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Article(id=1324071025549378075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324070892967428793, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411364, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731945600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793612732541, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793612732541, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793612732541, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793612732541, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324070892967428793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='24', pageStart='4417', pageEnd='4608', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793612700931, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793612772549, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324071193430602023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324070892967428793, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324071193430602024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324070892967428793, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4596, endPage=4602, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324071025826202140, articleId=1324071025549378075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The “integration of virtual and real” comprehensive experimental teaching model for “occupational health evaluation of dust exposure workers”, columnId=1240375111455404044, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Talent Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Exploring comprehensive experimental teaching methods that meet the needs of the new era and cultivating innovative, applied and versatile talents is of vital importance for the reform of public health and preventive medicine education. This study takes “Occupational Health Evaluation of Dust Exposure Workers” as an example, designs and constructs a “virtual-real integration” experimental teaching model. It adopts a teaching method of “preparation before the experiment-independent experimental design-analysis and summary - report writing and presentation”, following the progressive stages of “1 basic element”, “2 combinations”, “3 layers of analysis” and “multiple evaluations”. At the same time, it integrates the cultivation of innovation ability, forming a comprehensive experimental teaching model with professional characteristics. It focuses on cultivating students’ practical ability, problem awareness, problem-solving ability and innovative thinking ability, enhancing the job competence, innovation ability and social responsibility of preventive medicine students, and strengthening the education of students’ comprehensive ability level.

, authors=Jia-xiang ZHANG, Rui DING, Yun YU, Min-min JIANG, Qi ZHONG, Tong SHEN, authorsList=Jia-xiang ZHANG, Rui DING, Yun YU, Min-min JIANG, Qi ZHONG, Tong SHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tong SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324071026983830051, articleId=1324071025549378075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=“粉尘暴露作业工人职业卫生评价”的“虚实结合”综合性实验教学模式, columnId=1240375111639953433, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=人才培养, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探索符合新时代需求的综合实验教学方式，培养创新型、应用型和复合型人才，对于公共卫生与预防医学教育改革至关重要。本研究以“粉尘暴露作业工人职业卫生评价”为例，设计和构建了“虚实结合”实验教学新模式，采用“实验前准备—自主实验设计—分析总结—报告撰写和汇报”的教学方式，按照“1个基础”、“2种结合”、“3层分析”、“多元评价”的渐进式阶段进行，同时融入创新能力培养，形成一种具有专业特色的综合实验教学模式，着力培养学生动手能力、发现问题意识、解决问题能力和创新思维能力，提升预防医学专业学生的岗位胜任力、创新能力和社会责任感，加强学生的综合能力水平教育。

, authors=张家祥, 丁锐, 俞韵, 江敏敏, 钟琦, 沈彤, authorsList=张家祥, 丁锐, 俞韵, 江敏敏, 钟琦, 沈彤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=沈彤, authorNote=

张家祥（1985—），男，博士，副教授，研究方向：职业卫生与职业医学教学与研究

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沈彤，E-mail：
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=7LtFOosLb67hpNw9er8ZqQ==, magXml=GcSeRxaHz171PjQS/+ioAQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=0iBTtkoQVZNjDYefXvsKoQ==, pdfFileSize=1892156, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=HlAL8PsJWYMGXEpOJa4Nvw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=PiJ1psqgedHRit2Ffb/mfg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1324071027378094632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324071027520700970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, authorId=1324071027378094632, language=EN, stringName=Jia-xiang ZHANG, firstName=Jia-xiang, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1324071027642335787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, authorId=1324071027378094632, language=CN, stringName=张家祥, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=安徽医科大学　公共卫生学院职业卫生与环境卫生学系，安徽　合肥　230032, bio={"content":"

张家祥（1985—），男，博士，副教授，研究方向：职业卫生与职业医学教学与研究

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张家祥（1985—），男，博士，副教授，研究方向：职业卫生与职业医学教学与研究

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Construction and practice of food laboratory safety management system in local universities under “Double First-Class” background, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324071033388532340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=13, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［15］, rfOrder=28, authorNames=于宁波, 刘慎军, journalName=中国高校科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于宁波，刘慎军. “双一流”建设下地方医药院校的发展研究——以徐州医科大学为例 [J]. 中国高校科技, 2020, 11: 13-16., articleTitle=“双一流”建设下地方医药院校的发展研究——以徐州医科大学为例, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324071033514361461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=13, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［15］, rfOrder=29, authorNames=Yu NB, Liu SJ, journalName=Chinese University Science & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu NB, Liu SJ. Research on the development of local medical colleges under the “Double First-Class” construction - taking Xuzhou medical university as an example [J]. Chinese University Science & Technology, 2020, 11: 13-16. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Research on the development of local medical colleges under the “Double First-Class” construction - taking Xuzhou medical university as an example, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324071033594053238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=10, pageStart=198, pageEnd=202, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［16］, rfOrder=30, authorNames=李猛, 孙皖, 马在勇, journalName=实验室研究与探索, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李猛，孙皖，马在勇, 等. 高校本科生必修科研项目训练课的改革探索 [J]. 实验室研究与探索, 2020, 39 (10): 198-202., articleTitle=高校本科生必修科研项目训练课的改革探索, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324071033690522231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=10, pageStart=198, pageEnd=202, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［16］, rfOrder=31, authorNames=Li M, Sun W, Ma ZY, journalName=Research and Exploration in Laboratory, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li M, Sun W, Ma ZY, et al. Exploring compulsory module of academic research project in undergraduate training [J]. Research and Exploration in Laboratory, 2020, 39 (10): 198-202. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Exploring compulsory module of academic research project in undergraduate training, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324071033786991224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=8, pageStart=1742, pageEnd=1747, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［17］, rfOrder=32, authorNames=孙汭, 郑晓东, 陈永艳, journalName=中国免疫学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙汭，郑晓东，陈永艳, 等. 生命科学本科生免疫生物学课程教学体系构建与探索 [J]. 中国免疫学杂志, 2023, 39 (8): 1742-1747., articleTitle=生命科学本科生免疫生物学课程教学体系构建与探索, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324071033875071609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=8, pageStart=1742, pageEnd=1747, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［17］, rfOrder=33, authorNames=Sun R, Zheng XD, Chen YY, journalName=Chinese Journal of Immunology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun R, Zheng XD, Chen YY, et al. Construction and exploration of teaching system in Immunobiology course for undergraduate students of Life sciences [J]. Chinese Journal of Immunology, 2023, 39 (8): 1742-1747. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Construction and exploration of teaching system in Immunobiology course for undergraduate students of Life sciences, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324071034059620986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=24, issue=1, pageStart=1235, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［18］, rfOrder=34, authorNames=Huang J, Huang C, Qin J, journalName=BMC Medical Education, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang J, Huang C, Qin J, et al. Factors influencing self-regulated learning ability among Medical undergraduates in China:a cross-sectional study [J]. BMC Medical Education, 2024, 24 (1): 1235., articleTitle=Factors influencing self-regulated learning ability among Medical undergraduates in China:a cross-sectional study, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324071030901310037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, awardId=2024jyxm0159; 2021jyxm0676; 2021xxkc087, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽省质量工程项目(2024jyxm0159; 2021jyxm0676; 2021xxkc087), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1324071030972613206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, awardId=2023AH050524, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽省高校科学研究项目(2023AH050524), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1324071031039722071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, awardId=AHMUPM-3012; AHMUPM-408, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽医科大学公共卫生学院预防医学国级一流专业建设规划项目(AHMUPM-3012; AHMUPM-408), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324071027260654116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324071027269042725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, companyId=1324071027260654116, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324071027281625638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, companyId=1324071027260654116, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=安徽医科大学　公共卫生学院职业卫生与环境卫生学系，安徽　合肥　230032)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324071030167306829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=“Occupational health evaluation of workers exposed to dust” comprehensive experimental design, figureFileSmall=MGHW9Ii3Te8aqqytXN62Ig==, figureFileBig=HlAL8PsJWYMGXEpOJa4Nvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324071030238609998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, language=CN, label=图1, caption=“粉尘暴露作业工人职业卫生评价”综合实验设计, figureFileSmall=MGHW9Ii3Te8aqqytXN62Ig==, figureFileBig=HlAL8PsJWYMGXEpOJa4Nvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324071030418965071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=“Combination of reality and imagination” type comprehensive experiment course content, figureFileSmall=/4mUTDWX8MDz2KZfx9WYkg==, figureFileBig=UClsVU1SQNvOiXQf5tYLbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324071030481879632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, language=CN, label=图2, caption=“虚实结合”型综合实验课程内容, figureFileSmall=/4mUTDWX8MDz2KZfx9WYkg==, figureFileBig=UClsVU1SQNvOiXQf5tYLbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324071030548988497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comprehensive experimental feature analysis, figureFileSmall=pf8zvBIZJgceWK9+awmgfg==, figureFileBig=ORyZa0JHExByPOihAjAPMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324071030624485970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, language=CN, label=图3, caption=综合实验特征分析, figureFileSmall=pf8zvBIZJgceWK9+awmgfg==, figureFileBig=ORyZa0JHExByPOihAjAPMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324071030691594835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

“Occupational Health Evaluation of Workers Exposed to Dust” comprehensive experimental content schedule

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序号实验名称实验内容学时
1粉尘暴露作业人员职业调查设计结合网络资源和文献内容介绍；了解本次实验调查的采石工厂的情况，设计调查内容：明确观察指标、确定调查对象和观察单位、确定调查方法、调查项目和调查表、调查的组织计划。掌握调查的主要步骤：制定计划、查阅文献、拟定表格、对象选择、预调查和正式调查实施、资料整理与统计、调查汇总、报告撰写。2
2基本情况调查授课教师提供采石场基本情况和设置虚拟场景，各小组同学完成基本情况调查表填写，包括：企业基本情况表、接触有害因素的职工基本情况表、主要有害因素接触情况表。1
3粉尘暴露水平检测依据调查设计和基本情况调查，以工人经常操作和停留地点进行采样点设计，确定采样点数量，采集工人呼吸带高度粉尘（视工作体位确定），参照国家职业卫生标准《工作场所空气种有害物质监测的采样规范》（GBZ 159-2004）进行。本次实验暴露水平检测包括粉尘浓度检测和分散度检测。5
4数据收集和分析汇总各小组检测数据，进行统计分析处理1
5小结各小组汇报初步分析数据，与《工作场所有害因素接触限值》（GBZ 2.1-2019）中的限值进行对比，判断粉尘危害程度，参照生产性粉尘作业分级（GBZ/T229.1-2010）对本次采集数据进行粉尘危害程度进行分级。同时，确定下一步效应水平的实验方案和注意事项。1
6粉尘暴露效应水平检测本部分实验以“虚实”结合为主，各组同学模拟职业工人进行肺功能测定，以教师提供的尘肺病人X线胸片和标准品进行模拟诊断，依据国家《尘肺病诊断标准》（GBZ 70-2015），学生分角色扮演职业工人和/或职业病诊断医师，依据给定的病人X线胸片进行读片，按照读片结果，结合临床检查资料，排除其他肺部疾病，进行尘肺病模拟诊断。5
7思考讨论结合实验结果，讨论下列思考题：① 职业粉尘暴露主要出现哪些组织器官损伤？其主要的发生机制是什么？② 粉尘暴露检测数据的分析方法主要有哪些？为何进行暴露和效应评价两个实验，意义是什么？③ 肺功能检查和X胸片检查在尘肺病诊断中的作用和意义？④职业病诊断的步骤和意义？⑤本次综合实验中创新训练和课程思政教育的意义？2
8实验报告撰写每个实验小组形成一份科研论文格式的实验报告，内容包括：题目、作者、中英文摘要、前言、实验方法、实验结果、讨论、参考文献等。1
), ArticleFig(id=1324071030775480916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324071025549378075, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

“粉尘暴露作业工人职业卫生评价”综合实验内容安排

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序号实验名称实验内容学时
1粉尘暴露作业人员职业调查设计结合网络资源和文献内容介绍；了解本次实验调查的采石工厂的情况，设计调查内容：明确观察指标、确定调查对象和观察单位、确定调查方法、调查项目和调查表、调查的组织计划。掌握调查的主要步骤：制定计划、查阅文献、拟定表格、对象选择、预调查和正式调查实施、资料整理与统计、调查汇总、报告撰写。2
2基本情况调查授课教师提供采石场基本情况和设置虚拟场景，各小组同学完成基本情况调查表填写，包括：企业基本情况表、接触有害因素的职工基本情况表、主要有害因素接触情况表。1
3粉尘暴露水平检测依据调查设计和基本情况调查，以工人经常操作和停留地点进行采样点设计，确定采样点数量，采集工人呼吸带高度粉尘（视工作体位确定），参照国家职业卫生标准《工作场所空气种有害物质监测的采样规范》（GBZ 159-2004）进行。本次实验暴露水平检测包括粉尘浓度检测和分散度检测。5
4数据收集和分析汇总各小组检测数据，进行统计分析处理1
5小结各小组汇报初步分析数据，与《工作场所有害因素接触限值》（GBZ 2.1-2019）中的限值进行对比，判断粉尘危害程度，参照生产性粉尘作业分级（GBZ/T229.1-2010）对本次采集数据进行粉尘危害程度进行分级。同时，确定下一步效应水平的实验方案和注意事项。1
6粉尘暴露效应水平检测本部分实验以“虚实”结合为主，各组同学模拟职业工人进行肺功能测定，以教师提供的尘肺病人X线胸片和标准品进行模拟诊断，依据国家《尘肺病诊断标准》（GBZ 70-2015），学生分角色扮演职业工人和/或职业病诊断医师，依据给定的病人X线胸片进行读片，按照读片结果，结合临床检查资料，排除其他肺部疾病，进行尘肺病模拟诊断。5
7思考讨论结合实验结果，讨论下列思考题：① 职业粉尘暴露主要出现哪些组织器官损伤？其主要的发生机制是什么？② 粉尘暴露检测数据的分析方法主要有哪些？为何进行暴露和效应评价两个实验，意义是什么？③ 肺功能检查和X胸片检查在尘肺病诊断中的作用和意义？④职业病诊断的步骤和意义？⑤本次综合实验中创新训练和课程思政教育的意义？2
8实验报告撰写每个实验小组形成一份科研论文格式的实验报告，内容包括：题目、作者、中英文摘要、前言、实验方法、实验结果、讨论、参考文献等。1
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“粉尘暴露作业工人职业卫生评价”的“虚实结合”综合性实验教学模式
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张家祥 , 丁锐 , 俞韵 , 江敏敏 , 钟琦 , 沈彤
现代预防医学 | 人才培养 2025,52(24): 4596-4602
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现代预防医学 |人才培养 2025 , 52 (24) : 4596 -4602
“粉尘暴露作业工人职业卫生评价”的“虚实结合”综合性实验教学模式
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张家祥, 丁锐, 俞韵, 江敏敏, 钟琦, 沈彤
作者信息
  • 安徽医科大学　公共卫生学院职业卫生与环境卫生学系，安徽　合肥　230032
通讯作者:
沈彤，E-mail：
作者简介:

张家祥（1985—），男，博士，副教授，研究方向：职业卫生与职业医学教学与研究

The “integration of virtual and real” comprehensive experimental teaching model for “occupational health evaluation of dust exposure workers”
Jia-xiang ZHANG, Rui DING, Yun YU, Min-min JIANG, Qi ZHONG, Tong SHEN
Affiliations
  • Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411364
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摘要
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探索符合新时代需求的综合实验教学方式，培养创新型、应用型和复合型人才，对于公共卫生与预防医学教育改革至关重要。本研究以“粉尘暴露作业工人职业卫生评价”为例，设计和构建了“虚实结合”实验教学新模式，采用“实验前准备—自主实验设计—分析总结—报告撰写和汇报”的教学方式，按照“1个基础”、“2种结合”、“3层分析”、“多元评价”的渐进式阶段进行，同时融入创新能力培养，形成一种具有专业特色的综合实验教学模式，着力培养学生动手能力、发现问题意识、解决问题能力和创新思维能力，提升预防医学专业学生的岗位胜任力、创新能力和社会责任感，加强学生的综合能力水平教育。

预防医学  /  综合实验  /  虚实结合  /  创新能力

Exploring comprehensive experimental teaching methods that meet the needs of the new era and cultivating innovative, applied and versatile talents is of vital importance for the reform of public health and preventive medicine education. This study takes “Occupational Health Evaluation of Dust Exposure Workers” as an example, designs and constructs a “virtual-real integration” experimental teaching model. It adopts a teaching method of “preparation before the experiment-independent experimental design-analysis and summary - report writing and presentation”, following the progressive stages of “1 basic element”, “2 combinations”, “3 layers of analysis” and “multiple evaluations”. At the same time, it integrates the cultivation of innovation ability, forming a comprehensive experimental teaching model with professional characteristics. It focuses on cultivating students’ practical ability, problem awareness, problem-solving ability and innovative thinking ability, enhancing the job competence, innovation ability and social responsibility of preventive medicine students, and strengthening the education of students’ comprehensive ability level.

Preventive medicine  /  Comprehensive experiment  /  Virtual-real combination  /  Innovation ability
张家祥, 丁锐, 俞韵, 江敏敏, 钟琦, 沈彤. “粉尘暴露作业工人职业卫生评价”的“虚实结合”综合性实验教学模式. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (24) : 4596 -4602 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411364
Jia-xiang ZHANG, Rui DING, Yun YU, Min-min JIANG, Qi ZHONG, Tong SHEN. The “integration of virtual and real” comprehensive experimental teaching model for “occupational health evaluation of dust exposure workers”[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (24) : 4596 -4602 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411364
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近年来探索符合新时代需求的人才培养体系对于预防医学教育改革至关重要，以创新能力、岗位胜任力和学科交叉融合为理念的教育教学改革势在必行[1]，亟需能够满足“健康中国2030”建设需求的创新型、应用型和复合型医学人才培养模式。公共卫生与预防医学在健康中国战略中发挥着重要的基础性作用[2]，其人才培养在健康中国战略中举足轻重[3]。《职业卫生与职业医学》是预防医学专业重要主干课程之一，亦隶属于临床医学范畴，并与工程学密切相关，学科交叉特征强[4]，其教学过程对于操作技能掌握尤为突出[5-6]，因此《职业卫生与职业医学》实验课程教学质量在预防医学专业学习过程中尤为重要。本文立足于预防医学专业综合实验教学过程中所面临的实际问题，系统总结安徽医科大学《职业卫生与职业医学》综合实验教学模式的实践经验，探讨优化综合实验课程教学体系的策略，旨在提升预防医学教学质量，更好地适应公共卫生复合型人才培养的时代需求。
1　《职业卫生与职业医学》实验教学现状
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随着当今医学教育环境的快速变化，传统实验教学模式无法满足学生日益更新的系统化、多样化和个性化学习需求，预防医学专业的《职业卫生与职业医学》实验教学逐渐暴露出一些不足，主要体现在：（1）教学方法落后，条件限制较多，目前《职业卫生与职业医学》实验课程多采用“教师讲授原理+实验过程操作+实验结果记录”的传统验证性实验模式，学习过程形式简单，教学方法枯燥，学习积极性不高等，如尿中δ-氨基乙酰丙酸检测、粉尘分散度的测定等；（2）实验教学内容局限，《职业卫生与职业医学》的实践内容多是检测职业环境现场暴露情况，传统实验教学只能在普通实验室中进行，学生很难有身临其境的感受，如电离辐射测量、空铅尘采样等；（3）实验教学考核方法单一，实验成绩考核多采用实验记录本、观察学生实验技能掌握和实验结果等方法，考核过程单一，无法发挥学生对实验过程思考或实验方法掌握的主观能动性；（4）学生主动学习能力培养欠佳，操作积极性不高，重复的验证性实验出现部分学生动手积极性不高，学生对实验重视程度不够。《职业卫生与职业医学》课程实验技能，是执业医师考试和从事公共卫生工作中必备的基本技能，因此实验技能掌握程度是岗位胜任能力培养的重要组成部分[7-8]。
以应用型人才培养为基础的职业卫生与职业医学教育，在课程学习中的实践操作尤为关键，特别是学生在实验过程中主动思考能力的培养。为此，公共卫生与预防医学的实验教育更需要进行综合性实验能力的训练，尤其在教学过程中加强科学研究和探索能力的培养尤为重要。常秀丽等[9]通过研究项目案例分析与模拟相结合的综合实验教学设计，有效促进并提升了预防医学专业学生课程整体化知识学习及多学科知识的交叉与有机融合。有研究通过优化《职业卫生与职业医学》综合实验教学内容，进行学生实验和案例分析相结合的教学方法改革，有效促进并提升学生整体化理论知识学习及其与实验操作的有机融合[10]，另有研究通过构建小规模在线课程教学模式，充分调动学生的积极性和主动性，一定程度上能提高学生对知识点的掌握，显著提高学生的学习效果[11]。然而，目前仍缺少线上线下相结合以及学生创新思维训练的教学模式改革，《职业卫生与职业医学》综合实验教学设计仍需进一步探索和优化。
2　“虚实结合”型综合实验课程建设
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我校《职业卫生与职业医学》课程教学团队从预防医学专业培养目标、培养方案、课程教学、实验教学等方面开展了多维度的改革与试点，形成以培养学生的创新能力和实践能力为主线的专项实验和综合实践教学相结合的实验教学模式，《职业卫生与职业医学》总课时99学时，其中理论课程54学时，实验课程45学时，理论教学和实验教学同步学习、相辅相成、相互促进。我校教学团队开设的“粉尘暴露作业工人职业卫生评价”综合实验，突破《职业卫生与职业医学》教传统学中的常见问题，以“虚实结合”和创新能力训练相结合模式应用于教学活动中。为解决因场地因素、学生安全等限制和粉尘现场采样过程中难进入暴露现场等问题，设计“虚实结合”的综合实验模式，一种实体和虚拟实验相结合的混合式实验教学模式，在实体实验的基础上提供与实验项目相关的在线资源，学生通过互联网资源学习，体会粉尘暴露现场真实情况，更容易理解粉尘暴露实际情况；同时，将创新能力培养与综合实验教学内容有机融合，教学方式多样化、教学内容丰富化，提高学生学习主动性和积极性，培养学生创新思维，增强学生社会责任感，如图1。
3　“虚实结合”型粉尘暴露作业工人职业卫生评价综合实验设计
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3.1　实验前准备，引导性设计
本文设计的“粉尘暴露作业工人职业卫生评价”综合实验共18学时，已在安徽医科大学预防医学专业《职业卫生与职业医学》实验教学中实施多年，积累了丰富的教学经验。课程前一周，使用雨课堂发布综合实验内容，依托教学团队已经建立的在线课程网站（https://www.ehuixue.cn/index/detail/index?cid=41026）、e会学在线资源（https://www.ehuixue.cn/index/detail/index?cid=39415和https://www.ehuixue.cn/index/detail/index?cid=37868）向学生发布综合实验内容、学习目标和需要掌握的基本实验技能。
3.2　实验操作，自主性设计
综合实验课程以采石作业为例，参考已报道的文献资料和线上视频资料，通过对某采石作业环境劳动卫生基本情况的调查[12]，让学生了解采石作业中存在的职业性有害因素、粉尘对作业人员健康的影响以及如何对粉尘作业场所进行综合性环境监测与评价。综合实验内容主要包括生产性粉尘浓度测定，粉尘分散度的检测，肺功能的测定和尘肺病人X线胸片读片，如表1。
实验教学中教师引导学生把握重要步骤，3~5人为1个小组，结合线上资源学习，小组内自行设计实验，完成实验操作、数据收集与分析和实验结果汇报，如图2。教学过程中，给予学生在综合实验中充足的学习和发挥空间，进行发现问题和解决问题的能力锻炼，在探究的过程中获取知识、发展技能、提高创新能力，锻炼学生发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力，有效提升学生实验操作的主动学习能力和操作积极性。
3.3　实验过程，特征性分析
本次综合实验教学过程按照“1个基础”、“2种结合”、“3层分析”、“多元评价”4个层面进行，如图3。
“1个基础”，对综合实验过程中涉及到的基本知识点和可能出现的问题做好充分的调研准备。设计可行性方案，通过详细查阅实验操作和文献资料，对各项实验原理和实验方法，实验仪器的选择，部分试剂的配置，预调查方案的建立，采样点的选择，个人防护措施，采样单的记录和数据分析方法等的准备。学生通过部分综合实验的前期准备，一方面了解传统实验中未接触的部分前期准备工作，丰富实验技能；另一方面增强每位学生参与度，提升实验积极主动性。
“2种结合”，在实验过程中利用网络资源和实验室资源，做到虚实结合的有效运转。采用人机交互、视频分享、数据库和网络通信技术等，模拟采石场工人粉尘暴露现场场景，模拟粉尘现场进行布点采样和实验分析；通过学生角色扮演职业工人和/或职业病诊断医师，结合肺功能检测结果和/或教师提供的尘肺病人X线胸片，虚实结合完成综合实验场景模拟。通过虚实结合方法，可使学生深入了解综合实验，能够在模拟职业环境中切实感受身临现场情景，经过实验过程小组内讨论和小组间互助，提升学生实验思考能力和操作主观能动性。
“3层分析”，在实验过程中不同小组实时和实事记录实验数据。实验完成后，第一步：各小组完成组内数据汇总，评价粉尘暴露情况和效应情况的因果联系；第二步：实验班级内各小组汇总实验数据，采用方差分析或卡方检验，完成不同组间暴露情况的差异情况，并做与效应情况的横向分析比较；第三步：授课教师提供往年学生检测和分析数据，学生完成不同年份资料的纵向比较分析。在数据分析中提升学生早期科研设计，培养学生数据分析能力和科研协作意识。
“多元评价”，在考核阶段，学生回顾梳理文献资料、实验操作和数据分析中发现的问题及解决方案，小组以论文格式撰写实验报告并以PPT形式汇报实验结果，采用教师评分点评和各小组互评分模式，以实验操作、虚拟实训、课堂讨论、实验报告、网络测评等多方面综合评定，构建形成性评价体系。以多渠道多方式进行实验考核，解决“老师讲、学生看”的实验模式，提升学生对实验原理、方法和过程的思考，理解每个实验步骤和数据评价方式的意义，提升实验操作技能，增强对专业课程的认同。
4　创新能力在“虚实结合”综合实验设计中的融入
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自2015年我国统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设，简称“双一流”[13]。建设“双一流”的重点是培养具有创新能力的一流人才，本科生是我国高等教育的主力军，也是创新人才培养的重点人群之一[14-15]。为培养出具有知识创新意识与创新能力的本科生，不能仅向学生传递已有的显性知识，还必须使学生学会“如何创新”，训练创新思维。因此在教学中引入科研思维训练，是培养学生创新能力的最佳方式。近年来，开设本科生科研课程的高校逐渐增多，但多数课程的科研创新训练性质较弱，尚不能达到预期效果，且仍有部分高校尚未系统开设本科生科研课程[16-17]。因此，在日常教学过程中提高本科生的科研思维训练至关重要，特别是医学生的科研思维训练[18]，对其参加工作后的科研开展也十分重要。本教学团队为了引导学生进行综合实验的深入探讨在“虚实结合”综合实验设计的基础上，融入科研思维训练教学方式，提高学生对综合实验的兴趣并培养学生严谨的科研态度。
在本次“虚实结合”实验设计的同时，教学团队给予学生科研思维训练教学，主要以“引导式文献预习”、“实验过程科研训练”、“数据分析总结”和“科研论文式汇报/综述撰写”的形式。 “引导式文献预习”：在上文提及的实验前准备时，授课教师引导式给出粉尘致不同尘肺病发病的可能因素作为主题，如：粉尘的种类、粉尘的浓度、粉尘的分散度、肺巨噬细胞、肺上皮细胞等。让各小组自行选择主题，鼓励学生自行进行文献查阅和预习，将科学项目融入实验内容，自主设计实验方法和实验内容，增强学生的科研创新热情，鼓励学有余力的学生利用项目参加科研类学科竞赛，如创新创业训练等。“实验过程科研训练”：在实验过程中，通过对粉尘浓度和分散度的检测，肺功能的测定和尘肺读片的学习，进一步加深学生对《职业卫生与职业医学》课程基本理论的理解，熟练职业环境粉尘采样布点、采样和分析的基本操作和数据处理的分析方法；在实验过程中，教师对学生同步互动，强调实验过程的规范操作和实验结果记录诚信的重要性，如粉尘分散度实验中的粉尘粒径测量过程中，对各组同学强调科研诚信的重要性，并培养学生务实耐劳、一丝不苟的作风习惯和发现问题、分析问题与解决问题的创新能力。“数据分析总结”阶段，注重教师与学生的沟通交流，以学生为思考主体，将各小组数据融合分析，培养学生数据分析能力和科研协作意识。“科研论文式汇报/综述撰写”阶段，每个实验小组形成一份科研论文格式的实验报告（包括：题目、作者、中英文摘要、前言、实验方法、实验结果、讨论、参考文献），对每组学生进行一次完整的科研论文撰写训练，对学有余力的同学实验结束后可进行综述撰写指导或设计课题参加大学生创新创业等课题申报。通过四个阶段的有效衔接训练，本次综合实验的实施充分激发学生的创新性和能动性，培养学生的早期科学研究兴趣和思维，将实验教学与科学研究融会贯通，有助于预防医学专业学生在往后的职业卫生工作或相关科学研究迅速进入角色。
本次综合实验设计使用“虚实结合”的方式，同时融入创新能力培养和早期科研训练，取得良好的教学效果求。然而本次实验设计仍有待进一步改进，如虚拟实验缺少线上虚拟仿真实验的融合，对粉尘作业环境的具象化欠佳，这也是后期需要解决的重点问题之一，如何在实验教学中将“虚”和“实”有机结合、实现优势互补是后续要解决的另一个重点问题，另外如何结合教师科研项目和教学项目，进行创新能力培养和课程思政教育的柔性引入，尚需进一步实践探讨。
基金
收起
  • 安徽省质量工程项目(2024jyxm0159; 2021jyxm0676; 2021xxkc087)
  • 安徽省高校科学研究项目(2023AH050524)
  • 安徽医科大学公共卫生学院预防医学国级一流专业建设规划项目(AHMUPM-3012; AHMUPM-408)
文献
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2025年第52卷第24期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411364
  • 接收时间：2024-11-19
  • 首发时间：2026-11-02
  • 出版时间：2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-11-19
基金
安徽省质量工程项目(2024jyxm0159; 2021jyxm0676; 2021xxkc087)
安徽省高校科学研究项目(2023AH050524)
安徽医科大学公共卫生学院预防医学国级一流专业建设规划项目(AHMUPM-3012; AHMUPM-408)
作者信息
    安徽医科大学　公共卫生学院职业卫生与环境卫生学系，安徽　合肥　230032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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