Article(id=1324077543703327301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510174, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760284800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614286590, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1775750400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614286590, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614286590, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614286590, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077443828560770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775750400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614262778, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614352085, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324077818509918661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324077818509918662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1318, endPage=1323, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077543938208326, articleId=1324077543703327301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Assessing elderly care vulnerability within an exposure-sensitivity-adaptive capacity framework and its impact on the choice of elderly care modes, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To assess elderly care vulnerability within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) framework and examine its effects and heterogeneity in the choice of care modes, and provide evidence for the optimization of elderly care policies.

Methods

Using data from China longitudinal aging social survey (CLASS) 2020 and including 8 221 elderly individuals, this study constructed an evaluation index system for elderly care vulnerability based on the entropy method and conducted K-means cluster analysis. Univariate tests and multinomial logistic regression were then employed to examine the impact of elderly care vulnerability and its heterogeneity on the choice of care modes.

Results

An elderly care vulnerability assessment system was constructed comprising three primary indicators and seventeen secondary indicators, with vulnerability scores ranging from -0.083 to 0.529. Clustering classified respondents into high (7.05%), medium (75.28%), and low (17.67%) vulnerability groups. Univariate analysis showed that vulnerability was associated with care-mode choice (χ2=109.821, P<0.001). Multinomial logistic regression showed that, relative to self-care, high vulnerability increased the likelihood of community care (OR=2.729, 95% CI: 1.645-4.527) and institutional care (OR=5.150, 95% CI: 3.115-8.515), and decreased the likelihood of care by children (OR=0.631, 95% CI: 0.481-0.828). Heterogeneity analysis indicated that effects were stronger among the oldest-old and urban respondents. Highly vulnerable women were more likely to choose self-care, whereas highly vulnerable men were more likely to choose institutional care.

Conclusion

Elderly care vulnerability in China is moderate overall. As vulnerability increases, preferences for elderly care modes show a trend of “care by children < self-care < community care < institutional care”. Strengthening the socialized care system, delivering targeted services, and building resilient support networks are recommended.

, authors=Jie-yu WU, Feng CHEN, Tian-yue ZHANG, Min LUO, authorsList=Jie-yu WU, Feng CHEN, Tian-yue ZHANG, Min LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Min LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077547172016721, articleId=1324077543703327301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=基于“暴露水平-敏感性-适应能力”分析框架的养老脆弱性评估及其对养老方式选择的影响, columnId=1228016572640461823, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=健康与社会行为, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会框架评估老年人养老脆弱性,分析其对养老方式选择的影响及异质性,为养老政策优化提供依据。

方法

利用中国老年社会追踪调查(China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey,CLASS)2020数据,纳入8 221名老年人,采用熵值法构建养老脆弱性评价指标体系并进行K-means聚类分析,运用单因素检验和无序多分类logistic回归分析养老脆弱性对养老方式选择的影响及其异质性。

结果

构建包含3个一级指标和17个二级指标的养老脆弱性评估体系,脆弱性得分范围为-0.083~0.529,聚类分析将养老脆弱性分为高、中、低三类,占比分别为7.05%、75.28%、17.67%。单因素分析显示养老脆弱性对养老方式选择具有显著影响(χ2=109.821,P<0.001),多分类logistic回归结果显示,以自我养老为参照,高脆弱性老年人更倾向于选择社区养老(OR=2.729,95%CI:1.645~4.527)和机构养老(OR=5.150,95%CI:3.115~8.515),而非子女养老(OR=0.631,95%CI:0.481~0.828)。异质性分析表明,养老脆弱性对高龄和城市老年人的影响更为显著,高脆弱性女性更倾向于自我养老,而高脆弱性男性更倾向于机构养老。

结论

我国老年人养老脆弱性总体处于中等水平,随着脆弱性增高,养老方式偏好呈现“子女养老<自我养老<社区养老<机构养老”的趋势,建议加强社会化养老体系建设,提供精准差异化服务,构建韧性支持网络。

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吴洁瑜(2002—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:公共管理与政策

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雒敏,E-mail:
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China Population and Development Studies, 2024, 8(2): 168-200., articleTitle=A multi-level analysis of older adults' care preferences in China: from the perspective of regional resource equality, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077560149193376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=10, issue=4, pageStart=28, pageEnd=41, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=34, authorNames=宋欢, 孙萌, 孙涛, journalName=老龄科学研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋欢, 孙萌, 孙涛. “政府购买、机构供给、家庭参与”的社区居家养老服务机制——基于演化博弈和典型案例的分析[J]. 老龄科学研究, 2022, 10(4): 28-41., articleTitle=“政府购买、机构供给、家庭参与”的社区居家养老服务机制——基于演化博弈和典型案例的分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077560224690849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=10, issue=4, pageStart=28, pageEnd=41, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Song H, Sun M, Sun T, journalName=Scientific Research on Aging, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Song H, Sun M, Sun T. 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(In Chinese), articleTitle="government purchase, institution supply, and family participation" mechanism of community Home-Based elderly care services: a study based on evolutionary game and typical cases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077560321159842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=90, pageEnd=92, 99, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=36, authorNames=曲嘉瑶, journalName=城市问题, refType=null, unstructuredReference=曲嘉瑶. 京津冀养老服务协同发展:成效、问题及发展路径[J]. 城市问题, 2024, (12): 90-92, 99., articleTitle=京津冀养老服务协同发展:成效、问题及发展路径, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077560434406051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=90, pageEnd=92, 99, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Qu JY, journalName=Urban Problems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qu JY. Coordinated development of elderly care services in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region: effectiveness, problems and development paths[J]. Urban Problems, 2024, (12): 90-92, 99. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Coordinated development of elderly care services in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region: effectiveness, problems and development paths, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077560530875044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=23, issue=3, pageStart=307, pageEnd=311, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=38, authorNames=鲍印铎, 谢春艳, journalName=中国卫生资源, refType=null, unstructuredReference=鲍印铎, 谢春艳. 中国医养结合政策的理论视角、实践模式与完善路径[J]. 中国卫生资源, 2020, 23(3): 307-311., articleTitle=中国医养结合政策的理论视角、实践模式与完善路径, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077560610566821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=23, issue=3, pageStart=307, pageEnd=311, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Bao YD, Xie CY, journalName=Chinese Health Resources, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bao YD, Xie CY. Theoretical perspective, practical model, and perfecting path of the policy of combination of medical care and pension in China[J]. Chinese Health Resources, 2020, 23(3): 307-311. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Theoretical perspective, practical model, and perfecting path of the policy of combination of medical care and pension in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324077552549114493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, awardId=23SHB013, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省社会科学基金项目“代际支持对老年人养老模式选择的影响研究”(23SHB013), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077547440452178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077547453035091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, companyId=1324077547440452178, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Medical Administration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077547461423700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, companyId=1324077547440452178, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=南京医科大学医政学院,江苏 南京 211166)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324077551139828337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Evaluation index system for elderly care vulnerability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度及指标名称指标定义熵值权重
暴露水平2.1110.723
遭受财产损失过去一年经历过财产损失=1,否则=00.5360.178
患重病过去一年患过重病=1,否则=00.6340.140
退休或停止工作过去一年退休或停止有收入的工作=1,否则=00.4560.208
遭遇意外事故过去一年遇到过意外事故=1,否则=00.4850.197
敏感性5.5140.185
低保户享受最低生活保障金或贫困救助金=1,否则=00.6400.138
生活满意度老年人生活满意度得分0.9670.012
抑郁症状得分老年人抑郁症状得分0.9840.006
患慢性病个数老年人所患慢性病个数(个)0.9570.016
照料需求情况存在照料需求是=1,否则=00.9870.005
自评健康很健康=1,比较健康=2,一般健康=3,比较不健康=4,很不健康=50.9790.008
适应能力6.7610.092
住房套数老年人家庭拥有住房数量(套)0.9990.001
居住类型农村=1,老城区=2,单位社区=3,保障性住房=4,新村改居=5,商品房小区=6,高级住宅区=70.9830.006
受教育程度小学及以下=1,初中=2,高中/中专=3,大专及以上=40.9930.003
经济状况经济状况较低=1,一般=2,较好=30.9740.010
养老保险个数老年人拥有的养老保险个数(个)0.8280.066
朋友网络规模老年人见面或联系、谈私事、提供帮助的朋友数量(个)0.9920.003
亲属网络规模老年人见面或联系、谈私事、提供帮助的亲戚数量(个)0.9920.003
), ArticleFig(id=1324077551244685938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

养老脆弱性评价指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度及指标名称指标定义熵值权重
暴露水平2.1110.723
遭受财产损失过去一年经历过财产损失=1,否则=00.5360.178
患重病过去一年患过重病=1,否则=00.6340.140
退休或停止工作过去一年退休或停止有收入的工作=1,否则=00.4560.208
遭遇意外事故过去一年遇到过意外事故=1,否则=00.4850.197
敏感性5.5140.185
低保户享受最低生活保障金或贫困救助金=1,否则=00.6400.138
生活满意度老年人生活满意度得分0.9670.012
抑郁症状得分老年人抑郁症状得分0.9840.006
患慢性病个数老年人所患慢性病个数(个)0.9570.016
照料需求情况存在照料需求是=1,否则=00.9870.005
自评健康很健康=1,比较健康=2,一般健康=3,比较不健康=4,很不健康=50.9790.008
适应能力6.7610.092
住房套数老年人家庭拥有住房数量(套)0.9990.001
居住类型农村=1,老城区=2,单位社区=3,保障性住房=4,新村改居=5,商品房小区=6,高级住宅区=70.9830.006
受教育程度小学及以下=1,初中=2,高中/中专=3,大专及以上=40.9930.003
经济状况经济状况较低=1,一般=2,较好=30.9740.010
养老保险个数老年人拥有的养老保险个数(个)0.8280.066
朋友网络规模老年人见面或联系、谈私事、提供帮助的朋友数量(个)0.9920.003
亲属网络规模老年人见面或联系、谈私事、提供帮助的亲戚数量(个)0.9920.003
), ArticleFig(id=1324077551324377715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of K-means cluster analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
养老脆弱性等级脆弱性指数范围均值频数百分比(%)
低脆弱性-0.083~-0.041-0.0661 45317.67
中脆弱性-0.041~0.0900.0046 18975.28
高脆弱性0.090~0.5290.1785797.05
), ArticleFig(id=1324077551425041012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

K-means聚类分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
养老脆弱性等级脆弱性指数范围均值频数百分比(%)
低脆弱性-0.083~-0.041-0.0661 45317.67
中脆弱性-0.041~0.0900.0046 18975.28
高脆弱性0.090~0.5290.1785797.05
), ArticleFig(id=1324077551496344181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Basic characteristics of the sample

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标赋值n(%)
养老方式自我养老=15 995(72.92)—
子女养老=21 475(17.94)—
社区养老=3372(4.52)—
机构养老=4379(4.62)—
年龄分组(岁)60~69=13 706(45.08)—
70~79=23 376(41.07)—
80及以上=31 139(13.85)—
性别女性=04 090(49.75)—
男性=14 131(50.25)—
婚姻状况已婚/同居=16 218(75.64)—
丧偶=21 885(22.93)—
未婚/离异=3118(1.43)—
城乡类别农村=03 553(43.22)—
城市=14 668(56.78)—
地区分布东部地区=13 547(43.15)—
中部地区=22 848(34.64)—
西部地区=31 826(22.21)—
健在子女数健在儿子数量—1.289±0.905
健在女儿数量—1.144±1.022
日常活动能力ADL得分—97.651±8.158
), ArticleFig(id=1324077551630561910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

样本的基本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标赋值n(%)
养老方式自我养老=15 995(72.92)—
子女养老=21 475(17.94)—
社区养老=3372(4.52)—
机构养老=4379(4.62)—
年龄分组(岁)60~69=13 706(45.08)—
70~79=23 376(41.07)—
80及以上=31 139(13.85)—
性别女性=04 090(49.75)—
男性=14 131(50.25)—
婚姻状况已婚/同居=16 218(75.64)—
丧偶=21 885(22.93)—
未婚/离异=3118(1.43)—
城乡类别农村=03 553(43.22)—
城市=14 668(56.78)—
地区分布东部地区=13 547(43.15)—
中部地区=22 848(34.64)—
西部地区=31 826(22.21)—
健在子女数健在儿子数量—1.289±0.905
健在女儿数量—1.144±1.022
日常活动能力ADL得分—97.651±8.158
), ArticleFig(id=1324077551727030903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of the χ2 test [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类自我养老子女养老社区养老机构养老合计χ2值P值
低脆弱性1 076(17.95)323(21.90)30(8.06)24(6.33)1 453(17.68)109.821<0.001
中脆弱性4 521(75.41)1 065(72.20)305(81.99)298(78.63)6 189(75.28)
高脆弱性398(6.64)87(5.90)37(9.95)57(15.04)579(7.04)
合计5 995(72.92)1 475(17.94)372(4.53)379(4.61)8 221(100)
), ArticleFig(id=1324077551823499896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

χ2检验结果[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类自我养老子女养老社区养老机构养老合计χ2值P值
低脆弱性1 076(17.95)323(21.90)30(8.06)24(6.33)1 453(17.68)109.821<0.001
中脆弱性4 521(75.41)1 065(72.20)305(81.99)298(78.63)6 189(75.28)
高脆弱性398(6.64)87(5.90)37(9.95)57(15.04)579(7.04)
合计5 995(72.92)1 475(17.94)372(4.53)379(4.61)8 221(100)
), ArticleFig(id=1324077551928357497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of the multinomial logistic regression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量子女养老社区养老机构养老
OR(95%CI)P值OR(95%CI)P值OR(95%CI)P值
养老脆弱性水平(参照组:低脆弱性)
中脆弱性0.752(0.649~0.872)<0.0012.144(1.455~3.159)<0.0012.696(1.755~4.141)<0.001
高脆弱性0.631(0.481~0.828)<0.0012.729(1.645~4.527)<0.0015.150(3.115~8.515)<0.001
年龄分组(岁,参照组:60~69)
70~791.060(0.928~1.212)0.3921.182(0.930~1.502)0.1730.770(0.603~0.983)0.036
80及以上1.014(0.826~1.244)0.8971.571(1.071~2.303)0.0210.778(0.515~1.175)0.233
性别(参照组:女性)
男性0.971(0.862~1.094)0.6300.886(0.713~1.101)0.2741.012(0.814~1.259)0.912
婚姻状况(参照组:已婚/同居)
丧偶2.109(1.843~2.414)<0.0011.045(0.786~1.388)0.7641.810(1.386~2.363)<0.001
未婚/离异0.765(0.391~1.494)0.4321.548(0.753~3.184)0.2354.126(2.518~6.760)<0.001
城乡类别(参照组:农村)
城市0.913(0.807~1.032)0.1461.050(0.830~1.327)0.6851.350(1.059~1.722)0.016
地区分布(参照组:东部地区)
中部地区0.684(0.591~0.791)<0.0010.587(0.452~0.763)<0.0010.793(0.619~1.017)0.068
西部地区0.883(0.755~1.032)0.1170.316(0.218~0.457)<0.0010.283(0.187~0.426)<0.001
连续变量
健在儿子数1.039(0.969~1.114)0.2810.798(0.691~0.922)0.0020.717(0.616~0.833)<0.001
健在女儿数1.017(0.958~1.079)0.5830.798(0.704~0.904)<0.0010.800(0.705~0.910)<0.001
ADL得分1.008(0.998~1.017)0.1300.981(0.965~0.998)0.0300.985(0.969~1.017)0.089
), ArticleFig(id=1324077552175821434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

无序多分类logistic回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量子女养老社区养老机构养老
OR(95%CI)P值OR(95%CI)P值OR(95%CI)P值
养老脆弱性水平(参照组:低脆弱性)
中脆弱性0.752(0.649~0.872)<0.0012.144(1.455~3.159)<0.0012.696(1.755~4.141)<0.001
高脆弱性0.631(0.481~0.828)<0.0012.729(1.645~4.527)<0.0015.150(3.115~8.515)<0.001
年龄分组(岁,参照组:60~69)
70~791.060(0.928~1.212)0.3921.182(0.930~1.502)0.1730.770(0.603~0.983)0.036
80及以上1.014(0.826~1.244)0.8971.571(1.071~2.303)0.0210.778(0.515~1.175)0.233
性别(参照组:女性)
男性0.971(0.862~1.094)0.6300.886(0.713~1.101)0.2741.012(0.814~1.259)0.912
婚姻状况(参照组:已婚/同居)
丧偶2.109(1.843~2.414)<0.0011.045(0.786~1.388)0.7641.810(1.386~2.363)<0.001
未婚/离异0.765(0.391~1.494)0.4321.548(0.753~3.184)0.2354.126(2.518~6.760)<0.001
城乡类别(参照组:农村)
城市0.913(0.807~1.032)0.1461.050(0.830~1.327)0.6851.350(1.059~1.722)0.016
地区分布(参照组:东部地区)
中部地区0.684(0.591~0.791)<0.0010.587(0.452~0.763)<0.0010.793(0.619~1.017)0.068
西部地区0.883(0.755~1.032)0.1170.316(0.218~0.457)<0.0010.283(0.187~0.426)<0.001
连续变量
健在儿子数1.039(0.969~1.114)0.2810.798(0.691~0.922)0.0020.717(0.616~0.833)<0.001
健在女儿数1.017(0.958~1.079)0.5830.798(0.704~0.904)<0.0010.800(0.705~0.910)<0.001
ADL得分1.008(0.998~1.017)0.1300.981(0.965~0.998)0.0300.985(0.969~1.017)0.089
), ArticleFig(id=1324077552335204987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Results of the heterogeneity test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别变量子女养老社区养老机构养老
OR(95%CI)P值OR(95%CI)P值OR(95%CI)P值
年龄分组(参照组:低脆弱性)
低龄中脆弱性0.827(0.696~0.984)0.0322.030(1.329~3.100)<0.0012.482(1.574~3.914)<0.001
高脆弱性0.812(0.587~1.121)0.2062.845(1.605~5.042)<0.0015.314(3.081~9.168)<0.001
高龄中脆弱性0.705(0.546~0.910)0.0073.424(1.374~8.534)0.0084.247(1.323~13.634)0.015
高脆弱性0.552(0.348~0.875)0.0114.494(1.541~13.102)0.00610.096(2.873~35.480)<0.001
性别分组(参照组:低脆弱性)
男中脆弱性0.816(0.663~1.006)0.0572.400(1.374~4.188)0.0023.321(1.736~6.353)<0.001
高脆弱性0.780(0.525~1.158)0.2172.846(1.330~6.090)0.0078.021(3.818~16.852)<0.001
女中脆弱性0.768(0.630~0.935)0.0092.200(1.298~3.726)0.0032.227(1.272~3.898)0.005
高脆弱性0.664(0.464~0.949)0.0253.282(1.694~6.358)<0.0014.505(2.323~8.739)<0.001
城乡分组(参照组:低脆弱性)
城市中脆弱性0.673(0.547~0.829)<0.0011.931(1.165~3.201)0.0113.012(1.670~5.434)<0.001
高脆弱性0.558(0.384~0.812)0.0023.460(1.874~6.388)<0.0016.971(3.603~13.490)<0.001
农村中脆弱性0.898(0.738~1.092)0.2822.835(1.582~5.082)<0.0012.341(1.268~4.322)0.007
高脆弱性0.898(0.617~1.307)0.5731.757(0.658~4.695)0.2614.449(2.018~9.811)<0.001
地区分组(参照组:低脆弱性)
东部中脆弱性0.708(0.559~0.896)0.0042.265(1.272~4.032)0.0052.152(1.181~3.922)0.012
高脆弱性0.448(0.286~0.701)<0.0013.262(1.626~6.546)<0.0015.473(2.784~10.760)<0.001
中部中脆弱性0.916(0.723~1.161)0.4672.651(1.451~4.845)0.0023.423(1.811~6.469)<0.001
高脆弱性1.506(1.002~2.263)0.0493.114(1.256~7.721)0.0145.017(2.158~11.660)<0.001
西部中脆弱性0.551(0.405~0.748)<0.0011.207(0.416~3.502)0.7283.845(0.514~28.762)0.190
高脆弱性0.387(0.215~0.695)<0.0011.489(0.323~6.866)0.6097.179(0.785~65.685)0.081
), ArticleFig(id=1324077552431673980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077543703327301, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

异质性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别变量子女养老社区养老机构养老
OR(95%CI)P值OR(95%CI)P值OR(95%CI)P值
年龄分组(参照组:低脆弱性)
低龄中脆弱性0.827(0.696~0.984)0.0322.030(1.329~3.100)<0.0012.482(1.574~3.914)<0.001
高脆弱性0.812(0.587~1.121)0.2062.845(1.605~5.042)<0.0015.314(3.081~9.168)<0.001
高龄中脆弱性0.705(0.546~0.910)0.0073.424(1.374~8.534)0.0084.247(1.323~13.634)0.015
高脆弱性0.552(0.348~0.875)0.0114.494(1.541~13.102)0.00610.096(2.873~35.480)<0.001
性别分组(参照组:低脆弱性)
男中脆弱性0.816(0.663~1.006)0.0572.400(1.374~4.188)0.0023.321(1.736~6.353)<0.001
高脆弱性0.780(0.525~1.158)0.2172.846(1.330~6.090)0.0078.021(3.818~16.852)<0.001
女中脆弱性0.768(0.630~0.935)0.0092.200(1.298~3.726)0.0032.227(1.272~3.898)0.005
高脆弱性0.664(0.464~0.949)0.0253.282(1.694~6.358)<0.0014.505(2.323~8.739)<0.001
城乡分组(参照组:低脆弱性)
城市中脆弱性0.673(0.547~0.829)<0.0011.931(1.165~3.201)0.0113.012(1.670~5.434)<0.001
高脆弱性0.558(0.384~0.812)0.0023.460(1.874~6.388)<0.0016.971(3.603~13.490)<0.001
农村中脆弱性0.898(0.738~1.092)0.2822.835(1.582~5.082)<0.0012.341(1.268~4.322)0.007
高脆弱性0.898(0.617~1.307)0.5731.757(0.658~4.695)0.2614.449(2.018~9.811)<0.001
地区分组(参照组:低脆弱性)
东部中脆弱性0.708(0.559~0.896)0.0042.265(1.272~4.032)0.0052.152(1.181~3.922)0.012
高脆弱性0.448(0.286~0.701)<0.0013.262(1.626~6.546)<0.0015.473(2.784~10.760)<0.001
中部中脆弱性0.916(0.723~1.161)0.4672.651(1.451~4.845)0.0023.423(1.811~6.469)<0.001
高脆弱性1.506(1.002~2.263)0.0493.114(1.256~7.721)0.0145.017(2.158~11.660)<0.001
西部中脆弱性0.551(0.405~0.748)<0.0011.207(0.416~3.502)0.7283.845(0.514~28.762)0.190
高脆弱性0.387(0.215~0.695)<0.0011.489(0.323~6.866)0.6097.179(0.785~65.685)0.081
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基于“暴露水平-敏感性-适应能力”分析框架的养老脆弱性评估及其对养老方式选择的影响
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吴洁瑜 , 陈凤 , 张天越 , 雒敏
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2026,53(7): 1318-1323
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现代预防医学 |健康与社会行为 2026 , 53 (7) : 1318 -1323
基于“暴露水平-敏感性-适应能力”分析框架的养老脆弱性评估及其对养老方式选择的影响
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吴洁瑜(2002—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:公共管理与政策

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吴洁瑜, 陈凤, 张天越, 雒敏
作者信息
  • 南京医科大学医政学院,江苏 南京 211166
通讯作者:
雒敏,E-mail:
作者简介:

吴洁瑜(2002—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:公共管理与政策

Assessing elderly care vulnerability within an exposure-sensitivity-adaptive capacity framework and its impact on the choice of elderly care modes
Jie-yu WU, Feng CHEN, Tian-yue ZHANG, Min LUO
Affiliations
  • School of Medical Administration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
出版时间: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510174
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目的

基于联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会框架评估老年人养老脆弱性,分析其对养老方式选择的影响及异质性,为养老政策优化提供依据。

方法

利用中国老年社会追踪调查(China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey,CLASS)2020数据,纳入8 221名老年人,采用熵值法构建养老脆弱性评价指标体系并进行K-means聚类分析,运用单因素检验和无序多分类logistic回归分析养老脆弱性对养老方式选择的影响及其异质性。

结果

构建包含3个一级指标和17个二级指标的养老脆弱性评估体系,脆弱性得分范围为-0.083~0.529,聚类分析将养老脆弱性分为高、中、低三类,占比分别为7.05%、75.28%、17.67%。单因素分析显示养老脆弱性对养老方式选择具有显著影响(χ2=109.821,P<0.001),多分类logistic回归结果显示,以自我养老为参照,高脆弱性老年人更倾向于选择社区养老(OR=2.729,95%CI:1.645~4.527)和机构养老(OR=5.150,95%CI:3.115~8.515),而非子女养老(OR=0.631,95%CI:0.481~0.828)。异质性分析表明,养老脆弱性对高龄和城市老年人的影响更为显著,高脆弱性女性更倾向于自我养老,而高脆弱性男性更倾向于机构养老。

结论

我国老年人养老脆弱性总体处于中等水平,随着脆弱性增高,养老方式偏好呈现“子女养老<自我养老<社区养老<机构养老”的趋势,建议加强社会化养老体系建设,提供精准差异化服务,构建韧性支持网络。

IPCC框架  /  养老脆弱性  /  养老方式选择  /  脆弱性评估
Objective

To assess elderly care vulnerability within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) framework and examine its effects and heterogeneity in the choice of care modes, and provide evidence for the optimization of elderly care policies.

Methods

Using data from China longitudinal aging social survey (CLASS) 2020 and including 8 221 elderly individuals, this study constructed an evaluation index system for elderly care vulnerability based on the entropy method and conducted K-means cluster analysis. Univariate tests and multinomial logistic regression were then employed to examine the impact of elderly care vulnerability and its heterogeneity on the choice of care modes.

Results

An elderly care vulnerability assessment system was constructed comprising three primary indicators and seventeen secondary indicators, with vulnerability scores ranging from -0.083 to 0.529. Clustering classified respondents into high (7.05%), medium (75.28%), and low (17.67%) vulnerability groups. Univariate analysis showed that vulnerability was associated with care-mode choice (χ2=109.821, P<0.001). Multinomial logistic regression showed that, relative to self-care, high vulnerability increased the likelihood of community care (OR=2.729, 95% CI: 1.645-4.527) and institutional care (OR=5.150, 95% CI: 3.115-8.515), and decreased the likelihood of care by children (OR=0.631, 95% CI: 0.481-0.828). Heterogeneity analysis indicated that effects were stronger among the oldest-old and urban respondents. Highly vulnerable women were more likely to choose self-care, whereas highly vulnerable men were more likely to choose institutional care.

Conclusion

Elderly care vulnerability in China is moderate overall. As vulnerability increases, preferences for elderly care modes show a trend of “care by children < self-care < community care < institutional care”. Strengthening the socialized care system, delivering targeted services, and building resilient support networks are recommended.

IPCC framework  /  Elderly care vulnerability  /  Choice of elderly care modes  /  Vulnerability assessment
吴洁瑜, 陈凤, 张天越, 雒敏. 基于“暴露水平-敏感性-适应能力”分析框架的养老脆弱性评估及其对养老方式选择的影响. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (7) : 1318 -1323 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510174
Jie-yu WU, Feng CHEN, Tian-yue ZHANG, Min LUO. Assessing elderly care vulnerability within an exposure-sensitivity-adaptive capacity framework and its impact on the choice of elderly care modes[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (7) : 1318 -1323 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510174
2024年底我国60岁及以上老年人口突破3亿,达31 031万人,预计2035年将突破4亿,进入重度老龄化阶段。老龄化加速推高养老服务需求并加剧保障体系压力,同时伴随家庭小型化与人口流动增强,传统家庭养老方式受到冲击[1]。在此背景下,老年人在风险冲击下陷入福利损失或养老困境的易感性即养老脆弱性日益突出[2]。2023年以来,国家相继出台《关于推进基本养老服务体系建设的意见》《关于深化养老服务改革发展的意见》等政策文件,进一步强调“巩固居家养老、强化社区依托、优化机构支撑”,并注重对高风险老年群体的精准养老支持。回顾既有研究,理论界多以联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmenta Panel on Cimate Change,IPCC)提出的“暴露水平-敏感性-适应能力”分析框架进行脆弱性的相关研究,国外多聚焦于老年人因自然灾害、生理退化及心理压力所引发的脆弱性[3],国内虽引入该框架用于养老问题,但仍存在不足,一是“本土化适配”不足,未充分结合城乡二元结构、家庭文化与政策情境,构建统一的多维综合指标体系;二是缺乏深入的“异质性分析”,未能系统揭示养老脆弱性对不同群体养老方式选择的影响差异,制约了政策干预的精准性。基于此,本文利用2020年中国老年社会追踪调查(China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey,CLASS)数据,基于IPCC框架测度个体养老脆弱性水平,并分析其对养老方式选择的影响,为制定差异化养老政策和优化服务供给提供依据。
数据来源于2020年CLASS,本研究以≥60岁老年人为对象,初始样本11 398例,先剔除养老方式缺失样本(剩余9 829例),再剔除脆弱性指标缺失或异常样本(剩余9 180例),最后排除控制变量信息不完整或异常样本,最终获得有效样本8 221例。
养老方式:养老方式是指老年人获取养老资源的主要途径,参照刘珂冰(2024)[4]对养老方式的划分,依据CLASS问卷中“今后您打算主要在哪里养老?”,按养老资源主要提供者将其分为自我养老、子女养老、社区养老和机构养老四类。
养老脆弱性:养老脆弱性作为一个跨学科概念,IPCC提出的框架为脆弱性测度提供了更为结构化分析思路,本文将养老脆弱性界定为老年群体在面临内外风险冲击时所表现出的易损性与应对能力缺失状态。基于该定义并结合“暴露水平-敏感性-适应能力”三维框架,参考梁丽霞等[5]等研究,构建包含3个一级指标和17个二级指标的评价指标体系。通过熵值法赋权计算三个维度的得分后,依据“养老脆弱性=暴露水平+敏感性-适应能力”公式计算出养老脆弱性指数。
基于安德森模型,本文将养老方式选择的影响因素划分为倾向、使能与需求三类并作为控制变量纳入模型。倾向因素包括婚姻状况、年龄、性别;使能因素包括城乡、子女数与地区分布;需求因素为日常生活活动能力(activities of daily living,ADL)。
为客观确定养老脆弱性评价指标体系中各指标的权重,本文引入熵值法。具体步骤如下:首先构建原始数据矩阵并进行极差标准化处理,以消除指标量纲影响;其次计算各指标下样本的特征比重,第j个指标下第i个样本的比重为,据此计算每个指标的信息熵,进而根据信息熵计算差异系数dj=1-ej,以反映各指标的信息效用价值;最后通过归一化处理得到各指标的客观权重。
为识别不同脆弱性群体,采用K-means对养老脆弱性指数进行聚类,基于国内学者主流分析范式以及结合肘部法确定最优聚类数为3[6],将样本划分为高、中、低脆弱性三类。
本文采用无序多分类logistic回归模型分析养老脆弱性对养老方式选择的影响,以“自我养老”作为参照组,设其选择概率为P1,其他养老方式的选择概率分别为Pi(i=2,3,4),建立如下模型:
其中α1为常数项,X1为养老脆弱性,Xk为控制变量,β代表对应的回归系数。
根据熵值法计算的权重结果,一级指标权重以暴露水平最高,为0.723,敏感性次之,为0.185,适应能力最低,为0.092;二级指标中“退休”权重最高,“遭遇意外事故”次之,“拥有住房套数”指标所占权重最小。见表1。
根据表1结果加权求和,最终计算养老脆弱性得分范围为-0.083~0.529。聚类结果显示,高、中、低脆弱性占比分别为7.05%、75.28%、17.67%,ANOVA方差结果显示组间差异显著(P<0.01),表明该分类具有区分度。见表2。
为便于解读后续影响分析,本文进一步报告养老方式及控制变量的描述性统计结果。关于因变量“养老方式”以自我养老为主,占72.92%,其次为子女养老,占17.94%,社区养老与机构养老占比较低,分别为4.52%、4.62%。样本以60~69岁老年人为主,城市居民及东部地区占比较高,多数老年人拥有1~2个健在子女,ADL均值为97.651,整体处于轻度依赖水平。见表3。
χ2单因素检验结果显示养老脆弱性水平与养老方式选择存在显著关联(χ2=109.821,P<0.001),提示不同脆弱性群体在养老方式偏好上存在差异。见表4。
回归结果显示,以自我养老为参照,相较于低养老脆弱性群体,中高养老脆弱性老人更不倾向于选择子女养老而是更倾向于选择社区养老与机构养老,特别是机构养老。控制变量中,除性别(P>0.05)外,年龄、婚姻状况、城乡、地区分布、健在子女数、ADL得分均对不同养老方式选择具有显著影响(P<0.05)。见表5。
本研究按年龄、性别、城乡和地区分组进行回归。结果显示,养老脆弱性对高龄、城市老年人养老方式选择的影响更为明显;性别层面,养老脆弱性越高,女性老年人更倾向于自我养老,男性老年人更倾向于机构养老,而对社区养老的影响无显著性别差异;地区层面,随着养老脆弱性的提升,老年人均呈现出对社区养老与机构养老选择倾向,但在东部地区更为显著。见表6。
本文发现我国养老脆弱性总体处于中等水平且存在群体分化,与彭鸿影等[6](2022)研究一致。低脆弱性群体得分为负值,表明其养老风险较低,而马杨等[7](2023)聚焦农村研究发现该类人群得分显著偏高,差异可能与样本与指标构成有关,但也提示农村老年人可能面临更高养老风险。总体上,基本养老保障广覆盖为多数老年人提供了相对稳定基础保障,从而一定程度缓解了养老脆弱性;分维度看,暴露水平贡献最高,退休、意外事故等冲击会放大养老风险。其中“退休”作为老年人生命历程关键转折点,伴随着经济来源、社会角色与社交网络的重塑,并可能显著影响身心健康[8]。
自我养老仍是老年人当前主要养老方式,与温凤容等[9](2016)研究一致。家庭结构核心化与小型化趋势以及老年人对自主性的强烈追求、现实经济条件的约束以及传统观念的共同作用,越来越多的家庭选择代际分居[10],而“养儿防老”等观念依然根植于家庭代际契约之中,子女照料不仅被视为一种义务,更是情感反馈和道德实践的重要体现。根据代际团结理论,即使代际分居,代际之间的凝聚力与团结并不会消失,因此子女养老占比第二。社区与机构养老近几年虽发展较快,但受服务可及性、资源分配不均及文化认同等因素制约,尚未成为主流选择[11]。
随着养老脆弱性提升,养老方式呈现“子女养老<自我养老<社区养老<机构养老”的倾向偏好。根据社会嵌入理论,该选择既是老人理性选择的结果,也是所处社会网络、文化环境和制度背景共同作用的产物[12]。既有研究多认为老年人对机构养老态度消极,而本研究中脆弱性上升显著提高机构养老选择倾向,这表明多重劣势叠加使得老年人不得不转向专业化程度更高的养老方式,同时脆弱性水平越高,老年人越不倾向选择子女养老;截至2022年,我国老年人口中空巢老人占比已超过50%,长期缺乏家庭陪伴与照护,亦可能加深老年人的孤独感[13],因此老年人降低了“子女养老”的可行性与意愿。
年龄层面,养老脆弱性对高龄老人养老方式选择的影响更为显著。随着年龄增长,老年人功能受损风险更高[14],对专业照护需求更强[15],因此脆弱性上升时更可能转向社区与机构养老。性别层面,脆弱性提升使得女性更偏向自我养老、男性更偏向机构养老,与何兰萍等[16](2017)结论一致,女性长期承担照料角色,自理与情感适应能力较强,且更倾向维持代际关系与减轻子女负担;男性日常照护能力相对不足,更倾向借助外部专业机构支持。城乡层面,城市老人因资源优势拥有更大自主选择权[17],而农村老人受限于服务供给不足和传统观念影响,养老脆弱性对其养老方式选择的影响相对较弱。地区层面,东部地区养老资源更充裕,为高脆弱性群体向社会化养老转移提供可行路径[18],而中西部老年人往往缺乏实际选择空间,这种差异凸显了当前养老服务体系建设中存在的空间失衡与需求错配问题。
基于上述结论,本文提出如下政策启示:首先,强化政府主导与财政投入,完善长期护理保险等兜底保障机制,并通过购买服务、健康宣教等引导社会参与[19],提升服务能力与老年人自我规划意识。其次,面向群体与区域差异优化匹配型供给。对高龄群体强化医养结合与专业护理承接,对高脆弱性女性侧重居家上门与短期托养等服务,对高脆弱性男性提升机构服务适配性并完善社区评估转介支持;同时优先补齐中西部等资源薄弱地区的基础设施,通过转移支付、跨区域协作促进资源均衡布局[20]。此外,加强低脆弱性群体的前端预防与风险监测,及时对接相应支持并转入更高强度的服务,从而形成全周期养老支持体系;最后,健全跨部门、跨服务模式的协同机制,统一评估与转介标准,打通居家、社区、机构之间的服务衔接[21],构建数据共享、政策联动、连续照护的韧性支持网络,确保老年人能够根据自身需要在不同养老方式间平稳过渡。
本研究存在一定局限性。一方面,虽基于安德森模型纳入多类控制变量,但仍可能受未观测混杂影响;且截面数据难以刻画动态演变,因果识别有限,未来可结合追踪数据并采用自然实验或工具变量等方法验证。另一方面,区域仅按东中西宏观划分,可能掩盖更细尺度的资源配置与政策执行差异,后续研究可整合市县层面多层级数据,以更精细地识别脆弱性形成路径并评估干预效果。
  • 江苏省社会科学基金项目“代际支持对老年人养老模式选择的影响研究”(23SHB013)
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2026年第53卷第7期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202510174
  • 接收时间:2025-10-13
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-13
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江苏省社会科学基金项目“代际支持对老年人养老模式选择的影响研究”(23SHB013)
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    南京医科大学医政学院,江苏 南京 211166

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