Article(id=1324077445325914306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511421, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763913600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793614263134, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1775750400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793614263134, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793614263134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793614263134, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324077443828560770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775750400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793614262778, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793614352085, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324077818509918661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324077818509918662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324077443828560770, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1165, endPage=1171, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324077447070744771, articleId=1324077445325914306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Comparison of prevalent and incident exposure designs in cohort studies, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To compare the incident exposure design with the prevalent exposure design in cohort studies, to systematically evaluate the performance of different analytical methods within the incident exposure design framework, using the association between hypertension and cardiovascular disease as an example.

Methods

Based on the UK Biobank cohort, we selected an elderly population aged 60-65 years at baseline. Both prevalent exposure and incident exposure designs (time-window fixed grouping, time-zero random assignment, time-zero distribution matching, and time-dependent variable) were applied to assess the association between hypertension and incident cardiovascular disease.

Results

Using the time-dependent variable as reference [hazard ratio (HR)=1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.68-1.88], the prevalent exposure design underestimated the effect size by 23% (HR=1.36) due to selection bias. The time-window fixed grouping introduced immortal time bias, leading to an 11% underestimation (HR=1.57). The time-zero random assignment and time-zero distribution matching, by defining a valid time-zero, partially controlled for bias, yielding HRs of 1.63 and 1.66, respectively. However, some degree of underestimation persisted.

Conclusion

The prevalent exposure design may systematically underestimate long-term disease risk. The event-based incident exposure design is recommended, particularly the time-dependent variable method which effectively controls for bias, to provide more reliable evidence for assessing the risk of incident cardiovascular disease associated with hypertension in elderly adults.

, authors=Ze-miao YANG1, Dan-zeng QUZHEN2, 3, 4, Gong-hua WU1, Bing GUO1, 5, Xing ZHAO1, 5, authorsList=Ze-miao YANG, Dan-zeng QUZHEN, Gong-hua WU, Bing GUO, Xing ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bing GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324077448891072720, articleId=1324077445325914306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=队列研究中现患暴露设计与新发暴露设计的比较, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

比较队列研究中新发暴露设计与现患暴露设计,并以高血压与心血管疾病关联研究为例,系统比较新发暴露设计框架下不同分析方法的应用效果。

方法

基于英国生物银行队列,选取基线年龄60~65岁的老年人群,分别应用现患暴露设计与新发暴露设计方法(时间窗固定分组法、零时刻随机分配法、零时刻同分布匹配法、时依变量法),评估高血压与新发心血管疾病的关联。

结果

以时依变量法为参照(HR=1.77,95% CI:1.68~1.88),现患暴露设计因存在选择偏倚,导致效应值被低估23%(HR=1.36);时间窗固定分组法因引入永恒时间偏倚,效应值被低估11%(HR=1.57);零时刻随机分配法与零时刻同分布匹配法通过设定零时刻,在一定程度上控制了偏倚,风险比分别为1.63和1.66,但仍存在不同程度的低估。

结论

现患暴露设计可能系统性地低估疾病远期风险。推荐采用事件界定的新发暴露设计,特别是能有效控制偏倚的时依变量法,可为老年期高血压的新发心血管疾病风险提供更可靠的评估证据。

, authors=杨泽淼1, 曲珍旦增2, 3, 4, 吴功华1, 郭冰1, 5, 赵星1, 5, authorsList=杨泽淼, 曲珍旦增, 吴功华, 郭冰, 赵星, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭冰, authorNote=

杨泽淼(2000—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生统计方法与应用

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭冰,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=FK9RYyYhM5UnydS1YJBXzQ==, magXml=qkhlp0f8iDmAtTzzacSzIQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+fEaru4b+5bIqdL19iDqWQ==, pdfFileSize=1234069, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=PtO/Uw9cCmHXMpiSSBqP9w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=WdTC3Ki1NL44KZ2s4UU1WQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1324077451504124125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324077451579621599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077451504124125, language=EN, stringName=Ze-miao YANG, firstName=Ze-miao, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324077451659313376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077451504124125, language=CN, stringName=杨泽淼, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041, bio={"content":"

杨泽淼(2000—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生统计方法与应用

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

杨泽淼(2000—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生统计方法与应用

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077449390194897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449440526546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449474080979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041)])]), Author(id=1324077451734810850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324077451843862758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077451734810850, language=EN, stringName=Dan-zeng QUZHEN, firstName=Dan-zeng, middleName=null, lastName=QUZHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, 4, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324077451906777319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077451734810850, language=CN, stringName=曲珍旦增, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, 4, address=2.西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心
3.国家卫生健康委包虫病防治研究重点实验室
4.西藏大学医学院, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077450916921556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077450929504469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077450916921556, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077451067916502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077451084693719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077451067916502, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.国家卫生健康委包虫病防治研究重点实验室)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077451315380440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077451323769049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077451315380440, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.西藏大学医学院)])]), Author(id=1324077452015829225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324077452120686827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077452015829225, language=EN, stringName=Gong-hua WU, firstName=Gong-hua, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324077452233933036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077452015829225, language=CN, stringName=吴功华, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077449390194897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449440526546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449474080979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041)])]), Author(id=1324077452322013422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=guobing0111@scu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324077452426871025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077452322013422, language=EN, stringName=Bing GUO, firstName=Bing, middleName=null, lastName=GUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 5, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324077452519145714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077452322013422, language=CN, stringName=郭冰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 5, address=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
5.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077449390194897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449440526546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449474080979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077451420238042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077451424432347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077451420238042, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041)])]), Author(id=1324077452611420404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324077452691112183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077452611420404, language=EN, stringName=Xing ZHAO, firstName=Xing, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 5, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324077452770803960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077452611420404, language=CN, stringName=赵星, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 5, address=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
5.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077449390194897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449440526546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449474080979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077451420238042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077451424432347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077451420238042, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1324077452913410297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Cohort study), Keyword(id=1324077452980519162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=Prevalent exposure design), Keyword(id=1324077453056016635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=Incident exposure design), Keyword(id=1324077453131514108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=Selection bias), Keyword(id=1324077453227983101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=Immortal time bias), Keyword(id=1324077453299286270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=队列研究), Keyword(id=1324077453362200831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=现患暴露设计), Keyword(id=1324077453450281216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=新发暴露设计), Keyword(id=1324077453567721729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=选择偏倚), Keyword(id=1324077453668385026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=永恒时间偏倚)], refs=[Reference(id=1324077457418092818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=6, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Cribb L, Moreno-Betancur M, Wu ZM, journalName=Lancet Healthy Longev, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cribb L, Moreno-Betancur M, Wu ZM, et al. Moving beyond the prevalent exposure design for causal inference in dementia research[J]. Lancet Healthy Longev, 2025, 6(2): 100675., articleTitle=Moving beyond the prevalent exposure design for causal inference in dementia research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077457657168147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=15, issue=5, pageStart=615, pageEnd=625, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Hernán MA, Hernández-Díaz S, Robins JM, journalName=Epidemiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hernán MA, Hernández-Díaz S, Robins JM. A structural approach to selection bias[J]. Epidemiology, 2004, 15(5): 615-625., articleTitle=A structural approach to selection bias, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077457946575124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=2, issue=4, pageStart=221, pageEnd=228, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Lund JL, Richardson DB, Stürmer T, journalName=Curr Epidemiol Rep, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lund JL, Richardson DB, Stürmer T. The active comparator, new user study design in pharmacoepidemiology: historical foundations and contemporary application[J]. Curr Epidemiol Rep, 2015, 2(4): 221-228., articleTitle=The active comparator, new user study design in pharmacoepidemiology: historical foundations and contemporary application, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077458043044117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=167, issue=4, pageStart=492, pageEnd=499, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Suissa S, journalName=American Journal of Epidemiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Suissa S. Immortal time bias in pharmaco-epidemiology[J]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2008, 167(4): 492-499., articleTitle=Immortal time bias in pharmaco-epidemiology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077458139513110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=340, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Lévesque LE, Hanley JA, Kezouh A, journalName=BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lévesque LE, Hanley JA, Kezouh A, et al. Problem of immortal time bias in cohort studies: example using statins for preventing progression of diabetes[J]. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 2010, 340: b5087., articleTitle=Problem of immortal time bias in cohort studies: example using statins for preventing progression of diabetes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077459968229656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=325, issue=7365, pageStart=624, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Mamdani M, Rochon PA, Juurlink DN, journalName=BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mamdani M, Rochon PA, Juurlink DN, et al. Observational study of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in elderly patients given selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs[J]. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 2002, 325(7365): 624., articleTitle=Observational study of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in elderly patients given selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077460052115737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=162, issue=10, pageStart=1016, pageEnd=1023, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Zhou Z, Rahme E, Abrahamowicz M, journalName=American Journal of Epidemiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou Z, Rahme E, Abrahamowicz M, et al. Survival bias associated with time-to-treatment initiation in drug effectiveness evaluation: a comparison of methods[J]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2005, 162(10): 1016-1023., articleTitle=Survival bias associated with time-to-treatment initiation in drug effectiveness evaluation: a comparison of methods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077460144390426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=168, issue=1, pageStart=49, pageEnd=53, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Suissa S, journalName=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Suissa S. Effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: immortal time bias in observational studies[J]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2003, 168(1): 49-53., articleTitle=Effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: immortal time bias in observational studies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077460236665115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=17, issue=1, pageStart=126, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Cho IS, Chae YR, Kim JH, journalName=BMC Medical Research Methodology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cho IS, Chae YR, Kim JH, et al. Statistical methods for elimination of guarantee-time bias in cohort studies: a simulation study[J]. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2017, 17(1): 126., articleTitle=Statistical methods for elimination of guarantee-time bias in cohort studies: a simulation study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077460333134108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=36, issue=1, pageStart=107, pageEnd=114, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Hernán MA, Sterne JAC, Higgins JPT, journalName=Epidemiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hernán MA, Sterne JAC, Higgins JPT, et al. A structural description of biases that generate immortal time[J]. Epidemiology, 2025, 36(1): 107-114., articleTitle=A structural description of biases that generate immortal time, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077460417020189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=16, issue=4, pageStart=223, pageEnd=237, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J, journalName=Nature Reviews Nephrology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension[J]. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 2020, 16(4): 223-237., articleTitle=The global epidemiology of hypertension, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077460500906270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=398, issue=10304, pageStart=957, pageEnd=980, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), journalName=The Lancet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants[J]. The Lancet, 2021, 398(10304): 957-980., articleTitle=Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077460588986655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=145, issue=9, pageStart=633, pageEnd=644, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Hibino M, Otaki Y, Kobeissi E, journalName=Circulation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hibino M, Otaki Y, Kobeissi E, et al. Blood pressure, hypertension, and the risk of aortic dissection incidence and mortality: results from the J-SCH study, the UK biobank study, and a Meta-Analysis of cohort studies[J]. Circulation, 2022, 145(9): 633-644., articleTitle=Blood pressure, hypertension, and the risk of aortic dissection incidence and mortality: results from the J-SCH study, the UK biobank study, and a Meta-Analysis of cohort studies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077460677067040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=4, issue=2, pageStart=e107, pageEnd=e115, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Armas rojas N, Dobell E, Lacey B, journalName=LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Armas rojas N, Dobell E, Lacey B, et al. Burden of hypertension and associated risks for cardiovascular mortality in Cuba: a prospective cohort study[J]. LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH, 2019, 4(2): e107-e115., articleTitle=Burden of hypertension and associated risks for cardiovascular mortality in Cuba: a prospective cohort study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077460756758817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=286, issue=4, pageStart=389, pageEnd=397, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Conroy M, Sellors J, Effingham M, journalName=Journal of Internal Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Conroy M, Sellors J, Effingham M, et al. The advantages of UK Biobank's open-access strategy for health research[J]. Journal of Internal Medicine, 2019, 286(4): 389-397., articleTitle=The advantages of UK Biobank's open-access strategy for health research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077460828061986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=WHO, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WHO. Ageing and health[EB/OL]. [2026-01-30]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health., articleTitle=Ageing and health, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077460907753763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=39, issue=33, pageStart=3021, pageEnd=3104, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, journalName=European Heart Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension[J]. European Heart Journal, 2018, 39(33): 3021-3104., articleTitle=2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077460970668324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=46, issue=27, pageStart=2673, pageEnd=2687, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Cheng X, Song C, Ouyang F, journalName=European Heart Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheng X, Song C, Ouyang F, et al. Systolic blood pressure variability: risk of cardiovascular events, chronic kidney disease, dementia, and death[J]. European Heart Journal, 2025, 46(27): 2673-2687., articleTitle=Systolic blood pressure variability: risk of cardiovascular events, chronic kidney disease, dementia, and death, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077461058748709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=7, issue=11, pageStart=1129, pageEnd=1137, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Cho SMJ, Koyama S, Ruan YF, journalName=JAMA Cardiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cho SMJ, Koyama S, Ruan YF, et al. Measured blood pressure, genetically predicted blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease risk in the UK biobank[J]. JAMA Cardiol, 2022, 7(11): 1129-1137., articleTitle=Measured blood pressure, genetically predicted blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease risk in the UK biobank, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077461130051878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=133, issue=2, pageStart=187, pageEnd=225, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Mozaffarian DD, Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, journalName=Circulation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mozaffarian DD, Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease. Diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review[J]. Circulation, 2016, 133(2): 187-225., articleTitle=Diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077461335572775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=374, issue=22, pageStart=2175, pageEnd=2181, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Bothwell LE, Greene JA, Podolsky SH, journalName=New England Journal of Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bothwell LE, Greene JA, Podolsky SH, et al. Assessing the Gold Standard--Lessons from the history of RCTs[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2016, 374(22): 2175-2181., articleTitle=Assessing the Gold Standard--Lessons from the history of RCTs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077461423653160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=3, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Cheon DY, Han KD, Lee YJ, journalName=European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheon DY, Han KD, Lee YJ, et al. Cardiovascular risk across blood pressure categories defined by the 2024 ESC and 2023 ESH hypertension guidelines: insights from a Korean nationwide cohort study[J]. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2025, 3: zwaf573., articleTitle=Cardiovascular risk across blood pressure categories defined by the 2024 ESC and 2023 ESH hypertension guidelines: insights from a Korean nationwide cohort study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077461486567721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=23, issue=1, pageStart=226, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Li ZW, Liu MM, Chen BW, journalName=BMC Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li ZW, Liu MM, Chen BW, et al. Association of high-normal blood pressure defined by the 2023 European Society of Hypertension guideline with mortality in the Chinese population: a nationwide, population-based, prospective study of 3.6 million adults[J]. BMC Medicine, 2025, 23(1): 226., articleTitle=Association of high-normal blood pressure defined by the 2023 European Society of Hypertension guideline with mortality in the Chinese population: a nationwide, population-based, prospective study of 3.6 million adults, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077461708865834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=349, issue=6, pageStart=523, pageEnd=534, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, journalName=The New England Journal of Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease[J]. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2003, 349(6): 523-534., articleTitle=Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077461796946219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=182, issue=10, pageStart=834, pageEnd=839, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Hernán MA, journalName=American Journal of Epidemiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hernán MA. Counterpoint: epidemiology to guide decision-making: moving away from practice-free research[J]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2015, 182(10): 834-839., articleTitle=Counterpoint: epidemiology to guide decision-making: moving away from practice-free research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324077461868249388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Hern'an MRJ, journalName=Causal inference: what if, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hern'an MRJ. Causal inference: what if[M]. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324077457237737744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, awardId=21H1234, language=CN, fundingSource=国家卫生健康委包虫病防治研究重点实验室(21H1234), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077449390194897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449440526546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449474080979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077450916921556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077450929504469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077450916921556, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077451067916502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077451084693719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077451067916502, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.国家卫生健康委包虫病防治研究重点实验室)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077451315380440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077451323769049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077451315380440, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.西藏大学医学院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077451420238042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077451424432347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077451420238042, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324077455480324355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Prevalent exposure design and incident exposure design, figureFileSmall=BI3MkXCf03e5FK5g3zKmNg==, figureFileBig=PtO/Uw9cCmHXMpiSSBqP9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077455564210436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=CN, label=图1, caption=现患暴露设计与新发暴露设计, figureFileSmall=BI3MkXCf03e5FK5g3zKmNg==, figureFileBig=PtO/Uw9cCmHXMpiSSBqP9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077455882977541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Flowchart of participant enrollment and exclusion, figureFileSmall=lXiuT8U/dA6XC0OPoxvXuA==, figureFileBig=JBKSE+7PzzyR5Vb92Etc9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077455983640838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=CN, label=图2, caption=研究对象纳入排除流程图, figureFileSmall=lXiuT8U/dA6XC0OPoxvXuA==, figureFileBig=JBKSE+7PzzyR5Vb92Etc9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077456277242119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Comparison of prevalent and incident exposure study designs, figureFileSmall=pNLpdFKpp69YVSj/laxO7w==, figureFileBig=SUJEziWsJ/WZ3eqFqcsMUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077456390488328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=CN, label=图3, caption=现患暴露设计与新发暴露设计方法对比, figureFileSmall=pNLpdFKpp69YVSj/laxO7w==, figureFileBig=SUJEziWsJ/WZ3eqFqcsMUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077456499540233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Survival curves for hypertension groups using different methods, figureFileSmall=M0FryZ5/uHWj/mpktnSVhg==, figureFileBig=b3FOlbiTxOBxRopX2iMX4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077456596009227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各类方法下高血压组别的生存曲线

注:A为现患暴露设计(方法1);B为时间窗固定分组法(方法2);C为零时刻随机分配法(方法3);D为零时刻同分布匹配法(方法4);E为时依变量法(方法5)。

, figureFileSmall=M0FryZ5/uHWj/mpktnSVhg==, figureFileBig=b3FOlbiTxOBxRopX2iMX4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324077456747004172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The characteristics of the participants for prevalent exposure design [(), n (%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征变量全人群n=76 706是否有高血压史
否(n=53 016)是(n=23 690)P值
年龄(岁)62.36±1.6862.30±1.6862.47±1.69<0.001
性别<0.001
男性40 237(52.5)29 216(55.1)11 021(46.5)
女性36 469(47.5)23 800(44.9)12 669(53.5)
族裔<0.001
白种人74 709(97.4)51 825(97.8)22 884(96.6)
其他1 997(2.6)1 191(2.2)806(3.4)
教育水平<0.001
大学及以上24 160(31.5)17 394(32.8)6 766(28.6)
任一资格证书37 123(48.4)25 608(48.3)11 515(48.6)
无资格证书14 860(19.4)9 652(18.2)5 208(22.0)
不清楚563(0.7)362(0.7)201(0.8)
TDI-1.77±2.83-1.85±2.78-1.60±2.94<0.001
BMI(kg/m2)27.26±4.3926.56±4.0228.84±4.76<0.001
吸烟状况<0.001
当前吸烟6 143(8.0)4 406(8.3)1 737(7.3)
曾经吸烟30 982(40.4)20 615(38.9)10 367(43.8)
从不吸烟39 372(51.3)27 857(52.5)11 515(48.6)
不清楚209(0.3)138(0.3)71(0.3)
饮酒状况0.022
当前饮酒71 491(93.2)49 494(93.4)21 997(92.9)
曾经饮酒2 405(3.1)1 598(3.0)807(3.4)
从不饮酒2 781(3.6)1 906(3.6)875(3.7)
不清楚29(0.0)18(0.0)11(0.0)
体力活动水平<0.001
剧烈31 947(41.6)22 697(42.8)9 250(39.0)
中等32 054(41.8)22 083(41.7)9 971(42.1)
轻度12 705(16.6)8 236(15.5)4 469(18.9)
饮食状况<0.001
健康43 427(56.6)30 568(57.7)12 859(54.3)
不健康33 279(43.4)22 448(42.3)10 831(45.7)
糖尿病史<0.001
有4 482(5.8)1 694(3.2)2 788(11.8)
无72 224(94.2)51 322(96.8)20 902(88.2)
高血压家族史<0.001
有27 293(35.6)16 146(30.5)11 147(47.1)
无49 413(64.4)36 870(69.5)12 543(52.9)
HbA1c(%)5.50±0.555.45±0.485.60±0.67<0.001
总胆固醇(mmol/L)5.88±1.156.03±1.105.53±1.17<0.001
甘油三酯(mmol/L)1.80±0.981.74±0.941.94±1.04<0.001
高密度脂蛋白(mmol/L)1.48±0.371.51±0.381.40±0.36<0.001
低密度脂蛋白(mmol/L)3.69±0.873.80±0.843.44±0.88<0.001
新发心血管疾病<0.001
是15 860(20.7)9 490(17.9)6 370(26.9)
否60 846(79.3)43 526(82.1)17 320(73.1)
), ArticleFig(id=1324077456860250381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

现患暴露设计中研究对象的基本特征[(),n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征变量全人群n=76 706是否有高血压史
否(n=53 016)是(n=23 690)P值
年龄(岁)62.36±1.6862.30±1.6862.47±1.69<0.001
性别<0.001
男性40 237(52.5)29 216(55.1)11 021(46.5)
女性36 469(47.5)23 800(44.9)12 669(53.5)
族裔<0.001
白种人74 709(97.4)51 825(97.8)22 884(96.6)
其他1 997(2.6)1 191(2.2)806(3.4)
教育水平<0.001
大学及以上24 160(31.5)17 394(32.8)6 766(28.6)
任一资格证书37 123(48.4)25 608(48.3)11 515(48.6)
无资格证书14 860(19.4)9 652(18.2)5 208(22.0)
不清楚563(0.7)362(0.7)201(0.8)
TDI-1.77±2.83-1.85±2.78-1.60±2.94<0.001
BMI(kg/m2)27.26±4.3926.56±4.0228.84±4.76<0.001
吸烟状况<0.001
当前吸烟6 143(8.0)4 406(8.3)1 737(7.3)
曾经吸烟30 982(40.4)20 615(38.9)10 367(43.8)
从不吸烟39 372(51.3)27 857(52.5)11 515(48.6)
不清楚209(0.3)138(0.3)71(0.3)
饮酒状况0.022
当前饮酒71 491(93.2)49 494(93.4)21 997(92.9)
曾经饮酒2 405(3.1)1 598(3.0)807(3.4)
从不饮酒2 781(3.6)1 906(3.6)875(3.7)
不清楚29(0.0)18(0.0)11(0.0)
体力活动水平<0.001
剧烈31 947(41.6)22 697(42.8)9 250(39.0)
中等32 054(41.8)22 083(41.7)9 971(42.1)
轻度12 705(16.6)8 236(15.5)4 469(18.9)
饮食状况<0.001
健康43 427(56.6)30 568(57.7)12 859(54.3)
不健康33 279(43.4)22 448(42.3)10 831(45.7)
糖尿病史<0.001
有4 482(5.8)1 694(3.2)2 788(11.8)
无72 224(94.2)51 322(96.8)20 902(88.2)
高血压家族史<0.001
有27 293(35.6)16 146(30.5)11 147(47.1)
无49 413(64.4)36 870(69.5)12 543(52.9)
HbA1c(%)5.50±0.555.45±0.485.60±0.67<0.001
总胆固醇(mmol/L)5.88±1.156.03±1.105.53±1.17<0.001
甘油三酯(mmol/L)1.80±0.981.74±0.941.94±1.04<0.001
高密度脂蛋白(mmol/L)1.48±0.371.51±0.381.40±0.36<0.001
低密度脂蛋白(mmol/L)3.69±0.873.80±0.843.44±0.88<0.001
新发心血管疾病<0.001
是15 860(20.7)9 490(17.9)6 370(26.9)
否60 846(79.3)43 526(82.1)17 320(73.1)
), ArticleFig(id=1324077456969302286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of hazard ratios for incident cardiovascular disease by hypertension across different methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
心血管新发例数/人年数心血管疾病发病率(万人年)HR(95%CI)a相对方法5的变化率b
方法1:现患暴露设计
高血压患病组9 490/719 601131.91.00(参考类)—
非高血压组6 370/302 329210.71.36(1.31~1.40)-0.23
方法2:时间窗固定分组法
未发生高血压组9 366/714 796131.01.00(参考类)—
发生高血压组116/4 805241.41.57(1.32~1.88)-0.11
方法3:零时刻随机分配法
未发生高血压组9 290/701 638132.41.00(参考类)—
发生高血压组116/4 725245.51.63(1.36~1.96)-0.08
方法4:零时刻同分布匹配法
未发生高血压组9 179/711 448129.01.00(参考类)—
发生高血压组116/4 725245.51.66(1.38~2.00)-0.06
方法5:时依变量法
未处于高血压状态7 951/659 486120.61.00(参考类)—
处于高血压状态1 539/60 114256.01.77(1.68~1.88)—
), ArticleFig(id=1324077457082548495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

高血压对心血管疾病发病风险比(各类方法的比较)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
心血管新发例数/人年数心血管疾病发病率(万人年)HR(95%CI)a相对方法5的变化率b
方法1:现患暴露设计
高血压患病组9 490/719 601131.91.00(参考类)—
非高血压组6 370/302 329210.71.36(1.31~1.40)-0.23
方法2:时间窗固定分组法
未发生高血压组9 366/714 796131.01.00(参考类)—
发生高血压组116/4 805241.41.57(1.32~1.88)-0.11
方法3:零时刻随机分配法
未发生高血压组9 290/701 638132.41.00(参考类)—
发生高血压组116/4 725245.51.63(1.36~1.96)-0.08
方法4:零时刻同分布匹配法
未发生高血压组9 179/711 448129.01.00(参考类)—
发生高血压组116/4 725245.51.66(1.38~2.00)-0.06
方法5:时依变量法
未处于高血压状态7 951/659 486120.61.00(参考类)—
处于高血压状态1 539/60 114256.01.77(1.68~1.88)—
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1227664546253402114, delFlag=0, nameCn=现代预防医学, nameEn=Modern Preventive Medicine, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1003-8507, eissn=null, cn=51-1365/R, coden=null, periodic=3, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=IeiuPXEZi6AA+k0VfvoiOQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Modern Preventive Medicine, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1770627636734, updatedTime=1788949112281, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=X, firstLetterEn=X, subjectCode=Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=IeiuPXEZi6AA+k0VfvoiOQ==, picEn=/9iTl8/ndms4tBz1fL28Pg==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1304510385713861624, language=CN, name=现代预防医学, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788949112585, updatedTime=1788949112585, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/#/regist, submissionEditorUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/#/Login, submissionReviewUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/#/Login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1304510385772581881, language=EN, name=Modern Preventive Medicine, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788949112599, updatedTime=1788949112599, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/#/regist, submissionEditorUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/#/Login, submissionReviewUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/#/Login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1227665162245664772, websiteList=[Website(id=1227687234141352800, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1227665162245664772, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN, language=CN, createTime=1770633045945, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1770633090526, updateBy=18614031015, name=现代预防医学-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=现代预防医学, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1227687735088051072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1770633165380, updateTime=1770633165380, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735071273853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1770633165376, updateTime=1770633165376, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735113216899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1770633165386, updateTime=1770633165386, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735062885244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/file/pic?fileId=/XB5plC0xuykmQnycvtyrw==, createTime=1770633165374, updateTime=1770633165374, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735125799813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1770633165389, updateTime=1770633165389, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735083856767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/file/pic, createTime=1770633165379, updateTime=1770633165379, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735121605508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1770633165388, updateTime=1770633165388, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735079662462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1770633165378, updateTime=1770633165378, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735096439681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1770633165382, updateTime=1770633165382, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735104828290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1770633165384, updateTime=1770633165384, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1227687234338485094, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1227665162245664772, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/EN, language=EN, createTime=1770633045992, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1770633115374, updateBy=18614031015, name=现代预防医学-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Modern Preventive Medicine, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1227687709129507332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1770633159191, updateTime=1770633159191, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709108535809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1770633159186, updateTime=1770633159186, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709167256071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1770633159200, updateTime=1770633159200, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709095952896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/EN/file/pic?fileId=/XB5plC0xuykmQnycvtyrw==, createTime=1770633159183, updateTime=1770633159183, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709179838985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1770633159203, updateTime=1770633159203, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709121118723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/EN/file/pic, createTime=1770633159189, updateTime=1770633159189, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709171450376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1770633159201, updateTime=1770633159201, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709112730114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1770633159187, updateTime=1770633159187, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709133701637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1770633159192, updateTime=1770633159192, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709154673158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1770633159197, updateTime=1770633159197, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=现代预防医学, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Modern Preventive Medicine, journalPhotoCn=IeiuPXEZi6AA+k0VfvoiOQ==, journalPhotoEn=/9iTl8/ndms4tBz1fL28Pg==, journalFirstLetter=X, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511421, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/EN/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511421, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/PDF/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511421, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/EN/PDF/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511421, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1775750400000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
队列研究中现患暴露设计与新发暴露设计的比较
收藏切换
PDF下载
杨泽淼 1 , 曲珍旦增 2, 3, 4 , 吴功华 1 , 郭冰 1, 5 , 赵星 1, 5
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(7): 1165-1171
收起
收藏切换
现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (7) : 1165 -1171
队列研究中现患暴露设计与新发暴露设计的比较
全屏
[Author(id=1324077451504124125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324077451579621599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077451504124125, language=EN, stringName=Ze-miao YANG, firstName=Ze-miao, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324077451659313376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077451504124125, language=CN, stringName=杨泽淼, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041, bio={"content":"

杨泽淼(2000—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生统计方法与应用

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

杨泽淼(2000—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生统计方法与应用

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077449390194897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449440526546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449474080979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041)])]), Author(id=1324077451734810850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324077451843862758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077451734810850, language=EN, stringName=Dan-zeng QUZHEN, firstName=Dan-zeng, middleName=null, lastName=QUZHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, 4, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324077451906777319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077451734810850, language=CN, stringName=曲珍旦增, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, 4, address=2.西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心
3.国家卫生健康委包虫病防治研究重点实验室
4.西藏大学医学院, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077450916921556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077450929504469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077450916921556, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077451067916502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077451084693719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077451067916502, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.国家卫生健康委包虫病防治研究重点实验室)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077451315380440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077451323769049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077451315380440, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.西藏大学医学院)])]), Author(id=1324077452015829225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324077452120686827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077452015829225, language=EN, stringName=Gong-hua WU, firstName=Gong-hua, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324077452233933036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077452015829225, language=CN, stringName=吴功华, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077449390194897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449440526546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449474080979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041)])]), Author(id=1324077452322013422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=guobing0111@scu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324077452426871025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077452322013422, language=EN, stringName=Bing GUO, firstName=Bing, middleName=null, lastName=GUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 5, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324077452519145714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077452322013422, language=CN, stringName=郭冰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 5, address=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
5.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077449390194897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449440526546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449474080979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077451420238042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077451424432347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077451420238042, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041)])]), Author(id=1324077452611420404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324077452691112183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077452611420404, language=EN, stringName=Xing ZHAO, firstName=Xing, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 5, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324077452770803960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, authorId=1324077452611420404, language=CN, stringName=赵星, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 5, address=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
5.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324077449390194897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449440526546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077449474080979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077449390194897, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324077451420238042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324077451424432347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324077445325914306, companyId=1324077451420238042, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041)])])]
杨泽淼1, 曲珍旦增2, 3, 4, 吴功华1, 郭冰1, 5 , 赵星1, 5
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心
  • 3.国家卫生健康委包虫病防治研究重点实验室
  • 4.西藏大学医学院
  • 5.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041
通讯作者:
郭冰,E-mail:
作者简介:

杨泽淼(2000—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生统计方法与应用

Comparison of prevalent and incident exposure designs in cohort studies
Ze-miao YANG1, Dan-zeng QUZHEN2, 3, 4, Gong-hua WU1, Bing GUO1, 5 , Xing ZHAO1, 5
Affiliations
  • Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511421
文章导航
收藏切换
目的

比较队列研究中新发暴露设计与现患暴露设计,并以高血压与心血管疾病关联研究为例,系统比较新发暴露设计框架下不同分析方法的应用效果。

方法

基于英国生物银行队列,选取基线年龄60~65岁的老年人群,分别应用现患暴露设计与新发暴露设计方法(时间窗固定分组法、零时刻随机分配法、零时刻同分布匹配法、时依变量法),评估高血压与新发心血管疾病的关联。

结果

以时依变量法为参照(HR=1.77,95% CI:1.68~1.88),现患暴露设计因存在选择偏倚,导致效应值被低估23%(HR=1.36);时间窗固定分组法因引入永恒时间偏倚,效应值被低估11%(HR=1.57);零时刻随机分配法与零时刻同分布匹配法通过设定零时刻,在一定程度上控制了偏倚,风险比分别为1.63和1.66,但仍存在不同程度的低估。

结论

现患暴露设计可能系统性地低估疾病远期风险。推荐采用事件界定的新发暴露设计,特别是能有效控制偏倚的时依变量法,可为老年期高血压的新发心血管疾病风险提供更可靠的评估证据。

队列研究  /  现患暴露设计  /  新发暴露设计  /  选择偏倚  /  永恒时间偏倚
Objective

To compare the incident exposure design with the prevalent exposure design in cohort studies, to systematically evaluate the performance of different analytical methods within the incident exposure design framework, using the association between hypertension and cardiovascular disease as an example.

Methods

Based on the UK Biobank cohort, we selected an elderly population aged 60-65 years at baseline. Both prevalent exposure and incident exposure designs (time-window fixed grouping, time-zero random assignment, time-zero distribution matching, and time-dependent variable) were applied to assess the association between hypertension and incident cardiovascular disease.

Results

Using the time-dependent variable as reference [hazard ratio (HR)=1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.68-1.88], the prevalent exposure design underestimated the effect size by 23% (HR=1.36) due to selection bias. The time-window fixed grouping introduced immortal time bias, leading to an 11% underestimation (HR=1.57). The time-zero random assignment and time-zero distribution matching, by defining a valid time-zero, partially controlled for bias, yielding HRs of 1.63 and 1.66, respectively. However, some degree of underestimation persisted.

Conclusion

The prevalent exposure design may systematically underestimate long-term disease risk. The event-based incident exposure design is recommended, particularly the time-dependent variable method which effectively controls for bias, to provide more reliable evidence for assessing the risk of incident cardiovascular disease associated with hypertension in elderly adults.

Cohort study  /  Prevalent exposure design  /  Incident exposure design  /  Selection bias  /  Immortal time bias
杨泽淼, 曲珍旦增, 吴功华, 郭冰, 赵星. 队列研究中现患暴露设计与新发暴露设计的比较. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (7) : 1165 -1171 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511421
Ze-miao YANG, Dan-zeng QUZHEN, Gong-hua WU, Bing GUO, Xing ZHAO. Comparison of prevalent and incident exposure designs in cohort studies[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (7) : 1165 -1171 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511421
评估疾病危险因素的队列研究中,典型策略是采用现患暴露设计(prevalent exposure design)来界定暴露。以高血压对远期心血管疾病发病风险研究为例,现患暴露设计依据入组时的静态数据(如自报疾病史、体检结果)判定个体的高血压暴露状态[1]。该设计的一个主要局限是,大部分研究对象入组时已长期处于暴露状态,这容易引入选择偏倚,且难以充分控制混杂因素,从而系统性地扭曲效应估计[2]。为解决该问题,药物流行病学领域提出了事件界定(event-based)的新发暴露设计(incident exposure design)。该设计在基线时仅纳入未暴露个体,并追踪其暴露状态的变化,将暴露组严格限定为在随访期间新发生暴露的个体,以期减少暴露错分偏倚[3]。两种研究设计示意见图1。
然而,新发暴露设计可能引入永恒时间偏倚(immortal time bias)[4]。该偏倚源于在分组时不恰当地使用了随访期间获得的新发暴露信息,即错误地将研究开始到暴露发生前的“永恒时间”计入暴露组。这导致暴露组的风险集中混入一段零风险时间,使其风险被稀释;而对照组则承担了早期结局事件的全部风险,最终造成效应估计严重偏离真实值[5]。为控制此偏倚,研究者提出设定较短时间窗以限制分组判定时段,但这又导致了对照组缺乏与暴露组相对应的起始时刻(即“零时刻”),致使两组的风险计算起点存在系统性差异,不具备可比性。为此,学界探索了为对照组设定零时刻的多种策略,包括:(1)在时间窗内随机分配零时刻[6];(2)将两组零时刻统一设定于时间窗末尾;(3)或基于暴露组的零时刻分布对对照组进行匹配[7]等。上述方法在控制偏倚的效果与可能引入的新问题方面各有优劣。此外,时依变量法能通过动态更新暴露状态,从数据结构上消除错误分类所致的永恒时间偏倚,已在临床与药物流行病学领域成熟应用与验证[8-10]。目前,尚缺乏研究系统性比较和评价上述方法在慢性病危险因素防控队列研究中的适用性与表现。
高血压是导致全球心血管疾病发生与死亡的主要风险因素[11]。随着人口老龄化进程加剧,高血压的疾病负担日益沉重,全球患病人数从1990年的6.5亿攀升至2019年的13亿,其中患者高度集中于老年群体,给医疗系统与社会经济带来巨大压力[12]。在此背景下,聚焦于量化老年期高血压的远期健康危害,是优化疾病防治策略与资源配置的关键。鉴于随机对照试验无法在该领域开展,高质量的观察性队列研究可通过前瞻性数据收集,有效确立暴露与结局的时序关系,为风险估计提供重要科学依据[13-14]。
因此,本研究以高血压为暴露因素,以新发心血管疾病为结局,采用现患暴露设计与事件界定的新发暴露设计框架,旨在系统比较五种分析策略的效应估计差异,揭示偏倚的来源与大小,从而为该领域观察性研究的方法学规范化框架提供参考。
本研究基于英国生物银行队列(UK Biobank,UKB)这一大规模前瞻性队列开展。该队列于2006—2010年招募了50余万名参与者,收集覆盖遗传、生活方式、实验室指标等多维度的深度表型数据并对调查对象持续追踪随访[15]。UKB建设遵循《赫尔辛基宣言》准则,并获英国西北多中心研究伦理委员会的批准(REC reference:11/NW/03 820)。本研究使用UKB数据的申请号为117185。
着眼于世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)所定义的老年期起点[16],为聚焦于此阶段初期的健康挑战,本研究将研究对象限定为基线年龄在60~65岁的调查人群,并排除了基线时已有心血管疾病史或存在问卷信息、体格检查与实验室指标缺失的个体,见图2。为准确定义新发暴露(见方法部分),以研究对象进入研究的基线时间为起点设定半年的时间窗。
高血压根据满足以下至少一项标准判定:(1)自我报告的高血压诊断或正在接受抗高血压治疗;(2)初级保健数据与住院记录中的高血压诊断(ICD-10编码:I10);(3)体格检查中收缩压≥140 mm Hg或舒张压≥90 mm Hg[17]。
新发心血管疾病依据医院住院或初级保健记录中的ICD-10编码(I20-I25、I48、I50、I60-I69)确定[18]。全因死亡记录来源于国家死亡登记系统。
随访起点为UKB基线调查研究对象入组时间;随访终点为首次发生心血管疾病、死亡或删失(英格兰:2022年10月31日;苏格兰:2022年8月31日;威尔士:2022年5月31日),以最先发生者为准。
基于现有文献[18-19],本研究控制的协变量包括入组年龄、性别、族裔、汤森剥夺指数(Townsend deprivation index,TDI)、教育水平、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、吸烟状态、饮酒状态、体力活动水平、饮食状态、糖尿病史、高血压家族史、糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白。TDI根据就业、车房财产和家庭状况计算而来,以评估个体的社会经济地位。体力活动水平使用国际身体活动问卷(International Physical Activity Questionnaire,IPAQ)对其身体活动强度进行评估。饮食状态基于膳食指南[20],满足下列七项中的四项即为健康饮食:水果≥3份/d,蔬菜≥3份/d,鱼肉≥3份/周,加工肉类≤1份/周,未加工红肉≤1.5份/周,全谷物≥3份/d,精致谷物≤1.5份/d。糖尿病史由HbA1c≥6.5%、自报糖尿病、初级保健数据与住院数据中ICD-10编码(E10,E11,E12,E13,E14)确定。高血压家族史由父母中至少一方患高血压来定义。将调查对象“不知道”或者“不愿意回答”的选项定义为“不清楚”。
为系统评估并控制高血压暴露研究中的潜在偏倚,本研究比较了五种分析策略,其核心对比见图3。这些策略涵盖了从传统的现患暴露设计,到旨在解决其局限性的多种新发暴露设计方法。
方法1:现患暴露设计。该方法依据基线信息将研究对象固定分为暴露组(即高血压患病组,编码为1)与对照组(即非高血压组,编码为0)。从入组起随访,直至出现研究结局、删失或研究终止。
方法2:时间窗固定分组法。该方法将入组后半年内新发高血压的研究对象固定分为暴露组,其余归为对照组。由入组起开始随访,直至出现研究结局、删失或研究终止。
方法3:零时刻随机分配法。分组同方法2。在确定随访起点(零时刻)时,暴露组以其确诊高血压的日期为零时刻;对照组则在半年时间窗内随机分配一个零时刻,并剔除在分配零时刻前已发生结局的个体。随后两组均从各自零时刻开始随访。本研究设定对照组的零时刻在半年内均匀分布。
方法4:零时刻同分布匹配法。分组同方法2。在零时刻的选择上,暴露组的零时刻为其确诊高血压的日期;对照组的零时刻在暴露组的零时刻中进行随机抽取匹配,以确保两组零时刻的总体分布一致。同样,剔除在零时刻前发生结局的个体,两组从各自零时刻开始随访。
方法5:时依变量法。该方法将高血压定义为随时间更新的状态变量(1=处于高血压状态,0=未处于高血压状态)。所有研究对象自基线调查入组时刻进入随访,其高血压状态随确诊而实时更新(从0变为1,且不可逆)。该方法准确表示其高血压状态,正确分配两组随访人时。
本研究依据现患暴露设计以研究对象基线的高血压史(是/否)描述其基本特征。针对五种分析策略,本研究采用Cox比例风险回归模型来估计高血压暴露与新发心血管疾病关联的风险比(hazard ratio,HR)及其95%置信区间。通过比较各策略所得点估计值与置信区间并结合其方法学原理,系统阐述不同策略在应用中的优势与局限性。所有数据分析均使用R软件(版本4.4.2)。统计显著性检验水准设定为α=0.05,双侧检验。
现患暴露设计共纳入76 706名研究对象,中位随访时间为14.8年(四分位数间距:13.6~15.7年),期间共记录15 860例新发心血管事件。基线特征分析显示,与非高血压组相比,高血压患病组在年龄、性别、族裔、教育水平、TDI、BMI、吸烟状况、饮酒状况、体力活动水平、饮食状况、糖尿病史、高血压家族史等变量上的差异具有统计学意义。见表1。
本研究使用五种分析策略对高血压与新发心血管疾病风险比进行估计。见图4、表2。作为参照的时依变量法(方法5)显示,处于高血压状态组的心血管发病率为256.0/万人年,远期(15年)生存率为66.1%,处于高血压状态者的心血管疾病发病风险是未处于高血压状态者的1.77倍(HR=1.77,95%CI:1.68~1.88),Log-rank检验结果显示两组之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。该方法通过实时更新暴露状态,被证实能有效控制下述方法产生的各类偏倚。与前四种方法相比,时依变量法的效应值最高,其他方法均存在不同程度的低估,具体偏倚机制如下。
现患暴露设计(方法1)显示高血压患病组的心血管疾病发病率为210.7/万人年,远期(15年)生存率为72.2%,估计的风险比为1.36(95%CI:1.31~1.40),相较于方法5低估了23%。这种低估主要源于该设计造成的左截尾选择偏倚,即基线时已患高血压且在研究开始前已发生结局的易感个体被系统性排除,导致高血压组的风险被低估。
时间窗固定分组法(方法2)显示发生高血压组的心血管疾病发病率为241.4/万人年,估计的风险比为1.57(95%CI:1.32~1.88),同样存在低估。该方法在新发暴露设计下设定时间窗以判定分组,将暴露组个体在确诊高血压前、本应属于非暴露状态的80.4人年错误地计入了暴露时间,从而稀释了暴露组的真实风险。
零时刻随机分配法(方法3)对未发生高血压组的零时刻随机分配呈均匀分布,中位数为91 d,剔除92名(0.17%)在零时刻前发生研究结局的人群。由于零时刻的均匀分布,未发生高血压组的平均生存时间比高血压组长1.52年,同时将早期危险人群剔除,未发生高血压组保留结局风险较低的人群,效应值低估8%。
零时刻同分布匹配法(方法4)中,未发生高血压组的零时刻由发生高血组零时刻集合中有放回抽取,以做到两组零时刻分布总体匹配,将236名(0.4%)参与者排除分析。
以上结果可看出,传统的现患暴露设计及不完善的新发暴露设计均会系统性地低估高血压的新发心血管疾病风险,而采用时依变量法或为其匹配可比零时刻的策略,能更有效地揭示真实的关联强度。
在评估高血压等风险因素的远期健康效应时,随机对照试验[21]因违背医学伦理而不可行,使得设计严谨的队列研究成为获取因果证据的关键途径。本研究通过系统比较五种分析策略,揭示了在评估老年期高血压与新发心血管疾病关联时,不同研究设计可能引入的偏倚及其大小。本研究的核心发现是,相较于作为参照的新发暴露设计时依变量法,传统的现患暴露设计及不完善的新发暴露设计会系统性地低估高血压所致心血管疾病风险,偏倚程度高达23%。
本研究表明,现患暴露设计(方法1)因在基线时排除了已处于暴露(患高血压)且提前发生结局(心血管事件)的易感个体,产生了左截尾选择偏倚,导致风险被低估。这与多数现有文献的发现一致[22-23]。时间窗固定分组法(方法2)则因错误地将暴露前时间计入暴露人年,引入了永恒时间偏倚,同样造成效应值的稀释。这两种偏倚在药物流行病学研究中亦常见,常导致对药物疗效或安全性的有偏估计,可能误导临床决策[24]。
为控制永恒时间偏倚,零时刻随机分配法(方法3)和零时刻同分布匹配法(方法4)通过为对照组设定“零时刻”来改善可比性。然而,方法3因强加的随机零时刻分布与暴露组的自然新发暴露分布不匹配,仍会引入残余选择偏倚。方法4通过匹配零时刻分布,确保两组在设定时间窗内零时刻分布一致,改善了效应估计,使其最接近时依变量法的结果,但其匹配过程导致部分个体被剔除,损失了部分信息与估计精度。最终,时依变量法(方法5)通过动态更新暴露状态,最大限度地避免了人时的错误分类,是此类研究中获得无偏估计的理想策略。
运用新发暴露设计框架可解答公共卫生领域的诸多关键问题,准确评估在环境与职业健康、社会与行为因素、疾病的远期危害等方面的真实效应[25];可填补随机对照试验在长期效应与真实人群研究的证据空白;可评价复杂动态治疗策略与宏观政策干预的实效。
本研究的优势在于并行比较了多种方法,量化了各类偏倚的方向与大小,为研究设计和方法选择提供了实证依据。本研究强调,在事件界定的新发暴露设计框架下,必须根据研究问题明确定义暴露策略,并锚定具有临床或公共卫生意义的起始时点进行随访,以取得准确的效应估计[25]。此外,基于反事实框架的时依处理效应分析方法(如G-method)可为此类时依暴露的因果推断提供进一步支持[26]。本研究亦存在局限。首先,高质量的纵向数据是应用新发暴露设计与时依变量法的前提,以追溯暴露状态;其次,本研究以实例分析以进行方法策略探讨,结果可能受限于特定人群与数据特征;最后,虽然所有分析中高血压与新发心血管疾病关联的最小E值为1.9,提示结果较为稳健,但仍可能存在未测混杂影响结果的真实性。因此,即使控制了上述方法学偏倚,对结果的因果解释仍需谨慎。
综上所述,在评估老年人群中高血压与新发心血管疾病风险时,传统的现患暴露设计会产生严重的偏倚估计。相比之下,事件界定的新发暴露设计,其中采用时依变量法或为其匹配可比零时刻的策略,能减少偏倚,提供更可靠的风险评估。本研究为未来观察性研究的方法学规范化提供了重要参考,倡导在研究设计和分析阶段积极识别并控制此类偏倚,以提升证据的准确性与可靠性。
  • 国家卫生健康委包虫病防治研究重点实验室(21H1234)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Cribb L, Moreno-Betancur M, Wu ZM, et al. Moving beyond the prevalent exposure design for causal inference in dementia research[J]. Lancet Healthy Longev, 2025, 6(2): 100675.
[2]
Hernán MA, Hernández-Díaz S, Robins JM. A structural approach to selection bias[J]. Epidemiology, 2004, 15(5): 615-625.
[3]
Lund JL, Richardson DB, Stürmer T. The active comparator, new user study design in pharmacoepidemiology: historical foundations and contemporary application[J]. Curr Epidemiol Rep, 2015, 2(4): 221-228.
[4]
Suissa S. Immortal time bias in pharmaco-epidemiology[J]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2008, 167(4): 492-499.
[5]
Lévesque LE, Hanley JA, Kezouh A, et al. Problem of immortal time bias in cohort studies: example using statins for preventing progression of diabetes[J]. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 2010, 340: b5087.
[6]
Mamdani M, Rochon PA, Juurlink DN, et al. Observational study of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in elderly patients given selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs[J]. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 2002, 325(7365): 624.
[7]
Zhou Z, Rahme E, Abrahamowicz M, et al. Survival bias associated with time-to-treatment initiation in drug effectiveness evaluation: a comparison of methods[J]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2005, 162(10): 1016-1023.
[8]
Suissa S. Effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: immortal time bias in observational studies[J]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2003, 168(1): 49-53.
[9]
Cho IS, Chae YR, Kim JH, et al. Statistical methods for elimination of guarantee-time bias in cohort studies: a simulation study[J]. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2017, 17(1): 126.
[10]
Hernán MA, Sterne JAC, Higgins JPT, et al. A structural description of biases that generate immortal time[J]. Epidemiology, 2025, 36(1): 107-114.
[11]
Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension[J]. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 2020, 16(4): 223-237.
[12]
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants[J]. The Lancet, 2021, 398(10304): 957-980.
[13]
Hibino M, Otaki Y, Kobeissi E, et al. Blood pressure, hypertension, and the risk of aortic dissection incidence and mortality: results from the J-SCH study, the UK biobank study, and a Meta-Analysis of cohort studies[J]. Circulation, 2022, 145(9): 633-644.
[14]
Armas rojas N, Dobell E, Lacey B, et al. Burden of hypertension and associated risks for cardiovascular mortality in Cuba: a prospective cohort study[J]. LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH, 2019, 4(2): e107-e115.
[15]
Conroy M, Sellors J, Effingham M, et al. The advantages of UK Biobank's open-access strategy for health research[J]. Journal of Internal Medicine, 2019, 286(4): 389-397.
[16]
WHO. Ageing and health[EB/OL]. [2026-01-30]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health.
[17]
Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension[J]. European Heart Journal, 2018, 39(33): 3021-3104.
[18]
Cheng X, Song C, Ouyang F, et al. Systolic blood pressure variability: risk of cardiovascular events, chronic kidney disease, dementia, and death[J]. European Heart Journal, 2025, 46(27): 2673-2687.
[19]
Cho SMJ, Koyama S, Ruan YF, et al. Measured blood pressure, genetically predicted blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease risk in the UK biobank[J]. JAMA Cardiol, 2022, 7(11): 1129-1137.
[20]
Mozaffarian DD, Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease. Diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review[J]. Circulation, 2016, 133(2): 187-225.
[21]
Bothwell LE, Greene JA, Podolsky SH, et al. Assessing the Gold Standard--Lessons from the history of RCTs[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2016, 374(22): 2175-2181.
[22]
Cheon DY, Han KD, Lee YJ, et al. Cardiovascular risk across blood pressure categories defined by the 2024 ESC and 2023 ESH hypertension guidelines: insights from a Korean nationwide cohort study[J]. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2025, 3: zwaf573.
[23]
Li ZW, Liu MM, Chen BW, et al. Association of high-normal blood pressure defined by the 2023 European Society of Hypertension guideline with mortality in the Chinese population: a nationwide, population-based, prospective study of 3.6 million adults[J]. BMC Medicine, 2025, 23(1): 226.
[24]
Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease[J]. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2003, 349(6): 523-534.
[25]
Hernán MA. Counterpoint: epidemiology to guide decision-making: moving away from practice-free research[J]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2015, 182(10): 834-839.
[26]
Hern'an MRJ. Causal inference: what if[M]. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2020.
2026年第53卷第7期
PDF下载
10
5
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511421
  • 接收时间:2025-11-24
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2026-04-10
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-11-24
基金
国家卫生健康委包虫病防治研究重点实验室(21H1234)
作者信息
    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
    2.西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心
    3.国家卫生健康委包虫病防治研究重点实验室
    4.西藏大学医学院
    5.主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041

通讯作者:

郭冰,E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511421
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏