Article(id=1324070928338002391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324070892967428793, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507347, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753200000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793612709364, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793612709364, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793612709364, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793612709364, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324070892967428793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='24', pageStart='4417', pageEnd='4608', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793612700931, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793612772549, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324071193430602023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324070892967428793, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324071193430602024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1324070892967428793, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4473, endPage=4478, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324070928681935321, articleId=1324070928338002391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Association between long-term PM2.5 exposure and gastric intestinal metaplasia, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and the risk of gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM), and to analyze the heterogeneity of the associations across age, sex, and the form of medical consultation.

Methods

A case-control study was conducted, including patients first diagnosed with IM (case group, n=8 822) and chronic gastritis (CG) controls (n=191 840) at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University between January 2012 and September 2024. Population-weighted average concentrations of air pollutants (PM2.5, SO2, CO, NO2, O3) over the 3-year period prior to diagnosis were calculated as exposure metrics. Single- and dual-pollutant logistic regression models were used to estimate PM2.5 effects, with subgroup analyses stratified by sex, age, and the form of medical consultation. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were used to explore the nonlinear associations. The 1-year and 5-year exposure windows were used as sensitivity analyses.

Results

IM patients (mean age 57.521 years) were older than CG controls (49.254 years), with higher proportions of males (58.3% vs. 42.7%) and inpatients (15.6% vs. 4.7%). After adjusting for calendar year and province, single-pollutant models revealed that each 10μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure was associated with 35% (OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.27–1.43), 39% (OR=1.39, 95% CI: 1.32–1.47), and 38% (OR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.31–1.46) elevated IM risks for 1-, 3-, and 5-year exposure windows, respectively. Effects remained stable after adjusting for SO2, O3, or CO, but attenuated (while still significant) when adjusting for NO2. Subgroup analyses showed no significant heterogeneity across age, sex, and the form of medical consultation. RCS indicated a nonlinear dose-response relationship between PM2.5 and log-transformed IM risk (P<0.001).

Conclusion

Long-term PM2.5 exposure is significantly associated with an increased IM risk, with consistent effects across sex, age, and the form of medical consultation subgroups.

, authors=Bo YANG, Wei WANG, Meng-ying KE, Gui-ping HUANG, Jie LI, Ting FAN, Chang-jiang HU, authorsList=Bo YANG, Wei WANG, Meng-ying KE, Gui-ping HUANG, Jie LI, Ting FAN, Chang-jiang HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chang-jiang HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324070931274015200, articleId=1324070928338002391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=PM2.5长期暴露与胃黏膜肠上皮化生的关系研究, columnId=1228016571273113811, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=环境与职业卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨PM2.5长期暴露与胃黏膜肠上皮化生(Intestinal Metaplasia,IM)发生风险的关联,并分析该关联是否在年龄、性别、就诊形式(门诊/住院)中存在差异。

方法

采用病例对照研究设计。以2012年1月至2024年9月来陆军军医大学第二附属医院首次诊断为IM的患者为病例组,以慢性非萎缩性胃炎(Chronic Gastritis,CG)患者为对照组。利用人口加权方法计算每名患者确诊前3年所居住区县的各污染物(PM2.5、SO2、CO、NO2、O3)平均浓度作为暴露,采用单污染物和双污染物logistic回归模型,对PM2.5的效应进行估计,按照性别、年龄、就诊形式进行亚组分析。利用限制性立方样条(Restricted Cubic Spline,RCS)探索非线性关系。以确诊前1、5年的污染物浓度作为暴露,进行敏感性分析。E-Value方法被用来评价未测量个体混杂变量所带来的潜在偏倚。

结果

本研究共纳入CG患者191 840例、IM患者8 822例。IM组、CG组平均年龄分别为57.521岁、49.254岁,男性患者占比分别为58.3%、42.7%,住院患者分别为15.6%、4.7%。校正年份和省份等因素后,单污染物模型显示,以确诊前1、3、5年污染物浓度作为暴露,PM2.5每增加10μg/m3,发生IM的风险分别增加35%(OR=1.35,95% CI: 1.27~1.43)、39%(OR=1.39,95% CI: 1.32~1.47)、38%(OR=1.38,95% CI: 1.31~1.46)。进一步校正SO2、O3或CO后,该效应保持稳定;校正NO2后,效应明显减弱,但仍具有统计学意义。E-Value评价显示未测量个体水平混杂所带来的关联远低于本研究所观测到的关联值。亚组分析显示,该效应在不同亚组之间无明显差异。RCS结果显示PM2.5浓度与IM发生风险的对数值[ln(OR)]呈现出非线性的单调关联(P <0.001)。

结论

PM2.5长期暴露与IM发生风险显著正相关,该关联在不同性别、年龄和就诊形式的人群中保持稳定。

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杨波(1990—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:大气污染长期暴露与胃黏膜早期病变关系

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胡长江,Email:
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The Journal of Physiology, 2018, 596 (17): 3861-3867., articleTitle=Injury, repair, inflammation and metaplasia in the stomach, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324070941571031609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=56, issue=1, pageStart=284, pageEnd=290, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=28, authorNames=杨建波, 黄小梅, 何远静, journalName=四川大学学报(医学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨建波,黄小梅,何远静, 等. 食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血内镜治疗效果及1年内再出血风险预测模型的构建及验证 [J]. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2025, 56 (1): 284-290., articleTitle=食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血内镜治疗效果及1年内再出血风险预测模型的构建及验证, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324070941646529082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=56, issue=1, pageStart=284, pageEnd=290, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Yang JB, Huang XM, He YJ, journalName=Journal of Sichuan University(Medical Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang JB, Huang XM, He YJ, et al. 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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Endoscopic treatment outcomes for esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding and development and validation of a one-year re-bleeding risk prediction model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324070941742998075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=56, issue=4, pageStart=971, pageEnd=976, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=30, authorNames=周澳洋, 杨凡, journalName=四川大学学报(医学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=周澳洋,杨凡. 胃内占容干预儿童及青少年肥胖的研究进展 [J]. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2025, 56 (4): 971-976., articleTitle=胃内占容干预儿童及青少年肥胖的研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324070941835272764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=56, issue=4, pageStart=971, pageEnd=976, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Zhou AY, Yang F, journalName=Journal of Sichuan University(Medical Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou AY, Yang F. Research progress on gastric volume-reducing interventions for childhood and adolescent obesity [J]. Journal of Sichuan University(Medical Edition), 2025, 56 (4): 971-976. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Research progress on gastric volume-reducing interventions for childhood and adolescent obesity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324070941944324669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=56, issue=3, pageStart=619, pageEnd=626, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=32, authorNames=闫聪, 王琪格, 战丽彬, journalName=四川大学学报(医学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=闫聪,王琪格,战丽彬. 肠黏膜屏障在2型糖尿病中的作用机制及中医药干预研究进展 [J]. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2025, 56 (3): 619-626., articleTitle=肠黏膜屏障在2型糖尿病中的作用机制及中医药干预研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1324070942040793662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=56, issue=3, pageStart=619, pageEnd=626, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Yan C, Wang QG, Zhan LB, journalName=Journal of Sichuan University(Medical Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yan C, Wang QG, Zhan LB. Mechanisms of the intestinal mucosal barrier in type 2 diabetes and advances in traditional Chinese medicine intervention research [J]. Journal of Sichuan University(Medical Edition), 2025, 56 (3): 619-626. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Mechanisms of the intestinal mucosal barrier in type 2 diabetes and advances in traditional Chinese medicine intervention research, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324070937259287066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, awardId=2024YQB026, language=CN, fundingSource=陆军军医大学第二附属医院青年博士人才孵化计划重点项目(2024YQB026), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324070931571810785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324070931588588002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, companyId=1324070931571810785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324070931617948131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, companyId=1324070931571810785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=陆军军医大学第二附属医院消化内科,重庆 400037)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324070936168768016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comparison of the OR values of IM occurrence with the average pollutant concentrations in different years, figureFileSmall=eZou8iGC7xFNLI2OAnVf3g==, figureFileBig=uDiLQsh7vILYgQrRuOPj/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324070936244265489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同年份平均污染物浓度与IM发生OR值比较, figureFileSmall=eZou8iGC7xFNLI2OAnVf3g==, figureFileBig=uDiLQsh7vILYgQrRuOPj/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324070936491729426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=OR values from single-pollutant and multi-pollutant models across different subgroups, figureFileSmall=brCZf5N/ZeIGoGiKyMLkGQ==, figureFileBig=WTQ1mpSPclepwnDarYZ9FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324070936571421203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同亚组中单污染物与多污染物模型OR值结果, figureFileSmall=brCZf5N/ZeIGoGiKyMLkGQ==, figureFileBig=WTQ1mpSPclepwnDarYZ9FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324070936676278804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Nonlinear analysis of PM2.5 and IM association, figureFileSmall=y86vV8aSVOHu4Pz6IludkQ==, figureFileBig=qpbRjLqLYXMvEglsjG8B/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324070936755970581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PM2.5与IM非线性分析结果, figureFileSmall=y86vV8aSVOHu4Pz6IludkQ==, figureFileBig=qpbRjLqLYXMvEglsjG8B/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324070936856633878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics

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项目对照组病例组统计量P值
病例数191 8408 822
平均年龄(岁)49.254±0.03257.521±0.111Z=55.308<0.001
年龄(岁)χ2=1 632.600<0.001
≥6043 4233 642
<60148 4175 180
就诊形式χ2=2 018.000<0.001
住院患者例数9 0891 378
门诊患者例数182 7517 444
性别χ2=838.640<0.001
男81 9115 146
女109 9293 676
前1年平均浓度(μg/m3)
PM2.544.623±0.01345.487±0.064Z=13.262<0.001
SO215.194±0.00615.288±0.034Z=2.7250.006
NO229.705±0.01930.714±0.090Z=10.967<0.001
CO897.333±0.204904.067±1.110Z=5.965<0.001
O381.108±0.01281.341±0.067Z=3.413<0.001
前3年平均浓度(μg/m3)
PM2.547.581±0.01448.579±0.070Z=14.041<0.001
SO216.697±0.00716.844±0.037Z=3.896<0.001
NO230.295±0.01931.321±0.087Z=11.525<0.001
CO923.763±0.204930.798±1.103Z=6.274<0.001
O379.589±0.01279.757±0.064Z=2.5950.009
前5年平均浓度(μg/m3)
PM2.550.582±0.01551.670±0.075Z=14.155<0.001
SO218.335±0.00718.537±0.040Z=4.968<0.001
NO230.799±0.01831.826±0.083Z=12.094<0.001
CO951.305±0.209958.178±1.133Z=5.964<0.001
O378.644±0.01178.772±0.062Z=2.0400.041
), ArticleFig(id=1324070936965685783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目对照组病例组统计量P值
病例数191 8408 822
平均年龄(岁)49.254±0.03257.521±0.111Z=55.308<0.001
年龄(岁)χ2=1 632.600<0.001
≥6043 4233 642
<60148 4175 180
就诊形式χ2=2 018.000<0.001
住院患者例数9 0891 378
门诊患者例数182 7517 444
性别χ2=838.640<0.001
男81 9115 146
女109 9293 676
前1年平均浓度(μg/m3)
PM2.544.623±0.01345.487±0.064Z=13.262<0.001
SO215.194±0.00615.288±0.034Z=2.7250.006
NO229.705±0.01930.714±0.090Z=10.967<0.001
CO897.333±0.204904.067±1.110Z=5.965<0.001
O381.108±0.01281.341±0.067Z=3.413<0.001
前3年平均浓度(μg/m3)
PM2.547.581±0.01448.579±0.070Z=14.041<0.001
SO216.697±0.00716.844±0.037Z=3.896<0.001
NO230.295±0.01931.321±0.087Z=11.525<0.001
CO923.763±0.204930.798±1.103Z=6.274<0.001
O379.589±0.01279.757±0.064Z=2.5950.009
前5年平均浓度(μg/m3)
PM2.550.582±0.01551.670±0.075Z=14.155<0.001
SO218.335±0.00718.537±0.040Z=4.968<0.001
NO230.799±0.01831.826±0.083Z=12.094<0.001
CO951.305±0.209958.178±1.133Z=5.964<0.001
O378.644±0.01178.772±0.062Z=2.0400.041
), ArticleFig(id=1324070937062154776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Assessment of bias from unobserved confounding factors

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潜在混杂变量PM2.5(OR)IM(OR)Bias(RR)
吸烟1.0241.8301.003
饮酒1.1694.5721.042
收入1.1971.4091.014
教育情况1.1191.4501.009
经常食用新鲜蔬菜1.5301.4151.031
), ArticleFig(id=1324070937141846553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1324070928338002391, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

未观测混杂所带来的偏倚评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
潜在混杂变量PM2.5(OR)IM(OR)Bias(RR)
吸烟1.0241.8301.003
饮酒1.1694.5721.042
收入1.1971.4091.014
教育情况1.1191.4501.009
经常食用新鲜蔬菜1.5301.4151.031
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PM2.5长期暴露与胃黏膜肠上皮化生的关系研究
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杨波 , 王维 , 柯梦颖 , 黄规平 , 李杰 , 范婷 , 胡长江
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2025,52(24): 4473-4478
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现代预防医学 |环境与职业卫生 2025 , 52 (24) : 4473 -4478
PM2.5长期暴露与胃黏膜肠上皮化生的关系研究
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杨波, 王维, 柯梦颖, 黄规平, 李杰, 范婷, 胡长江
作者信息
  • 陆军军医大学第二附属医院消化内科,重庆 400037
通讯作者:
胡长江,Email:
作者简介:

杨波(1990—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:大气污染长期暴露与胃黏膜早期病变关系

Association between long-term PM2.5 exposure and gastric intestinal metaplasia
Bo YANG, Wei WANG, Meng-ying KE, Gui-ping HUANG, Jie LI, Ting FAN, Chang-jiang HU
Affiliations
  • Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507347
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目的

探讨PM2.5长期暴露与胃黏膜肠上皮化生(Intestinal Metaplasia,IM)发生风险的关联,并分析该关联是否在年龄、性别、就诊形式(门诊/住院)中存在差异。

方法

采用病例对照研究设计。以2012年1月至2024年9月来陆军军医大学第二附属医院首次诊断为IM的患者为病例组,以慢性非萎缩性胃炎(Chronic Gastritis,CG)患者为对照组。利用人口加权方法计算每名患者确诊前3年所居住区县的各污染物(PM2.5、SO2、CO、NO2、O3)平均浓度作为暴露,采用单污染物和双污染物logistic回归模型,对PM2.5的效应进行估计,按照性别、年龄、就诊形式进行亚组分析。利用限制性立方样条(Restricted Cubic Spline,RCS)探索非线性关系。以确诊前1、5年的污染物浓度作为暴露,进行敏感性分析。E-Value方法被用来评价未测量个体混杂变量所带来的潜在偏倚。

结果

本研究共纳入CG患者191 840例、IM患者8 822例。IM组、CG组平均年龄分别为57.521岁、49.254岁,男性患者占比分别为58.3%、42.7%,住院患者分别为15.6%、4.7%。校正年份和省份等因素后,单污染物模型显示,以确诊前1、3、5年污染物浓度作为暴露,PM2.5每增加10μg/m3,发生IM的风险分别增加35%(OR=1.35,95% CI: 1.27~1.43)、39%(OR=1.39,95% CI: 1.32~1.47)、38%(OR=1.38,95% CI: 1.31~1.46)。进一步校正SO2、O3或CO后,该效应保持稳定;校正NO2后,效应明显减弱,但仍具有统计学意义。E-Value评价显示未测量个体水平混杂所带来的关联远低于本研究所观测到的关联值。亚组分析显示,该效应在不同亚组之间无明显差异。RCS结果显示PM2.5浓度与IM发生风险的对数值[ln(OR)]呈现出非线性的单调关联(P <0.001)。

结论

PM2.5长期暴露与IM发生风险显著正相关,该关联在不同性别、年龄和就诊形式的人群中保持稳定。

PM2.5  /  长期暴露  /  肠上皮化生  /  胃癌
Objective

To explore the association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and the risk of gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM), and to analyze the heterogeneity of the associations across age, sex, and the form of medical consultation.

Methods

A case-control study was conducted, including patients first diagnosed with IM (case group, n=8 822) and chronic gastritis (CG) controls (n=191 840) at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University between January 2012 and September 2024. Population-weighted average concentrations of air pollutants (PM2.5, SO2, CO, NO2, O3) over the 3-year period prior to diagnosis were calculated as exposure metrics. Single- and dual-pollutant logistic regression models were used to estimate PM2.5 effects, with subgroup analyses stratified by sex, age, and the form of medical consultation. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were used to explore the nonlinear associations. The 1-year and 5-year exposure windows were used as sensitivity analyses.

Results

IM patients (mean age 57.521 years) were older than CG controls (49.254 years), with higher proportions of males (58.3% vs. 42.7%) and inpatients (15.6% vs. 4.7%). After adjusting for calendar year and province, single-pollutant models revealed that each 10μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure was associated with 35% (OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.27–1.43), 39% (OR=1.39, 95% CI: 1.32–1.47), and 38% (OR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.31–1.46) elevated IM risks for 1-, 3-, and 5-year exposure windows, respectively. Effects remained stable after adjusting for SO2, O3, or CO, but attenuated (while still significant) when adjusting for NO2. Subgroup analyses showed no significant heterogeneity across age, sex, and the form of medical consultation. RCS indicated a nonlinear dose-response relationship between PM2.5 and log-transformed IM risk (P<0.001).

Conclusion

Long-term PM2.5 exposure is significantly associated with an increased IM risk, with consistent effects across sex, age, and the form of medical consultation subgroups.

PM2.5  /  Long-term exposure  /  Intestinal metaplasia  /  Gastric cancer
杨波, 王维, 柯梦颖, 黄规平, 李杰, 范婷, 胡长江. PM2.5长期暴露与胃黏膜肠上皮化生的关系研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (24) : 4473 -4478 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507347
Bo YANG, Wei WANG, Meng-ying KE, Gui-ping HUANG, Jie LI, Ting FAN, Chang-jiang HU. Association between long-term PM2.5 exposure and gastric intestinal metaplasia[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (24) : 4473 -4478 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507347
全球疾病负担估计显示,2021年归因于大气污染的死亡人数高达808万,大气污染已成为威胁人类健康的首要因素[1]。PM2.5是指环境空气中空气动力学当量直径≤2.5 μm的颗粒物,是大气污染物关键组分,具有粒径小、化学活性强、可长期悬浮等特点,可深入肺部,穿过气-血屏障,传播到其他器官[2],与多个系统疾病的发生发展显著相关[2-4]。近年来有研究显示PM2.5与包括胃癌[5]、食管癌、结肠癌[4,6]、炎症性肠病[7-8]等消化系统疾病有关。尤其是胃癌起病隐匿、确诊晚,除传统治疗外,中医药(如红景天苷)也被发现有治疗作用,但其仍死亡率高、预后差[9],亟需将防治关口前移。目前,作为胃癌癌前状态的肠上皮化生(Intestinal Metaplasia,IM)与大气污染的关系尚未见报道。
IM是指胃黏膜上皮细胞被肠型上皮细胞所替代的现象,全球患病率约10.6%~22.1%[10]。常见危险因素包含幽门螺杆菌感染、年龄、男性、吸烟、饮酒等[11],目前认为其主要产生机制是NF-κB通路(Nuclear Factor κB Signaling Pathway,NF-κB)、Wnt通路(Wnt signaling pathway,Wnt)、BMP/SMAD4通路(BMP:Bone Morphogenetic Protein signaling pathway;SMAD4:Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 4,BMP/SMAD4)等失调后,诱导尾型同源盒转录因子2(Caudal-type Homeobox Transcription Factor 2,CDX 2)等转录因子的异常表达,经过复杂调控最终导致IM的形成[12]。IM常隐匿起病,没有特异性症状,部分患者会出现消化不良表现[13]。有IM和无IM患者在标化年龄后早期胃癌(Early Gastric Cancer,EGN)发病率分别为每年133.9/10万和12.5/10万[14],给患者带来一定的心理负担,同时也是阻挡胃黏膜癌变的重要窗口。
因此,探讨PM2.5与IM之间的关联,不仅可为大气污染对消化系统疾病的负面影响提供新证据,还可揭示大气污染在胃癌发生发展中的作用,进而为IM和胃癌的早期预防提供新的科学依据和干预思路。
本研究已通过“中国人民解放军陆军军医大学第二附属医院医学伦理委员会”审查并批准(伦理审批号:2025-研第103-01号),所有研究过程均符合《赫尔辛基宣言》相关伦理准则。
以2012年1月至2024年9月在陆军军医大学第二附属医院消化科就诊的患者为研究对象来源。以首次诊断为IM的患者为病例组,纳入标准为:年龄≤90岁;经病理检查首次诊断为IM;排除标准为:病历资料中地址、年龄、性别信息不全或有误,或既往诊断过IM。以慢性非萎缩性胃炎(Chronic Gastritis,CG)且不伴有IM的患者为对照组,纳入标准为:我院首次诊断为CG而不伴IM;排除标准为:地址、年龄、性别信息不全或有误,或既往诊断过CG。
从“https://weijing-rs.github.io/product.html”网站获得PM2.5、SO2、CO、NO2、O3的各年份高空间分辨率浓度栅格数据,其中PM2.5和O3的分辨率为1 km×1 km, SO2、CO、NO2的分辨率为10 km×10 km。结合人口栅格数据,采用人口加权方法获得各年份全国各区县的大气污染物浓度。通过匹配患者的居住地址(县或镇),计算患者诊断前1、3、5年的各污染物平均浓度作为暴露。其中,以确诊前3年平均浓度作为主暴露,前1、5年的平均浓度作为敏感性分析暴露。
首先,对研究对象的基本特征进行描述性统计分析,连续性变量采用Mean±SE进行描述,采用Z检验检测组间差异;分类变量采用例数描述,采用卡方检验检测组间差异。由于我国《大气污染防治行动计划》的实施,各年份污染物的浓度差异较大,故对暴露数据进行年份标化后,再比较组间浓度差异。然后,构建单污染物logistic回归模型,估计PM2.5的平均边际健康效应;单污染物模型中以分类变量形式纳入省份、年份,以尽可能校正随时间或空间变化的潜在混杂。进一步,依次将SO2、CO、NO2、O3纳入模型,构建双污染物模型,以探索PM2.5的效应是否稳定。以性别、年龄、就诊形式进行亚组分析,比较不同亚组之间的差异。采用限制性立方样条(RCS)探索PM2.5与IM潜在的非线性剂量-反应关系,并采用似然比检验方法进行非线性检验。所有分析均采用R 4.3.2软件实现,检验水准α=0.05。此外,由于数据可得性,大量未观测个体混杂变量无法被校正,我们采用E-Value思想对其带来的偏倚进行评价。
本研究纳入191 840例CG患者和8 822例IM患者。统计人口学特征及确诊前1、3、5年的大气污染物(PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO、O3)平均浓度如表1所示,IM患者平均年龄(57.521±0.111岁)显著高于CG患者(49.254±0.032岁),且≥60岁IM患病率(7.74%)较<60岁组(3.37%)更高;性别分布中,男性IM患病率(5.91%)明显高于女性(3.23%);住院患者IM患病率为13.16%,显著高于门诊的3.91%。污染物暴露方面,校正了年份因素后,IM组各时间窗口的PM2.5浓度均高于CG组,其他污染物也呈现相似趋势。
单污染物模型显示,以1、3、5年的平均污染物浓度作为暴露,PM2.5每增加10 μg/m3,发生IM的风险比值比分别增加35%(OR=1.35,95% CI: 1.27~1.43)、39%(OR=1.39,95% CI:1.32~1.47)、38%(OR=1.38,95% CI:1.31~1.46)。进一步校正SO2、O3或CO后,该效应保持稳定,具体表现为点估计值波动较小、95%置信区间明显重叠。校正NO2后,效应虽然明显减弱,但仍具有统计学意义(图1)。
以确诊前3年平均浓度作为暴露,按照性别、年龄、就诊形式构建单污染物(PM2.5)和双污染物(PM2.5分别与SO2、O3、CO、NO2联合)亚组模型。结果显示,单污染物模型中,PM2.5在不同亚组中增加IM风险的效应非常相似。双污染物模型中,校正SO2、O3、CO后,与单污染物模型中PM2.5效应一致;校正NO2以后,该效应明显减弱,特别是在就诊形式组,PM2.5与IM的发生风险无统计学关联(图2)。
基于限制性立方样条模型(RCS),以35 μg/m3为参考值,结果显示PM2.5暴露与IM风险的OR值对数[ln(OR)]呈现出非线性关联,非线性检验P <0.001。PM2.5在低浓度(<35 μg/m3)时,与ln(OR)呈现近似线性关联,而在高浓度(≥35 μg/m3)时,逐渐呈现出阈值效应(图3)。
由于数据可得性,我们的模型只校正了年龄、性别两个个体水平混杂变量,无法校正如幽门螺杆菌感染、吸烟、饮酒等其他个体水平混杂。因此,本研究进一步采用E-Value思想对常见个体水平混杂所带来的偏倚进行测量[15],以验证结果的稳定性。通过检索既往已发表文献,我们获取了常见未观测个体水平混杂(吸烟、饮酒、收入、教育情况、是否经常食用新鲜蔬菜)与PM2.5和IM的关联大小,该关联采用OR来衡量(表2)。其中,与PM2.5相关的OR计算来源于Sun[16]等人所基于的CKB数据研究,该数据库对中国人群具有良好的代表性,在计算OR时,PM2.5被划分为高水平(≥53.5 μg/m3,平均为59.9 μg/m3)和低水平(<53.5 μg/m3,平均为44.8 μg/m3),与IM相关的OR通过检索文献得出[11]。
通过E-Value包中toRR函数将未测量混杂偏倚OR值在保守条件下转换为相对危险度(relative risk, RR),定义RRx和RRy分别为指定混杂关于PM2.5和IM的RR,利用公式Bias=(RRy * RRx)/(RRx + RRy-1)分别计算各混杂理论上带来的偏倚大小(在PM2.5与IM无关时,由于混杂所能产生的RR)。同时将我们研究中测得的PM2.5升高15.1 μg/m3与IM所产生的OR值转换为RR值,计算可得:前1、3、5年的RR值分别为1.254(95% CI: 1.198~1.310)、1.282(95% CI: 1.233~1.337)、1.276(95% CI: 1.227~1.330)。结果显示,未观测混杂所带来的Bias值远小于我们研究所估计的RR值,提示以上未测量到的偏倚不足以否定“PM2.5暴露会增加IM风险”这一结论。
本研究通过收集大气污染数据和IM患者的病历数据,以患者首次确诊IM前3年的PM2.5平均浓度数据作为暴露,首次探索了PM2.5长期暴露与IM发生风险之间的关联。二者在统计学上显著相关,该关联在不同性别、年龄和就诊形式的人群中保持稳定;依次校正SO2、CO、NO2、O3等污染物后该效应仍独立存在。此外,RCS显示,PM2.5浓度与IM发生风险的对数值呈现出非线性关联(P <0.001)。本研究为大气污染对消化系统疾病的负面影响提供了新流行病学证据,为揭示环境污染物导致胃癌的机制研究提供了新思路,对于IM和胃癌早期防治的政策制定具有重要意义。
本研究系统探讨了PM2.5长期暴露与IM的关联,发现:1)PM2.5单污染物、双污染物模型在各亚组人群中均呈现出显著风险效应,提示PM2.5暴露对于IM发生风险的增加具有全人群易感性。2)RCS分析结果显示:在低浓度区间(<35 μg/m3)呈现近似线性剂量反应关系,且无阈值效应,当浓度≥35 μg/m3时,逐渐表现出阈值效应。按照毒理学与流行病学的一般认知,PM2.5健康危害应随浓度升高呈持续累积或加速恶化趋势,但本研究结果显示高浓度下风险增长趋缓,这可能是由于高浓度PM2.5可致气道炎症、肺纤维化[17]、气道高反应性[18],促使人群减少户外活动或佩戴口罩,导致环境浓度与实际暴露浓度存在偏差,因此PM2.5高浓度下增长放缓的风险应不一定能够反应PM2.5本身的生理风险特征。同时,在PM2.5低浓度区间的这种线性关系提示我们:即使已达到我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级限值的区域(PM2.5<35 μg/m3),持续推进PM2.5浓度的精细化管控,仍能减少IM发病风险并提供额外健康获益,可为我国“健康中国”背景下推进环境与健康协同治理政策提供更精准的循证依据。3)亚组分析比较发现,住院亚组PM2.5+NO2双污染物模型无统计学意义,原因可能为住院诊断的IM病例样本量较小(n =1 378),导致统计效能不足。其他亚组校正NO2后,PM2.5效应值虽有所下降但仍有统计学意义,这一结果可能与NO2本身可独立导致消化系统损伤相关[19],NO2的纳入可将原本属于NO2的效应从单污染物模型中剥离出来,进而出现效应减小的情况。此外,本研究所纳入样本中,老年人(≥60岁)及男性人群IM患病率分别高于<60岁和女性人群(P<0.001),符合老年人[20]和男性[21]更易感的流行病学证据,但可能因年龄相关疾病引入选择偏倚,因此我们在多因素回归模型中将年龄作为连续变量纳入logistic回归模型中进行了校正,以最大限度的减少年龄差异带来的影响。
现有研究表明,大气污染物不仅与呼吸系统及心血管疾病显著相关[22],与消化道肿瘤及炎症性肠病等消化系统疾病也存在关联[4,6,8],但PM2.5是否会增加患胃癌的风险,目前尚有分歧,例如,Nagel[23]等人的研究表明长期暴露于PM2.5与胃癌风险增加有关,而Jie Chen[8]等基于4 708人的研究却未观察到空气污染物与胃癌有显著关联。这一分歧原因可能是胃癌发病率相对较低,且后者样本量有限,导致统计检能不足,本研究以发病率更高的胃癌癌前状态IM作为结局,进而扩大效应检测窗口,减少统计效能缺陷。
目前尚未检索到PM2.5长期暴露致IM的生物机制研究相关文献,但有一些研究探讨了PM2.5暴露与胃癌发生的机制。PM2.5通常经呼吸道经进入肺泡并穿透气-血屏障[2],最终可以分布于全身,通过氧化应激介导DNA损伤、慢性炎症驱动[24]、改变线粒体稳态[25]、激活巨噬细胞和增加炎症介质的释放[26]等机制,干扰细胞稳态并诱发慢性炎症。慢性炎症可以导致胃黏膜腺体改变、壁细胞丢失,进而发生IM[12],同时慢性炎症和持续损伤也是胃癌发展的危险因素[27-30],因此大气污染(尤其是PM2.5暴露)在引起IM和胃癌的机制上可能拥有共同通路,胃黏膜在PM2.5的作用下经历IM阶段后逐渐发展为胃癌,但进一步的验证,尚需要动物实验完成,我们的研究可以为下一步开展动物实验的研究提供流行病学证据支持。
本研究也存在一定的局限性:1)研究数据来源于单中心,可能存在选择偏倚,并且由于临床数据的局限性,无法收集到更多的协变量,其外部真实性可能受到影响。因此,我们采用多因素回归模型对年份、省份等变量进行了校正,以尽可能控制与空间或时间相关的未观测混杂,最大限度增加了结果的可靠性。2)大气污染物的暴露评估误差以及研究对象的居住地址可能发生变动,导致暴露被误分,但此类误分为无差别误分,更易导致效应被稀释,不会增加假阳性错误。3)由于病例资料限制,个体层面的混杂因素(如幽门螺杆菌感染、抽烟、饮酒等)不能全面收集,估计结果可能存在偏倚,但我们通过E-Value的思想对偏倚进行评价,得出已知的主要混杂不太可能逆转“PM2.5暴露会增加IM风险”这一结论。
综合上述,我们首次探讨了大气污染物PM2.5与IM的关联,结果表明,长期暴露于PM2.5可显著增加IM的发生风险。同时,大气污染作为一个可人为干预的因素,通过有效的政策制定、公众教育、个体防护措施等途径,可以显著减少空气污染对人体健康的危害,减少因其带来的疾病负担。
  • 陆军军医大学第二附属医院青年博士人才孵化计划重点项目(2024YQB026)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507347
  • 接收时间:2025-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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陆军军医大学第二附属医院青年博士人才孵化计划重点项目(2024YQB026)
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    陆军军医大学第二附属医院消化内科,重庆 400037

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