Article(id=1324077645033517232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077560820282023, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511335, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763654400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614310749, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614310749, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614310749, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614310749, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077560820282023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614290671, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614391469, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324077983656444429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077560820282023, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324077983660638734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077560820282023, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1113, endPage=1118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077645255815345, articleId=1324077645033517232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Long-term trend analysis of incidence and mortality of legally notifiable rodent-borne infectious diseases, China, 1950-2020, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the long-term trends in the incidence and mortality of four rodent-borne notifiable infectious diseases (plague, HFRS, leptospirosis, and typhus) in China from 1950 to 2020, providing a basis for understanding the epidemiological patterns and scientific prevention and control of these diseases.

Methods

Data on the annual incidence and mortality of plague, HFRS, leptospirosis (data available since 1955), and typhus from 1950 to 2020 were collected from the Public Health Science Data Center. Joinpoint regression was used for trend analysis. Five indicators—number of cases, incidence rate, number of deaths, mortality rate, and case fatality rate—were used to evaluate trends in incidence and mortality.

Results

Plague: From 1950 to 2020, a total of 8 409 cases and 2 761 deaths were reported, with an incidence rate of 1.64×10-4 per 100 000 and a case fatality rate of 32.83%. The number of cases, deaths, and incidence rate showed an overall declining trend (APC<0, P<0.05), while the decline in case fatality rate (AAPC=-3.50%, 95% CI: -7.29% to 0.43%) was not statistically significant. After 2002, the annual number of reported cases fluctuated between 0 and 68 (APC<0, P<0.05), with case fatality rates ranging from 0% to 100%. HFRS: From 1950 to 2020, a total of 1 684 077 cases and 48 390 deaths were reported, with an average annual incidence rate of 2.34 per 100 000 and a case fatality rate of 2.87%. The number of cases, incidence rate, number of deaths, mortality rate, and case fatality rate initially fluctuated upward and then declined. The number of cases peaked in 1986 (115 807 cases) and then fluctuated downward (APC=-6.66%, 95% CI: -8.15% to -5.13%). From 2007 to 2020, the number of cases fluctuated between 8 121 and 13 308. The number of deaths dropped below 200 after 2006 and below 100 after 2013. The case fatality rate remained between 0.46% and 1.31% after 1995. Leptospirosis: From 1955 to 2020, a total of 2 523 008 cases and 27 730 deaths were reported, with an average annual incidence rate of 3.64 per 100 000 and a case fatality rate of 1.10%. The mortality rate showed an overall declining trend (APC=-8.71%, 95% CI: -13.54% to -3.62%), while the trends in the number of cases, deaths, incidence rate, and case fatality rate were not statistically significant (APC>0, P>0.05). After 1999, the number of cases dropped below 10 000, and after 2006, it dropped below 1 000. The number of deaths dropped below 1 000 after 1988, below 100 after 2002, and below 10 after 2011. The case fatality rate showed an initial decline followed by an increase, ranging from 0% to 3.96% after 2000. Typhus: From 1950 to 2020, a total of 450 080 cases and 7 327 deaths were reported, with an average annual incidence rate of 0.62 per 100 000 and a case fatality rate of 1.63%. The number of cases, deaths, mortality rate, and case fatality rate showed an overall declining trend (APC<0, P<0.05).

Conclusion

During 1950-2020, China made remarkable progress in controlling rodent-borne infectious diseases, with the incidence and mortality of the four notifiable diseases reduced to low levels; nevertheless, the prevention and control of these diseases remains a serious challenge.

, authors=Tian LIU1, Quan XIANG1, Xu-hua GUAN2, Zhou QIN1, Yang WU2, De-xin RUAN1, Yi-xiong ZHAN3, Jing ZHAO4, authorsList=Tian LIU, Quan XIANG, Xu-hua GUAN, Zhou QIN, Yang WU, De-xin RUAN, Yi-xiong ZHAN, Jing ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077646321168570, articleId=1324077645033517232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=1950—2020年全国鼠传法定传染病发病及死亡长期趋势分析, columnId=1228016573844226129, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=疾病预防控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

对1950—2020年全国鼠疫、肾综合征出血热、钩端螺旋体病、斑疹伤寒4种鼠传法定传染病发病及死亡长期趋势进行分析,为认识鼠传传染病流行规律并科学防控提供依据。

方法

自公共卫生科学数据中心收集1950—2020年全国鼠疫、肾综合征出血热、钩端螺旋体病(1955年起有数据)、斑疹伤寒逐年发病及死亡数据。Joinpoint回归用于趋势分析;从发病数、发病率、死亡数、死亡率和病死率5个指标评价发病及死亡趋势变化。

结果

1950—2020年全国鼠疫累计报告8 409例,死亡2 761例,发病率1.64×10-4/10万,病死率32.83%。发病数、死亡数和发病率总体呈下降趋势(APC<0,P<0.05),病死率(AAPC=-3.50%,95% CI: -7.29%~0.43%)下降趋势无统计学意义。2002年后年报告发病数维持在0~68例波动(APC<0,P<0.05);病死率介于0~100.00%。1950—2020年全国肾综合征出血热累计报告1 684 077例,死亡48 390例,年均发病率2.34/10万,病死率2.87%;发病数、发病率、死亡数、死亡率及病死率均呈先波动上升后波动下降的趋势;发病数在1986年达到最高峰(115 807例),随后波动下降(APC=-6.66%,95% CI:-8.15%~-5.13%),2007—2020年发病数维持在8 121~13 308例波动;2006年后死亡数降至200例内,2013年后死亡数降至100例内;1995年后病死率维持在0.46%~1.31%水平。1955—2020年全国钩端螺旋体病累计报告2 523 008例,死亡27 730例,年均发病率3.64/10万,病死率1.10%;死亡率总体呈下降趋势(APC=-8.71%,95% CI:-13.54%~-3.62%),发病数、死亡数、发病率、病死率下降趋势无统计学意义(APC>0,P>0.05)。1999年后发病数降至10 000例以内,2006年后发病数降至1 000以内;死亡数自1988年后降至1 000以内,2002年后降至100以内,2011年后降至10以内;病死率呈先降后升的变化趋势,2000年后病死率介于0~3.96%。1950—2020年全国斑疹伤寒累计报告450 080例,死亡7 327例,年均发病率0.62/10万,病死率1.63%;发病数、死亡数、死亡率、病死率总体呈下降趋势(APC<0,P<0.05)。

结论

1950—2020年我国鼠类传染病防制效果显著,4种法定鼠传传染病发病及死亡均降至较低水平,但4种鼠传传染病防控形势仍然严峻。

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刘天(1991—),男,本科,副主任医师,研究方向:急性传染病防制工作

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赵婧,E-mail:
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刘天(1991—),男,本科,副主任医师,研究方向:急性传染病防制工作

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articleId=1324077645033517232, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1950—2020年鼠疫、肾综合征出血热、钩端螺旋体病和斑疹伤寒发病数Joinpoint回归分析, figureFileSmall=RrajRzKFzRLVvbU8HFsiCg==, figureFileBig=jJSq4/cFTCW7aBLiyHKSdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077653690560760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077645033517232, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Joinpoint regression analysis of the incidence rate of plague, HFRS, leptospirosis, and typhus since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, figureFileSmall=rv0DkSu6/1/iYkMXsWeycA==, figureFileBig=imMD2LXNsNwv8H3R0G7i5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077653812195577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077645033517232, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1950—2020年鼠疫、肾综合征出血热、钩端螺旋体病和斑疹伤寒发病率Joinpoint回归分析, figureFileSmall=rv0DkSu6/1/iYkMXsWeycA==, figureFileBig=imMD2LXNsNwv8H3R0G7i5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077653891887354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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Incidence andmortality overview of plague, HFRS, leptospirosis, and typhus since the founding of the People’s Republic of China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病种发病数死亡数发病率(1/10万)死亡率(1/10万)病死率(%)
鼠疫8 4092 7611.64×10-45.39×10-532.83
肾综合征出血热1 684 07748 3902.340.072.87
钩端螺旋体病2 523 00827 7303.640.041.10
斑疹伤寒450 0807 3270.620.011.63
), ArticleFig(id=1324077654386815231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077645033517232, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1950—2020年鼠疫、肾综合征出血热、钩端螺旋体病和斑疹伤寒发病和死亡概况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病种发病数死亡数发病率(1/10万)死亡率(1/10万)病死率(%)
鼠疫8 4092 7611.64×10-45.39×10-532.83
肾综合征出血热1 684 07748 3902.340.072.87
钩端螺旋体病2 523 00827 7303.640.041.10
斑疹伤寒450 0807 3270.620.011.63
), ArticleFig(id=1324077654466507008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077645033517232, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Joinpoint analysis of overall incidence and mortality trends for plague, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, leptospirosis, and spotted fever, 1950-2020: AAPC (%, 95% CI)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
属性鼠疫肾综合征出血热钩体病斑疹伤寒
发病数-10.76(-18.60~-2.17)9.27(4.01~14.80)-0.77(-3.83~2.38)-3.47(-8.65~2.01)
死亡数-7.75(-10.00~-5.44)7.62(5.43~9.85)-0.92(-6.43~4.92)-8.82(-14.65~-2.59)
发病率-14.50(-17.89~-13.62)4.52(2.28~6.81)-4.59(-12.26~3.73)-5.38(-10.62~0.17)
死亡率-12.34(-31.18~11.66)3.83(-0.26~8.08)-8.71(-13.54~-3.62)-12.10(-14.86~-9.24)
病死率-3.50(-7.29~0.43)13.76(0.44~28.84)-1.78(-5.03~1.58)-13.14(-16.39~-9.76)
), ArticleFig(id=1324077654550393089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077645033517232, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1950—2020年鼠疫、肾综合征出血热、钩端螺旋体病和斑疹伤寒总体发病和死亡趋势joinpoint分析AAPC结果(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
属性鼠疫肾综合征出血热钩体病斑疹伤寒
发病数-10.76(-18.60~-2.17)9.27(4.01~14.80)-0.77(-3.83~2.38)-3.47(-8.65~2.01)
死亡数-7.75(-10.00~-5.44)7.62(5.43~9.85)-0.92(-6.43~4.92)-8.82(-14.65~-2.59)
发病率-14.50(-17.89~-13.62)4.52(2.28~6.81)-4.59(-12.26~3.73)-5.38(-10.62~0.17)
死亡率-12.34(-31.18~11.66)3.83(-0.26~8.08)-8.71(-13.54~-3.62)-12.10(-14.86~-9.24)
病死率-3.50(-7.29~0.43)13.76(0.44~28.84)-1.78(-5.03~1.58)-13.14(-16.39~-9.76)
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1950—2020年全国鼠传法定传染病发病及死亡长期趋势分析
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刘天 1 , 向泉 1 , 官旭华 2 , 秦周 1 , 吴杨 2 , 阮德欣 1 , 詹益雄 3 , 赵婧 4
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2026,53(6): 1113-1118
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现代预防医学 |疾病预防控制 2026 , 53 (6) : 1113 -1118
1950—2020年全国鼠传法定传染病发病及死亡长期趋势分析
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刘天1, 向泉1, 官旭华2, 秦周1, 吴杨2, 阮德欣1, 詹益雄3, 赵婧4
作者信息
  • 1.荆州市疾病预防控制中心传染病防治所,荆州 434000
  • 2.湖北省疾病预防控制中心传染病防治所
  • 3.武汉生物制品研究所有限责任公司
  • 4.中国疾病预防控制中心卫生应急中心(传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,中国疾病预防控制中心
通讯作者:
赵婧,E-mail:
作者简介:

刘天(1991—),男,本科,副主任医师,研究方向:急性传染病防制工作

Long-term trend analysis of incidence and mortality of legally notifiable rodent-borne infectious diseases, China, 1950-2020
Tian LIU1, Quan XIANG1, Xu-hua GUAN2, Zhou QIN1, Yang WU2, De-xin RUAN1, Yi-xiong ZHAN3, Jing ZHAO4
Affiliations
  • Department for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jingzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511335
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目的

对1950—2020年全国鼠疫、肾综合征出血热、钩端螺旋体病、斑疹伤寒4种鼠传法定传染病发病及死亡长期趋势进行分析,为认识鼠传传染病流行规律并科学防控提供依据。

方法

自公共卫生科学数据中心收集1950—2020年全国鼠疫、肾综合征出血热、钩端螺旋体病(1955年起有数据)、斑疹伤寒逐年发病及死亡数据。Joinpoint回归用于趋势分析;从发病数、发病率、死亡数、死亡率和病死率5个指标评价发病及死亡趋势变化。

结果

1950—2020年全国鼠疫累计报告8 409例,死亡2 761例,发病率1.64×10-4/10万,病死率32.83%。发病数、死亡数和发病率总体呈下降趋势(APC<0,P<0.05),病死率(AAPC=-3.50%,95% CI: -7.29%~0.43%)下降趋势无统计学意义。2002年后年报告发病数维持在0~68例波动(APC<0,P<0.05);病死率介于0~100.00%。1950—2020年全国肾综合征出血热累计报告1 684 077例,死亡48 390例,年均发病率2.34/10万,病死率2.87%;发病数、发病率、死亡数、死亡率及病死率均呈先波动上升后波动下降的趋势;发病数在1986年达到最高峰(115 807例),随后波动下降(APC=-6.66%,95% CI:-8.15%~-5.13%),2007—2020年发病数维持在8 121~13 308例波动;2006年后死亡数降至200例内,2013年后死亡数降至100例内;1995年后病死率维持在0.46%~1.31%水平。1955—2020年全国钩端螺旋体病累计报告2 523 008例,死亡27 730例,年均发病率3.64/10万,病死率1.10%;死亡率总体呈下降趋势(APC=-8.71%,95% CI:-13.54%~-3.62%),发病数、死亡数、发病率、病死率下降趋势无统计学意义(APC>0,P>0.05)。1999年后发病数降至10 000例以内,2006年后发病数降至1 000以内;死亡数自1988年后降至1 000以内,2002年后降至100以内,2011年后降至10以内;病死率呈先降后升的变化趋势,2000年后病死率介于0~3.96%。1950—2020年全国斑疹伤寒累计报告450 080例,死亡7 327例,年均发病率0.62/10万,病死率1.63%;发病数、死亡数、死亡率、病死率总体呈下降趋势(APC<0,P<0.05)。

结论

1950—2020年我国鼠类传染病防制效果显著,4种法定鼠传传染病发病及死亡均降至较低水平,但4种鼠传传染病防控形势仍然严峻。

鼠疫  /  肾综合征出血热  /  钩端螺旋体病  /  斑疹伤寒  /  鼠传疾病
Objective

To analyze the long-term trends in the incidence and mortality of four rodent-borne notifiable infectious diseases (plague, HFRS, leptospirosis, and typhus) in China from 1950 to 2020, providing a basis for understanding the epidemiological patterns and scientific prevention and control of these diseases.

Methods

Data on the annual incidence and mortality of plague, HFRS, leptospirosis (data available since 1955), and typhus from 1950 to 2020 were collected from the Public Health Science Data Center. Joinpoint regression was used for trend analysis. Five indicators—number of cases, incidence rate, number of deaths, mortality rate, and case fatality rate—were used to evaluate trends in incidence and mortality.

Results

Plague: From 1950 to 2020, a total of 8 409 cases and 2 761 deaths were reported, with an incidence rate of 1.64×10-4 per 100 000 and a case fatality rate of 32.83%. The number of cases, deaths, and incidence rate showed an overall declining trend (APC<0, P<0.05), while the decline in case fatality rate (AAPC=-3.50%, 95% CI: -7.29% to 0.43%) was not statistically significant. After 2002, the annual number of reported cases fluctuated between 0 and 68 (APC<0, P<0.05), with case fatality rates ranging from 0% to 100%. HFRS: From 1950 to 2020, a total of 1 684 077 cases and 48 390 deaths were reported, with an average annual incidence rate of 2.34 per 100 000 and a case fatality rate of 2.87%. The number of cases, incidence rate, number of deaths, mortality rate, and case fatality rate initially fluctuated upward and then declined. The number of cases peaked in 1986 (115 807 cases) and then fluctuated downward (APC=-6.66%, 95% CI: -8.15% to -5.13%). From 2007 to 2020, the number of cases fluctuated between 8 121 and 13 308. The number of deaths dropped below 200 after 2006 and below 100 after 2013. The case fatality rate remained between 0.46% and 1.31% after 1995. Leptospirosis: From 1955 to 2020, a total of 2 523 008 cases and 27 730 deaths were reported, with an average annual incidence rate of 3.64 per 100 000 and a case fatality rate of 1.10%. The mortality rate showed an overall declining trend (APC=-8.71%, 95% CI: -13.54% to -3.62%), while the trends in the number of cases, deaths, incidence rate, and case fatality rate were not statistically significant (APC>0, P>0.05). After 1999, the number of cases dropped below 10 000, and after 2006, it dropped below 1 000. The number of deaths dropped below 1 000 after 1988, below 100 after 2002, and below 10 after 2011. The case fatality rate showed an initial decline followed by an increase, ranging from 0% to 3.96% after 2000. Typhus: From 1950 to 2020, a total of 450 080 cases and 7 327 deaths were reported, with an average annual incidence rate of 0.62 per 100 000 and a case fatality rate of 1.63%. The number of cases, deaths, mortality rate, and case fatality rate showed an overall declining trend (APC<0, P<0.05).

Conclusion

During 1950-2020, China made remarkable progress in controlling rodent-borne infectious diseases, with the incidence and mortality of the four notifiable diseases reduced to low levels; nevertheless, the prevention and control of these diseases remains a serious challenge.

Plague  /  Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome  /  Leptospirosis  /  Typhus  /  Rodent-borne diseases
刘天, 向泉, 官旭华, 秦周, 吴杨, 阮德欣, 詹益雄, 赵婧. 1950—2020年全国鼠传法定传染病发病及死亡长期趋势分析. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (6) : 1113 -1118 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511335
Tian LIU, Quan XIANG, Xu-hua GUAN, Zhou QIN, Yang WU, De-xin RUAN, Yi-xiong ZHAN, Jing ZHAO. Long-term trend analysis of incidence and mortality of legally notifiable rodent-borne infectious diseases, China, 1950-2020[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (6) : 1113 -1118 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511335
鼠类是众多传染病的传染源或传播媒介,人类因暴露于携带病原的鼠类或被病原污染的环境、食品、水源而感染[1]。在我国法定报告传染病中,鼠疫、肾综合征出血热(hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome,HFRS)、钩端螺旋体病、地方性斑疹伤寒均与鼠类密切相关,将其归为鼠传传染病。鼠传疾病的发生与鼠类及人类生产生活活动密切相关[2]。建国以来,我国鼠传疾病持续存在,疾病负担严重,如HFRS发病数占全球发病数的70%~90%[3];鼠疫21世纪后时有报告,严重威胁人民群众身心健康[4]。随着我国社会经济高速发展,新型城镇化建设持续推进,人民群众生产生活方式持续发生改变,对鼠类孳生地产生影响[5]。为了解新中国成立以来鼠传传染病发病及死亡趋势,指导鼠传传染病科学防控,本研究收集了1950—2020年鼠疫、HFRS、钩端螺旋体病和斑疹伤寒发病及死亡数据,分析其发病和死亡趋势。
自公共卫生科学数据中心(https://www.phsciencedata.cn/)收集1950—2020年鼠疫、HFRS和斑疹伤寒,1955—2020年钩端螺旋体病发病及死亡数据。斑疹伤寒数据包括流行性斑疹伤寒和地方性斑疹伤寒,该网站未做区分,纳入全部斑疹伤寒进行分析。导出数据包括发病数、发病率、死亡数、死亡率。根据公式人口数=发病数/发病率推算得到逐年人口数。
使用Joinpoint 5.3.0软件,利用Joinpoint回归分析对鼠疫、HFRS、钩端螺旋体病和斑疹伤寒的发病率、死亡率、病死率进行趋势分析。Joinpoint回归 使用对数线性模型,采用最小二乘法进行分段回归分析;最大拐点数设置为7[6],拐点搜寻利用网格搜索方法,最优模型筛选方法选择加权贝叶斯信息准则;APC及AAPC 95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI)采用经验分位数方法计算。APC和AAPC及其95% CI用于判断局部和总体趋势变化,APC(AAPC)>0,表示存在上升趋势;APC(AAPC)=0,表示趋势不明显;APC(AAPC)<0,表示存在下降趋势。若APC(AAPC)95% CI不包含0,趋势有统计学意义;反之趋势无统计学意义。检验水准α=0.05。
1950—2020年全国鼠疫累计报告8 409例,死亡2 761例,年均发病率1.64×10-4/10万,病死率32.83%。1950—2020年全国HFRS累计报告1 684 077例,死亡48 390例,年均发病率2.34/10万,病死率2.87%。1955—2020年全国钩端螺旋体病累计报告2 523 008例,死亡27 730例,年均发病率3.64/10万,病死率1.10%。1950—2020年全国斑疹伤寒累计报告450 080例,死亡7 327例,年均发病率0.62/10万,病死率1.63%。见表1。
1950—1955年鼠疫发病数快速下降(APC=-53.57%,95% CI:-70.40%~-27.17%),由1950年的3455例降至1955年的37例,1956—2001年发病数呈先降后升变化,2000年报告253例,为1955年以来报告最多年份;2002年后年报告维持在0~68例波动(APC<0,P<0.05);发病率与发病数趋势基本一致,2000年后趋势与发病数不同,2000年后发病率呈下降趋势(APC=-29.17%,95% CI:-40.60%~-25.42%)。1950—1952年全国HFRS发病数、发病率均呈先波动上升后波动下降的趋势;发病数在1986年达到最高峰(115 807例),随后波动下降(APC=-6.66%,95% CI:-8.15%~-5.13%),2007—2020年发病数维持在8 121~13 308例波动;发病率在1986年达到最高峰(11.06/10万),随后波动下降,2007—2020年发病率维持在0.50/10万~1.00/10万波动。1955—1988年全国钩端螺旋体病发病率趋势变化共有3个高峰,出现在1962年、1970年和1986年,1987年后发病率呈下降趋势(APC=-20.20%,95% CI:-24.78%~-15.33%)。1950—2020年全国斑疹伤寒在1951年(16 244例,3.31/10万)、1962年(29 772例,4.47/10万)、1983年(14 210例,1.40/10万)和2001年(6 110例,0.48/10万)出现发病高峰,2000年后发病数和发病率呈下降趋势(P<0.05),2013年后发病数降至2 000以内,发病率降至0.15/10万以内。见图1、图2。
1950—2020年全国鼠疫死亡数分阶段呈不同程度的下降趋势,1950年死亡数最多(1 268例);1950—1967年下降幅度快(APC=-20.86%,95% CI: -27.27%~-13.88%),1968—2020年下降幅度趋缓(APC=-2.72%, 95% CI:-4.38%~-1.04%);死亡率在2001—2003年上升趋势无统计学意义(APC=92.63%,95% CI: -99.33%~54 978.20%),其余阶段均呈不同程度下降趋势(APC<0,P<0.05)。全国HFRS死亡率呈先波动上升后波动下降趋势,1985年死亡率(0.30/10万)达到峰值,1988—2020年(APC=-11.11%,95% CI: -12.01%~-10.21%)死亡率呈下降趋势;2006年后死亡数降至200例内,2013年后死亡数降至100例内。全国钩端螺旋体病死亡率呈先波动上升后下降的趋势,最高峰出现在1978年(0.60/10万),随后波动下降;死亡数自1988年后降至1 000以内,2002年后降至100以内,2011年后降至10以内。1950—2020年全国斑疹伤寒死亡率最高峰出现在1951年(3 210例,0.65/10万),其次为1952年(694例,0.13/10万),随后波动下降;1967年死亡数降至100例内,1985年后除个别年份死亡数10~20例不等外,其余年份死亡数降至10例内,2002年后死亡数降至3例内。见图3。
1950—2020年全国鼠疫病死率呈先上升后下降趋势,1950—1963年(APC=6.97%,95% CI:-0.68%~15.20%)上升趋势无统计学意义,1964—2020年(APC=-5.96%,95% CI: -10.32%~-1.39%)呈下降趋势,2002—2020年病死率介于0~100.00%。
1950—2020年全国肾综合征出血热病死率呈先上升后波动下降趋势,病死率在1969年达到峰值(14.22%),1995年后病死率维持在0.46%~1.31%水平,趋势变化无统计学意义(APC=-0.97%,95% CI:-2.24%~0.32%)。全国钩端螺旋体病病死率呈先降后升的变化趋势,病死率最高峰出现在1955年(9.87%);1955—1963年(APC=-32.64%,95% CI:-45.55%~-16.67%)呈下降趋势,1964—1977年(APC=12.75%,95% CI:7.31%~18.47%)呈上升趋势,1978—2020年(APC=1.71%,95% CI:-0.50%~3.96%)上升趋势无统计学意义;2000年后病死率介于0~3.96%。1950—2020年全国斑疹伤寒呈波动下降趋势,1951年病死率(19.76%)最高,至1960年(APC=-24.74%,95% CI:-29.14%~-20.06%)迅速下降,1961—1973年维持在0.73%~2.32%波动,1974—2020年(APC=-14.01%,95% CI:-18.25%~-9.54%)呈下降趋势,至2002年后病死率维持在低于0.10%水平。见图4。
本研究结果显示,1950—2020年我国鼠疫、HFRS、钩端螺旋体病、斑疹伤寒均出现过较高水平流行,发病率及死亡率峰值均出现在1990年前;1990年后我国城镇化进程加快,生产生活环境日新月异[7];同时自1989年起全国范围内掀起争创国家卫生城市的活动[8],居民居住环境得到极大改善[9],以鼠类为主的病媒生物控制工作得到极大提升[10],4种鼠传传染病发病率及死亡率水平均处于历史低水平。
1955年前,鼠疫发病及死亡达到峰值,随后迅速下降,这是新中国成立后广泛发动群众,组织防疫队科学防控的成果[11]。在今后几十年间鼠疫发病一直维持在较低水平,但我国鼠疫疫源地进入2000年后仍然存在[12-13],且偶有人间鼠疫病例报告[14-15]。另外,从病死情况来看,我国鼠疫病死率自1964年总体呈下降趋势,但波动较大,甚至2017年病死率达到100%,鼠疫仍是我国凶险的法定传染病之一,鼠疫防控仍是新中国未来的急性传染病防控的重点之一。
1950—2020年HFRS发病及死亡均呈先升后降的趋势,在1985年前后达到峰值,这与我国当时的社会经济发展,人类生产生活方式变化紧密相关[16]。1986年后,我国政府主导开展以灭鼠为主要的防病手段使得疫情迅速下降,1995年后HFRS发病及死亡水平逐步下降。但值得注意的是,我国HFRS 2000年后,发病、死亡下降趋缓。发病数及发病率、死亡数及死亡率、病死率分别在2007年、2013年及1995年后维持稳定,HFRS防治工作遭遇瓶颈,防控难点包括:一是HFRS疫情呈现相对集中而又高度散发的特点[17],病例集中在局部县市区而又分散在各村,病例分散不利于防控措施的落实;二是60岁以上病例占比逐年升高[18],HFRS疫苗不覆盖60岁以上人群而无法保护该群体,疫苗接种对HFRS降低作用受限;三是临床医生对HFRS病例诊断能力不足,可能造成病例误诊,延误治疗[19]。这些都是今后我国加强HFRS防控亟需解决的问题。
钩端螺旋体病是4种鼠传传染病中累计报告病例数最多的病种,可见该病是我国1950—2020年危害最大的鼠传传染病。发病、死亡总体呈先上升后下降的趋势,在70年代达到峰值,可能与我国当年暴雨及洪涝灾害发生有关[20]。80—90年代随着疫苗接种[21]、畜牧养殖条件改善及农业机械化水平提高等劳作模式改变及医疗水平不断提高[22-23],钩端螺旋体病发病及死亡水平逐步下降至较低水平。但值得注意的是,钩端螺旋体病的病死率在80~90年代仍维持在较高水平,甚至2020年病死率仍高达2.69%,具体原因尚不清楚,今后应进一步开展调查并采取措施以降低其死亡风险。我国1950—2020年斑疹伤寒发病存在明显周期性,历史上有4个发病高峰,最近高峰出现在2000年前后,随后发病水平呈下降趋势,与韩玲等[24]研究结果一致;未来可能出现周期性发病高峰,值得进一步研究预警,为周期性高峰的防控提供参考。斑疹伤寒1967年后死亡情况降至较低水平,至2002年后偶有死亡病例报告,提示我国斑疹伤寒防控成效显著。但值得注意的是,局部仍时有斑疹伤寒立克次体感染媒介的报告[25-26],今后应在重点地区进一步加强斑疹伤寒疫情防控工作。
综上所述,1950—2020年我国鼠类传染病防制效果显著,4种法定鼠传传染病发病及死亡均降至较低水平,但4种鼠传传染病仍是当前我国的重点防制传染病,需进一步采取防控措施,保护人民群众身心健康。本研究也存在一定的局限性:一是趋势分析中,未收集到各年份年龄构成,率的趋势分析未校正人口构成的影响,可能存在一定偏移;二是数据来源于被动报告系统,可能存在漏报,影响结果准确性。
  • 中国疾病预防控制中心公共卫生应急反应机制的运行(102393220020010000017)
  • 国家疾病预防控制局公共卫生人才培养支持项目(2023-2026)
  • 湖北省公共卫生领军人才项目(2021-2025)
  • 2025-2026年度湖北省卫生健康科技项目(WJ2025Q080)
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2026年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511335
  • 接收时间:2025-11-21
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-21
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中国疾病预防控制中心公共卫生应急反应机制的运行(102393220020010000017)
国家疾病预防控制局公共卫生人才培养支持项目(2023-2026)
湖北省公共卫生领军人才项目(2021-2025)
2025-2026年度湖北省卫生健康科技项目(WJ2025Q080)
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    1.荆州市疾病预防控制中心传染病防治所,荆州 434000
    2.湖北省疾病预防控制中心传染病防治所
    3.武汉生物制品研究所有限责任公司
    4.中国疾病预防控制中心卫生应急中心(传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,中国疾病预防控制中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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