年增速最快(APC=4.64%),随后平稳下降,2007—2011年呈上升趋势(APC=1.60%),2011—2021年呈下降趋势(APC=-0.59%),见表2。
1990—2021年,男性ASMR从0.93/10万上升至1.21/10万,女性从0.37/10万上升至0.52/10万,AAPC分别为1.36%、1.08%(均P<0.05)。男性ASDR从20.55/10万上升到25.22/10万,女性从8.27/10万上升到10.94/10万,AAPC分别为1.13%、0.85%(均P<0.05)。各年男性归因于高血糖的肺癌ASMR和ASDR始终高于女性,上升趋势较女性显著。见图1。
1990—2021年归因于高血糖的肺癌死亡率和DALYs率呈现随年龄增长呈现先升后降的变化趋势,80~84岁年龄组的死亡率和DALYs率增幅最高,死亡率由5.72/10万增至10.01/10万,DALYs率由72.59/10万增至126.48/10万,增幅分别达到75.12%和74.23%。见图2。
APC模型的拟合结果显示,所有参数估计均具有统计学意义(Wald χ2检验,P<0.001),表明模型拟合效果可靠。1992—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌死亡率和DALYs率的净漂移值分别为0.90%(95% CI:0.69%~1.11%)、0.89%(95% CI:0.69%~1.08%),局部漂移值均在85-89岁年龄组达到最高,局部漂移值分别为1.90%(95% CI:1.49%~2.31%)、1.97%(95% CI:1.48%~2.48%)。见图3A。
年龄效应:经矫正时期和队列效应后,归因于高血糖的肺癌死亡率和DALYs率均随年龄增长呈现先升后降的变化趋势。90~94岁年龄组死亡率最高,为15.80/10万(95% CI:14.66/10万~17.04/10万);75~79岁年龄组DALYs率最高,为155.11/10万(95% CI:151.45/10万~158.85/10万)。见图3B。
时期效应:经矫正年龄和队列效应后,以2002—2006年时期组为参照组(RR=1),中国归因于高血糖的肺癌死亡风险和DALYs风险随时间推移呈先升后降趋势,并于2012—2016年达峰值,RR值分别为1.04(95% CI:1.01%~1.08%)、1.04%(95% CI:1.01%~1.07%)。见图3C。
队列效应:经矫正年龄和时期效应后,以1942—1946年出生队列为参照组(RR为1),中国归因于高血糖的肺癌死亡风险和DALYs风险随出生队列的推移总体上升,并在1992—1996年出生队列达到最高,RR值分别为1.53(95% CI:0.69%~3.39%)、1.49%(95% CI:1.01%~2.20%)。见图3D。
BAPC预测模型的拟合结果显示,其对于男性和女性的各项指标均具有较高的拟合精度,表明预测效果较好。2022—2036年,中国归因于高血糖的肺癌男性标化死亡率和DALYs率将呈现明显下降趋势,女性标化死亡率和DALYs率将呈现缓慢下降趋势。到2036年,男性的标化死亡率预计将下降至0.74/10万,与2021年(1.21/10万)相比下降38.28%,女性的标化死亡率预计将下降至0.50/10万,与2021年(0.52/10万)相比下降2.26%;男性的标化DALYs率预计将下降至18.59/10万,与2021年(25.22/10万)相比下降26.29%,女性的标化DALYs率预计将下降至10.62/10万,与2021年(10.94/10万)相比下降2.91%,见图4。
1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌ASMR和ASDR总体呈上升趋势,2011—2021年ASMR和ASDR呈下降趋势,表明高血糖对肺癌患者预后的不利影响及其导致的疾病负担在经历长期上升后,近期已出现缓解态势。反映近年来中国采取的如加强健康教育以提高公众对高血糖和肺癌风险的认识,推广健康生活方式以降低高血糖患病率[15]以及改进肺癌早期筛查与诊断技术并提升治疗水平[16]等一系列干预措施,已取得初步成效。
中国归因于高血糖的男性肺癌标化死亡率和DALYs率均高于女性,且男性疾病负担的增长速度更快。GBD 2019数据[17-18]显示,男性糖尿病患病率高于女性。除高血糖这一危险因素外,男性群体在吸烟率、职业性致癌物暴露水平及高风险生活方式行为(如酗酒、高脂饮食)的发生率均显著高于女性群体[19-20],这会增加基线男性肺癌的患病率,一些治疗效果女性优于男性[21],提示应注重男性群体的多重健康风险,并加强针对该人群的、更具针对性的健康促进与个体化干预策略。
中国归因于高血糖的肺癌死亡率和DALYs率主要集中于75~84岁的老年人群,尽管极高龄组疾病负担有所回落,但老年群体仍是相关疾病负担最重、风险增长最快的重点人群。老年患者伴随免疫功能低下,年龄相关的T细胞功能减退,降低了对肿瘤细胞的清除能力[22],更易引发并发症。因此,针对老年高血糖患者应实施以血糖控制为核心的综合干预策略,如规范用药、个体化营养支持与科学运动指导等,将有助于在一定程度上延缓患者的生存期,降低死亡率。
年龄效应显示,死亡率在90~94岁达到峰值,而DALYs率在75~79岁达到峰值,该差异是由于DALYs涵盖早死寿命损失和伤残寿命损失。尽管在75~79岁之后DALYs率呈下降趋势,但整体疾病负担依然处于较高水平,这与我国持续加剧的人口老龄化进程密切相关。时期效应显示,归因于高血糖的肺癌死亡风险和DALYs风险随时期推移呈先升后降的趋势,前期或因不良饮食与生活方式改变,中国高血糖患病率显著上升[23],加重了归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担,后期风险下降,或得益于肺癌筛查项目的发展[24]提升了检出率和早诊率,以及“健康中国行动计划(2019—2030年)”[25]强调加强糖尿病筛查与干预,使2017—2021年间的疾病负担较前有所好转。队列效应显示,归因于高血糖的肺癌死亡风险和DALYs风险总体呈上升趋势,高峰均为1992—1996年出生队列,该队列人群在成长过程中可能面临长期高热量、高糖饮食、运动量减少等,增加了高血糖发生的风险[26],从而导致归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担相对较高。
中国归因于高血糖的肺癌ASMR与ASDR在2011年后已呈现稳定下降,若下降趋势得以延续,预计到2036年,相关的疾病负担将进一步减轻。反映近年来中国在防控高血糖和肺癌方面防控策略在降低疾病负担方面已呈现出积极作用,但未来女性疾病负担的下降速度预计将慢于男性,未来性别差距可能缩小。对于女性群体,应制定更具针对性的干预措施,例如开展针对女性的健康教育和宣传,提高女性对高血糖和肺癌的认知水平,优化女性健康服务体系,提高女性健康检查的覆盖率和及时性。针对男性群体,应继续保持和优化现有的防控措施,进一步巩固疾病负担指标下降的趋势[27]。
综上所述,1990—2021年中国归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担呈现总体上升趋势,虽2011—2021年呈下降趋势,显示近年干预措施初见成效,但整体形势依然不容乐观。性别与年龄因素导致的差异显著,男性及老年人群疾病负担尤为突出,且年轻人群也潜藏着不容忽视的患病风险。未来应针对不同人群制定更具针对性的干预措施,持续优化防控策略,以进一步降低归因于高血糖的肺癌疾病负担。
  • 上海市宝山区医学重点学(专)科建设(BSZK-2023-BZ14)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509458
  • 接收时间:2025-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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上海市宝山区医学重点学(专)科建设(BSZK-2023-BZ14)
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    上海市宝山区疾病预防控制中心(上海市宝山区卫生健康监督所),上海 201901

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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