Article(id=1324077597709181871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510362, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761408000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614299465, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1775750400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614299465, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614299465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614299465, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077443828560770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775750400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614262778, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614352085, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324077818509918661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324077818509918662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1337, endPage=1344, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077600028631984, articleId=1324077597709181871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Association between 24-hour physical activity and risk of metabolic syndrome, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the association between 24-hour physical activity and the risk of metabolic syndrome using functional data analysis.

Methods

Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011—2014. A total of 1 110 eligible participants were included in the analysis. Parametric and nonparametric generalized propensity score methods with functional exposures were used to adjust for potential confounders, including age and sex. Inverse probability weighting in conjunction with a functional linear model was employed to estimate the association between 24-hour physical activity and the risk of metabolic syndrome and to examine sex-specific differences.

Results

Physical activity during the periods of 10:15-11:15 and 16:35-19:45 (parametric method: F=4.969, P<0.001; nonparametric method: F=6.313, P<0.001) was associated with a reduced risk of metabolic syndrome. Sex-stratified analyses indicated that, among males, physical activity between 16:45 and 19:40 (parametric method: F=3.573, P<0.001; nonparametric method: F=4.816, P<0.001) was negatively associated with metabolic syndrome risk, whereas among females, a significant negative association was observed during 09:05-10:15 (parametric method: F=3.076, P=0.003; nonparametric method: F=3.008, P=0.004).

Conclusion

The association between 24-hour physical activity and the risk of metabolic syndrome exhibits both time-specific patterns and sex differences, suggesting that prevention strategies should incorporate activity timing and recommend exercise periods aligned with individuals' circadian rhythms to optimize health benefits.

, authors=Xin-yu SI1, 2, Qian GAO1, 2, Gui-ming ZHU1, 2, Ju-ping WANG1, 2, 3, Tong WANG1, 2, authorsList=Xin-yu SI, Qian GAO, Gui-ming ZHU, Ju-ping WANG, Tong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ju-ping WANG, Tong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077604462011339, articleId=1324077597709181871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=24 h身体活动与代谢综合征患病风险的关联研究, columnId=1228016570119680182, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=临床与预防, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于函数型数据分析探讨24 h身体活动与代谢综合征风险的关联。

方法

基于美国国家健康与营养调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,NHANES)(2011—2014年)数据,共纳入1 110名符合条件的研究对象。采用基于函数型暴露因素的参数与非参数协变量均衡的广义倾向性评分方法对年龄、性别等潜在混杂因素进行调整,结合逆概率加权与函数型线性模型探究24 h身体活动与代谢综合征患病风险的关联,并比较不同性别群体的效应差异。

结果

10:15—11:15和16:35—19:45时段(参数法:F=4.969,P<0.001;非参数法:F=6.313,P<0.001)的身体活动与代谢综合征风险的降低相关。进一步分析不同性别群体发现,男性在下午16:45—19:40时段(参数法:F=3.573,P<0.001;非参数法:F=4.816,P<0.001)、女性在上午09:05—10:15时段(参数法:F=3.076,P=0.003;非参数法:F=3.008,P=0.004)的身体活动与代谢综合征风险呈负相关。

结论

24 h身体活动与代谢综合征患病风险呈时间特异性和性别差异,提示在防控策略中应考虑运动时间窗,并为不同人群推荐与其生理节律匹配的运动时机,以精准优化健康效益。

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司鑫雨(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:因果推断

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王彤,E-mail:
王菊平,E-mail:;王彤与王菊平为共同通信作者
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Diabetologia, 2021, 64(9): 2061-2076., articleTitle=The effect of morning vs evening exercise training on glycaemic control and serum metabolites in overweight/obese men: a randomised trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077620173873191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077597709181871, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=57, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Zabuliene LN, Milionis C, Koukkou E, journalName=Annals of Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zabuliene LN, Milionis C, Koukkou E, et al. Exposure to artificial lighting at night: from an ecological challenge to a risk factor for glucose dysmetabolism and gestational diabetes? Narrative review[J]. Annals of Medicine, 2025, 57(1): 2477304., articleTitle=Exposure to artificial lighting at night: from an ecological challenge to a risk factor for glucose dysmetabolism and gestational diabetes? 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注:图A为模型1,未调整混杂因素;图B为模型2,调整了人口学特征,采用参数协变量均衡法;图C为模型2,调整了人口学特征,采用非参数协变量均衡法;图D为模型3,调整了人口学特征、生活方式和社会经济,采用参数协变量均衡法;图E为模型3,调整了人口学特征、生活方式和社会经济,采用非参数协变量均衡法;虚线区域表示基于1 000次bootstrap得到的95%逐点置信区间;水平黑色虚线表示零效应参考线,水平黑色虚线下方阴影区域表示负相关,水平黑色虚线上方阴影区域表示正相关。

, figureFileSmall=RxjxbGZaZdbHw8OVoCPMOg==, figureFileBig=5rOR95sy+Skf1cG/EdPzSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077609654559740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077597709181871, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Pearson correlations between exposure and covariates under different weighting methods, figureFileSmall=rtNPbsZzChyA45UsvAGUaA==, figureFileBig=2rqqbxUw7WeKmMAnXFyUBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077609734251517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077597709181871, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同加权方式下暴露因素与协变量的Pearson相关性, figureFileSmall=rtNPbsZzChyA45UsvAGUaA==, figureFileBig=2rqqbxUw7WeKmMAnXFyUBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077610124321790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077597709181871, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The association between 24-hour physical activity and MetS in male and female populations, figureFileSmall=KC3frx2DiyTOHK+kdy9wEA==, figureFileBig=nKqYksFNaKLIfLrBUF8Uow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077610522780671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077597709181871, language=CN, label=图3, caption=男性和女性群体24 h身体活动与MetS之间的关联

注:图A和B分别显示男性样本中参数协变量均衡法与非参数协变量均衡法的结果;图C和D分别显示女性样本中参数协变量均衡法与非参数协变量均衡法的结果;虚线区域表示基于1 000次bootstrap得到的95%逐点置信区间;水平黑色虚线表示零效应参考线,水平黑色虚线下方阴影区域表示负相关,水平黑色虚线上方阴影区域表示正相关。

, figureFileSmall=KC3frx2DiyTOHK+kdy9wEA==, figureFileBig=nKqYksFNaKLIfLrBUF8Uow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077610581500928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077597709181871, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristics of the study participants [n(%), ()]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总体(n=1 110)男性(n=569)女性(n=541)t/χ2值P值
人口学特征
年龄(岁)38.83±14.3539.28±14.8038.35±13.861.077b0.282
种族6.2930.279
墨西哥裔美国人139(12.52)80(14.06)59(10.91)
其他西班牙裔103(9.28)55(9.67)48(8.87)
非西班牙裔白人494(44.50)255(44.82)239(44.18)
非西班牙裔黑人209(18.83)93(16.34)116(21.44)
非西班牙裔亚洲人138(12.43)72(12.65)66(12.20)
其他27(2.43)14(2.46)13(2.40)
生活方式和社会经济
教育程度20.556<0.001
高中未毕业及高中以下186(16.76)114(20.04)72(13.31)
高中毕业或等同学历208(18.74)124(21.79)84(15.53)
大学未毕业、副学士学位357(32.16)165(29.00)192(35.49)
大学及以上学历359(32.34)166(29.17)193(35.67)
婚姻状况9.2720.002
已婚或同居620(55.86)343(60.28)277(51.20)
其他490(44.14)226(39.72)264(48.80)
家庭收入贫困比2.49±1.702.46±1.672.52±1.73-0.593b0.553
每日饮酒量(标准杯/da)4.13±7.425.34±8.802.84±5.345.759b<0.001
当前吸烟者38.218<0.001
是317(28.56)209(36.73)108(19.96)
否793(71.44)360(63.27)433(80.04)
总能量摄入(kcal)2 165.34±832.442 444.78±889.671 871.43±649.4212.306b<0.001
因变量
MetS Z评分-2.20±3.04-2.10±2.95-2.30±3.140.491b0.283
), ArticleFig(id=1324077610661191680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077597709181871, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究对象的一般特征描述[n(%),()]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总体(n=1 110)男性(n=569)女性(n=541)t/χ2值P值
人口学特征
年龄(岁)38.83±14.3539.28±14.8038.35±13.861.077b0.282
种族6.2930.279
墨西哥裔美国人139(12.52)80(14.06)59(10.91)
其他西班牙裔103(9.28)55(9.67)48(8.87)
非西班牙裔白人494(44.50)255(44.82)239(44.18)
非西班牙裔黑人209(18.83)93(16.34)116(21.44)
非西班牙裔亚洲人138(12.43)72(12.65)66(12.20)
其他27(2.43)14(2.46)13(2.40)
生活方式和社会经济
教育程度20.556<0.001
高中未毕业及高中以下186(16.76)114(20.04)72(13.31)
高中毕业或等同学历208(18.74)124(21.79)84(15.53)
大学未毕业、副学士学位357(32.16)165(29.00)192(35.49)
大学及以上学历359(32.34)166(29.17)193(35.67)
婚姻状况9.2720.002
已婚或同居620(55.86)343(60.28)277(51.20)
其他490(44.14)226(39.72)264(48.80)
家庭收入贫困比2.49±1.702.46±1.672.52±1.73-0.593b0.553
每日饮酒量(标准杯/da)4.13±7.425.34±8.802.84±5.345.759b<0.001
当前吸烟者38.218<0.001
是317(28.56)209(36.73)108(19.96)
否793(71.44)360(63.27)433(80.04)
总能量摄入(kcal)2 165.34±832.442 444.78±889.671 871.43±649.4212.306b<0.001
因变量
MetS Z评分-2.20±3.04-2.10±2.95-2.30±3.140.491b0.283
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24 h身体活动与代谢综合征患病风险的关联研究
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司鑫雨 1, 2 , 高倩 1, 2 , 祝贵明 1, 2 , 王菊平 1, 2, 3 , 王彤 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2026,53(7): 1337-1344
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现代预防医学 |临床与预防 2026 , 53 (7) : 1337 -1344
24 h身体活动与代谢综合征患病风险的关联研究
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司鑫雨1, 2, 高倩1, 2, 祝贵明1, 2, 王菊平1, 2, 3 , 王彤1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.山西医科大学公共卫生学院卫生统计学教研室,山西 晋中 030619
  • 2.煤炭环境致病与防治教育部重点实验室,山西 晋中 030619
  • 3.山西医科大学基础医学院数学教研室,山西 晋中 030619
通讯作者:
王彤,E-mail:
王菊平,E-mail:;王彤与王菊平为共同通信作者
作者简介:

司鑫雨(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:因果推断

Association between 24-hour physical activity and risk of metabolic syndrome
Xin-yu SI1, 2, Qian GAO1, 2, Gui-ming ZHU1, 2, Ju-ping WANG1, 2, 3 , Tong WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, China
出版时间: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510362
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目的

基于函数型数据分析探讨24 h身体活动与代谢综合征风险的关联。

方法

基于美国国家健康与营养调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,NHANES)(2011—2014年)数据,共纳入1 110名符合条件的研究对象。采用基于函数型暴露因素的参数与非参数协变量均衡的广义倾向性评分方法对年龄、性别等潜在混杂因素进行调整,结合逆概率加权与函数型线性模型探究24 h身体活动与代谢综合征患病风险的关联,并比较不同性别群体的效应差异。

结果

10:15—11:15和16:35—19:45时段(参数法:F=4.969,P<0.001;非参数法:F=6.313,P<0.001)的身体活动与代谢综合征风险的降低相关。进一步分析不同性别群体发现,男性在下午16:45—19:40时段(参数法:F=3.573,P<0.001;非参数法:F=4.816,P<0.001)、女性在上午09:05—10:15时段(参数法:F=3.076,P=0.003;非参数法:F=3.008,P=0.004)的身体活动与代谢综合征风险呈负相关。

结论

24 h身体活动与代谢综合征患病风险呈时间特异性和性别差异,提示在防控策略中应考虑运动时间窗,并为不同人群推荐与其生理节律匹配的运动时机,以精准优化健康效益。

身体活动  /  代谢综合征  /  函数型数据分析  /  协变量均衡广义倾向性评分
Objective

To investigate the association between 24-hour physical activity and the risk of metabolic syndrome using functional data analysis.

Methods

Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011—2014. A total of 1 110 eligible participants were included in the analysis. Parametric and nonparametric generalized propensity score methods with functional exposures were used to adjust for potential confounders, including age and sex. Inverse probability weighting in conjunction with a functional linear model was employed to estimate the association between 24-hour physical activity and the risk of metabolic syndrome and to examine sex-specific differences.

Results

Physical activity during the periods of 10:15-11:15 and 16:35-19:45 (parametric method: F=4.969, P<0.001; nonparametric method: F=6.313, P<0.001) was associated with a reduced risk of metabolic syndrome. Sex-stratified analyses indicated that, among males, physical activity between 16:45 and 19:40 (parametric method: F=3.573, P<0.001; nonparametric method: F=4.816, P<0.001) was negatively associated with metabolic syndrome risk, whereas among females, a significant negative association was observed during 09:05-10:15 (parametric method: F=3.076, P=0.003; nonparametric method: F=3.008, P=0.004).

Conclusion

The association between 24-hour physical activity and the risk of metabolic syndrome exhibits both time-specific patterns and sex differences, suggesting that prevention strategies should incorporate activity timing and recommend exercise periods aligned with individuals' circadian rhythms to optimize health benefits.

Physical activity  /  Metabolic syndrome  /  Functional data analysis  /  Covariate balancing generalized propensity score
司鑫雨, 高倩, 祝贵明, 王菊平, 王彤. 24 h身体活动与代谢综合征患病风险的关联研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (7) : 1337 -1344 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510362
Xin-yu SI, Qian GAO, Gui-ming ZHU, Ju-ping WANG, Tong WANG. Association between 24-hour physical activity and risk of metabolic syndrome[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (7) : 1337 -1344 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510362
代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MetS)是一组与代谢紊乱有关的复杂症候群,包括高血压、血脂异常、空腹血糖升高及中心性肥胖,是心血管疾病和2型糖尿病的危险因素[1]。近年来,MetS的全球患病率持续上升,预计2035年将达到53%[2];我国20岁及以上成人患病率为31.1%[3],老年人合并患病率达23.9%[4]。MetS与营养过剩、久坐等生活方式密切相关[5],运动干预被视为经济有效的防控手段[6-7]。值得注意的是,运动的健康效益可能受运动时间影响。昼夜节律是遵循24 h周期的生物节律,影响食欲、睡眠-觉醒周期和运动表现[8],其紊乱已被认为是MetS的危险因素[9]。因此,探索与个体昼夜节律相协调的运动时间,可能是优化运动干预效果、最大化其代谢益处的关键切入点。
随着可穿戴设备的发展,研究者可获取个体全天连续的身体活动数据,形成以时间为自变量、活动强度为因变量的函数型数据。函数型数据是指每个观测对象由定义在连续域(如时间或空间)上的平滑函数表示,能够全面捕捉个体行为或生理状态随时间的动态变化特征[10]。与传统分段汇总方法相比,函数型数据分析(functional data analysis,FDA)能在24 h连续时间尺度上揭示身体活动与健康结局的动态关联,更契合生理节律的连续性特征。
目前关于最佳运动时间的研究结论尚不一致。有研究指出下午运动对血糖控制和代谢更有利[11-12];另有研究发现晨练更助于体重控制和降低心血管风险[13-14];还有研究未发现差异[15-16]。这些不一致可能与身体活动评估方法不同有关,多数研究将活动按固定时段划分,难以精确刻画身体活动的时间模式;此外,部分研究在统计分析中未能充分控制混杂因素,可能导致结果偏倚。
本研究基于FDA框架,将24 h身体活动数据建模为连续函数,结合广义倾向性评分(generalized propensity score,GPS)方法均衡混杂因素,旨在更准确地估计其与MetS的关联。以期为制定针对性的身体活动指导与慢性病防控策略提供科学依据,对推进“健康中国”建设具有积极意义。
研究采用美国国家健康与营养调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,NHANES)数据库2011—2012年和2013—2014年两个周期共计19 931名参与者的数据。纳入标准:年龄≥20岁、非妊娠者、具有完整有效的24 h加速度计身体活动数据,符合条件者共9 008人。排除标准:(1)缺失教育程度、婚姻状况等协变量信息;(2)当前正在服用降压药、降脂药或降糖药等代谢相关处方药;(3)缺失MetS Z评分。最终纳入1 110个研究对象进行后续分析。
NHANES 2011—2014年的身体活动监测方案详见官方网站[17]。≥3岁的参与者需在非优势手腕连续佩戴三轴加速度计7 d、以80 Hz采样频率记录24 h活动。Koffma和Muschell[18]基于开源算法对原始数据进行处理,生成与设备无关的运动指标。本研究将无效测量和未佩戴时段视为缺失值,将每位参与者的身体活动数据在所有有效记录日内取平均,生成每5 min一个时间点(288个时间点/d)的平均活动曲线。
MetS Z评分是一种将MetS的五个组分整合为连续变量的指标,相较于传统的二分类标准,能更全面地反映代谢异常的严重程度并量化个体的代谢健康状态[19]。评分越高,代表个体在多个代谢指标上异常越明显,提示其MetS风险较高。本研究采用性别特异性评分公式,并参考NCEP-ATPIII建议的腰围切点(男性≥102 cm,女性≥88 cm)[20]。具体计算公式如下:
其中HDL为高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(mg/dl);TG为甘油三酯(mg/dl);Glucose为空腹血糖(mg/dl);Waist Circumference为腰围(cm);Mean Arterial Pressure为平均动脉压(mm Hg);SD为标准差。
研究纳入的协变量包括年龄、性别、种族、受教育程度、家庭收入贫困比、婚姻状况、吸烟状况、饮酒状况、总能量摄入(基于NHANES两次24 h膳食回顾数据,取两次测量的平均值)[21]。
数据分析采用R 4.4.3。按性别描述一般特征,连续变量采用t检验进行比较,以(均数±标准差)描述;分类变量采用χ2检验,以频数(%)描述。传统研究通常将全天活动按预设时间段(如上午、下午)分割汇总,并采用分段logistic回归进行分析,其局限性在于:主观分段破坏了活动的时序动态性与连续性,难以捕捉精细时间模式;同时,logistic回归难以处理暴露与混杂因素间复杂的非线性关系,易导致残余混杂。为克服这些不足,本研究采用Zhang等[10]提出的参数与非参数函数型协变量均衡GPS方法。在FDA框架下,将24 h身体活动建模为连续平滑函数,通过函数主成分分析提取能够表征个体全天活动模式的主成分得分,作为暴露变量。在协变量均衡约束下估计GPS,或直接构建协变量均衡权重,并结合逆概率加权的函数型暴露–标量结局模型,对混杂因素进行有效控制,从而估计因果效应。该方法能保留全天活动完整时序信息且有效控制混杂因素。
根据Karhunen-Loève定理,24 h身体活动数据,φk(t)是特征函数,Ak是函数主成分(functional principal component,FPC)得分,一般认为前L项的和可以很好地代表X(t),L的选择是为了使前L个Ak的和可以解释X(t)的大部分变异。本研究保留解释95%总变异性的前L个FPC得分。由于Ak能捕捉X(t)中的大部分信息,因此在估计GPS时将Ak作为X(t)的替代变量。在估计GPS时,参数法假设暴露变量的边际分布和给定协变量的条件分布服从正态分布,并据此计算GPS稳定权值。非参数方法通过将协变量均衡条件作为约束,最大化经验似然函数来估计GPS权重。最后,基于逆概率加权,拟合函数–标量回归模型,其中系数函数β(t)与X(t)使用相同的特征函数基展开,。将此展开式代入回归模型进行简化,效应值函数可表示为:,这里用加权最小二乘法估计。95%逐点置信区间基于1 000个bootstrap样本构建。采用nave全局F检验来检验总体平均效应是否具有统计学意义,检验水准α=0.05。
通过3个函数–标量回归模型逐步调整协变量,模型1未调整混杂因素,模型2加入人口学特征,模型3在模型2基础上进一步调整了生活方式和社会经济。此外,有研究表明女性晨练更利于腹部脂肪下降和血压改善,而男性晚练更利于血压下降[22],提示性别对运动时间的健康效应可能存在效应修饰。为此,本研究除报告全人群结果外,还拟合了男、女两个群体的函数型回归模型。
共纳入1 110名研究对象,平均年龄为(38.83±14.35)岁;男性占51.26%。男女分组在教育程度、婚姻状况、每日饮酒量、当前是否吸烟、每日总能量摄入方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在年龄、种族、家庭收入贫困比、MetS Z评分方面差异无统计学意义。见表1。
不同模型均显示24 h身体活动曲线与MetS风险显著关联[模型1:F=4.401,P<0.001;模型2:(参数法)F=5.000,P<0.001;(非参数法)F=5.781,P<0.001;模型3:(参数法)F=4.969,P<0.001;(非参数法)F=6.313,P<0.001]。模型1(未调整混杂因素)提示16:30—20:30身体活动与MetS风险呈负相关,见图1A。在调整人口学特征后(模型2),参数法显示06:35—06:50、09:25—11:05、16:20—19:50、22:10—23:20为相关时段,见图1B;非参数法显示09:30—10:55和16:30—20:05为相关时段,见图1C。两种方法结果的一致区间为09:30—10:55和16:30—19:50,该时段身体活动与MetS风险呈负相关。进一步调整生活方式及社会经济因素后(模型3),参数法相关时间段为06:40—07:20、10:05—11:25及16:35—19:55,见图1D;非参数法为06:45—06:55、10:15—11:15、16:20—19:45及22:30—23:15,见图1E。两种方法均提示06:45—06:55时段身体活动与MetS风险呈正相关,而在10:15—11:15和16:35—19:45时段呈负相关。
本研究使用协变量与前L个FPC得分之间的加权Pearson相关系数绝对值评价协变量均衡性,绝对值小于0.1表明均衡性可接受[23]。本研究共提取7个主成分,累积解释方差达95%。两种GPS方法都有效改善FPC与协变量间的不平衡性。未加权时,大多数相关系数绝对值>0.1,加权后相关系数接近0,表明协变量在不同暴露水平间达到可接受的均衡性。见图2。
研究结果显示,24 h身体活动与MetS风险的关联在男性和女性中均具有统计学意义[男性:(参数法)F=3.573,P<0.001;(非参数法)F=4.816,P<0.001;女性:(参数法)F=3.076,P=0.003;(非参数法)F=3.008,P=0.004]。但时间模式存在差异:男性参数法的相关时间段为00:00—00:25和16:45—19:50,见图3A;非参数法为00:00—00:25和16:15—19:40,见图3B。两种方法均提示在下午时段(16:45—19:40)的身体活动可降低MetS风险,而凌晨(00:00—00:25)可能增加风险。女性参数法的相关时间段为09:05—10:15,见图3C;非参数法为08:55—10:50、13:20—13:30、13:40—13:45及17:20—18:35,见图3D。两种方法均提示上午时段(09:05—10:15)的身体活动可降低MetS风险。
本研究首次从分钟级分辨率上揭示身体活动与MetS风险的关联,06:45—06:55时段身体活动与MetS风险呈正相关,10:15—11:15及16:35—19:45时段呈负相关。该发现突破了按上午、下午等宽泛划分的局限,为“最佳运动时间”提供了来自高维动态数据的直接证据。
既往研究已提示运动时间对代谢健康的重要性。Morales-Palomo等[24]和Shen等[25]均发现,上午与下午运动在改善MetS评分、血脂及血管功能等方面各有优势,与本研究结论总体一致,但具体时间窗口存在差异。可能源于既往干预研究多将活动固定于特定时段,难以反映昼夜节律的连续影响;而本研究采用FDA方法,可揭示24 h活动轨迹中的局部效应,从而对“最佳运动时间”的界定提供更精细证据[21]。
本研究发现,上午与下午身体活动均与MetS风险降低相关。可能机制包括:皮下脂肪组织胰岛素敏感性具有明显昼夜节律,在中午左右达到峰值[26];下午运动能通过激活骨骼肌AMPK信号通路、促进GLUT-4转位[27]及IL-6介导的葡萄糖摄取[28],提高骨骼肌的胰岛素敏感性;同时下午运动还能降低血管阻力与交感神经活性,改善血压调控[29]。清晨(06:45—06:55)身体活动与MetS风险呈正相关,可能与该时间段活跃人群的生活方式或职业特征(如夜班、高强度工作等)相关,此类活动本身未必具有代谢保护作用。
男、女群体分析显示,身体活动与MetS风险的时间模式存在差异,该结果支持既往关于运动时间效益存在性别异质性的观点[22]。这种差异可能源于男女在代谢底物利用和激素调控方面的生理差异。女性在运动过程中更倾向于脂肪氧化作为主要能量来源,该特征部分受雌激素调控,有助于肝糖原储备[30];同时,骨骼肌更多利用循环中的脂肪酸[30],因此在上午较低碳水可利用状态下仍能维持较高的代谢效率。男性则更依赖碳水化合物代谢,而该代谢效率在傍晚更高,因此傍晚运动代谢效应更明显[31-32]。此外,男性凌晨(00:00—00:25)活动与MetS风险升高相关,可能与夜间活动干扰褪黑激素分泌、昼夜节律及葡萄糖稳态有关[33]。综上,本研究从连续身体活动模式角度为相关生理机制提供了流行病学层面的支持。
综上所述,24 h身体活动与MetS风险呈现时间特异性和性别差异,提示在制定个性化运动建议时,运动“时间窗”与“强度”“频率”同等重要。实践中,可将身体活动有意识地安排于特定时段,如女性优先上午(如9:00—10:00),男性优先傍晚(如17:00—19:00),以更好地契合生理节律。
本文也存在一定局限性。首先,研究基于横断面数据,尽管采用参数与非参数GPS方法控制混杂,仍可能存在未测量因素(如遗传背景、早期生活因素)导致残余混杂。其次,受加速度计佩戴依从性影响,最终样本存在较高流失率,可能引入选择偏倚。此外,结果难以直接推广至作息模式明显不同的人群(如夜班工作者)。最后,函数型暴露-标量结局模型用于刻画身体活动效应随时间变化的整体模式,而非可直接比较的单一效应值。未来研究需在大型前瞻性队列中,针对不同作息模式人群开展验证,以更精细量化各时间段身体活动的效应强度并明确其时间顺序及因果关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82073674; 82373692; 82204163)
  • 山西省基础研究计划(202203021212382)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510362
  • 接收时间:2025-10-26
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-26
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国家自然科学基金(82073674; 82373692; 82204163)
山西省基础研究计划(202203021212382)
作者信息
    1.山西医科大学公共卫生学院卫生统计学教研室,山西 晋中 030619
    2.煤炭环境致病与防治教育部重点实验室,山西 晋中 030619
    3.山西医科大学基础医学院数学教研室,山西 晋中 030619

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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