Article(id=1323941282917266197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506337, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750348800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793581799486, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793581799486, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793581799486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793581799486, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1323941237702668764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='23', pageStart='4225', pageEnd='4416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765296000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793581788707, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793581887795, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1323941653374959780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1323941653374959781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4250, endPage=4256, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1323941283244421911, articleId=1323941282917266197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Age-period-cohort model analysis of the burden of diarrhea caused by unsafe water in China from 1990 to 2021, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the disease burden, age, period, and cohort impact of diarrhea caused by unsafe water in China from 1990 to 2021.

Methods

The mortality and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates of diarrhea caused by unsafe water in China from 1990 to 2021 were collected and organized through the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 2021).Joinpoint regression was used to analyze temporal trends and calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC). Using Stata MP 17 (64-bit) software, a Bayesian age-period-cohort model was used to analyze the impact of age, period, and cohort on diarrhea caused by unsafe water in China from 1990 to 2021.

Results

The mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, DALY rate, and standardized DALY rate of diarrhea caused by unsafe water in China showed a decreasing trend year by year from 1990 to 2021 (AAPC=-10.69%, -10.92%, -11.48%, -10.74%, P<0.001). Similar decreasing trends were observed in both males and females. The age effect in the APC model indicated that people under 5 years old and those over 65 years old had a higher risk of mortality from diarrhea caused by unsafe water (RR values were all>1). The period effect showed that the mortality and DALY risk of diarrhea caused by unsafe water decreased from 1990 to 2021. The cohort effect showed that the earlier the population was born, the higher the risk of death and DALY from diarrhea caused by unsafe water.

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2021, the mortality and DALY risk of diarrhea caused by unsafe water in China have decreased. However, children and the elderly still have a high risk of diarrhea caused by unsafe water. It is necessary to actively provide safe drinking water, reduce the spread and impact of diarrhea caused by unsafe water sources, and protect public health.

, authors=Jing ZHANG, Dong-mei LI, Yan ZHANG, authorsList=Jing ZHANG, Dong-mei LI, Yan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1323941285127664418, articleId=1323941282917266197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病疾病负担的年龄-时期-队列模型分析, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病的疾病负担及年龄、时期、队列影响。

方法

通过2021全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease Study,GBD 2021)收集整理1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病的死亡率、伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life year,DALY)率数据,采用joinpoint回归模型分析数据随时间的趋势,计算平均年度变化百分比(average annual percentage change,AAPC)。采用Stata MP 17(64-bit)软件进行贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型,分析年龄、时期、队列对1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病的影响。

结果

1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡率、标化死亡率、DALY率、标化DALY率呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-10.69%、-10.92%、-11.48%、-10.74%,P<0.001)。男性和女性也呈现逐年下降趋势。年龄-时期-队列模型结果显示,年龄效应显示5岁以下和65岁以上人群因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡风险较高(RR值均>1);时期效应显示1990—2021年因不安全的水导致腹泻病的死亡、DALY风险在下降;队列效应显示,越早出生的人群,因不安全的水导致腹泻病的死亡、DALY风险越高。

结论

1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病的死亡和DALY风险在下降,但是儿童和老年人因不安全的水导致腹泻病依然存在高风险,应积极提供安全的饮用水,减少由不安全的水引发的腹泻病传播和影响,保护公共健康。

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张婧(1987—),女,本科,副主任技师,研究方向:生活饮用水研究

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章燕,E-mai:
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张婧(1987—),女,本科,副主任技师,研究方向:生活饮用水研究

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注:A为死亡、DALY风险的年龄变化;B为死亡、DALY风险的时期变化;C为死亡、DALY风险的队列变化。

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1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病疾病负担的年龄-时期-队列模型分析
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张婧 , 李冬梅 , 章燕
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(23): 4250-4256
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2025 , 52 (23) : 4250 -4256
1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病疾病负担的年龄-时期-队列模型分析
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张婧, 李冬梅, 章燕
作者信息
  • 辽宁省疾病预防控制中心,辽宁 沈阳 110172
通讯作者:
章燕,E-mai:
作者简介:

张婧(1987—),女,本科,副主任技师,研究方向:生活饮用水研究

Age-period-cohort model analysis of the burden of diarrhea caused by unsafe water in China from 1990 to 2021
Jing ZHANG, Dong-mei LI, Yan ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning 110172, China
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506337
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目的

了解1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病的疾病负担及年龄、时期、队列影响。

方法

通过2021全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease Study,GBD 2021)收集整理1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病的死亡率、伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life year,DALY)率数据,采用joinpoint回归模型分析数据随时间的趋势,计算平均年度变化百分比(average annual percentage change,AAPC)。采用Stata MP 17(64-bit)软件进行贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型,分析年龄、时期、队列对1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病的影响。

结果

1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡率、标化死亡率、DALY率、标化DALY率呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-10.69%、-10.92%、-11.48%、-10.74%,P<0.001)。男性和女性也呈现逐年下降趋势。年龄-时期-队列模型结果显示,年龄效应显示5岁以下和65岁以上人群因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡风险较高(RR值均>1);时期效应显示1990—2021年因不安全的水导致腹泻病的死亡、DALY风险在下降;队列效应显示,越早出生的人群,因不安全的水导致腹泻病的死亡、DALY风险越高。

结论

1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病的死亡和DALY风险在下降,但是儿童和老年人因不安全的水导致腹泻病依然存在高风险,应积极提供安全的饮用水,减少由不安全的水引发的腹泻病传播和影响,保护公共健康。

GBD  /  环境危险  /  腹泻  /  疾病负担  /  年龄-时期-队列模型
Objective

To understand the disease burden, age, period, and cohort impact of diarrhea caused by unsafe water in China from 1990 to 2021.

Methods

The mortality and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates of diarrhea caused by unsafe water in China from 1990 to 2021 were collected and organized through the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 2021).Joinpoint regression was used to analyze temporal trends and calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC). Using Stata MP 17 (64-bit) software, a Bayesian age-period-cohort model was used to analyze the impact of age, period, and cohort on diarrhea caused by unsafe water in China from 1990 to 2021.

Results

The mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, DALY rate, and standardized DALY rate of diarrhea caused by unsafe water in China showed a decreasing trend year by year from 1990 to 2021 (AAPC=-10.69%, -10.92%, -11.48%, -10.74%, P<0.001). Similar decreasing trends were observed in both males and females. The age effect in the APC model indicated that people under 5 years old and those over 65 years old had a higher risk of mortality from diarrhea caused by unsafe water (RR values were all>1). The period effect showed that the mortality and DALY risk of diarrhea caused by unsafe water decreased from 1990 to 2021. The cohort effect showed that the earlier the population was born, the higher the risk of death and DALY from diarrhea caused by unsafe water.

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2021, the mortality and DALY risk of diarrhea caused by unsafe water in China have decreased. However, children and the elderly still have a high risk of diarrhea caused by unsafe water. It is necessary to actively provide safe drinking water, reduce the spread and impact of diarrhea caused by unsafe water sources, and protect public health.

GBD  /  Environmental hazards  /  Diarrhea  /  Disease burden  /  Age-period-cohort model
张婧, 李冬梅, 章燕. 1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病疾病负担的年龄-时期-队列模型分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (23) : 4250 -4256 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506337
Jing ZHANG, Dong-mei LI, Yan ZHANG. Age-period-cohort model analysis of the burden of diarrhea caused by unsafe water in China from 1990 to 2021[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (23) : 4250 -4256 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506337
腹泻病是世界公共卫生的主要问题之一,可引发脱水和电解质紊乱、营养不良和生长发育迟缓、传播疾病、甚至死亡,是全球儿童死亡的重要原因之一[1],我国也是全球腹泻病高负担国家之一[2]。安全用水与人们的日常生活密切相关,在促进人类健康方面发挥着重要作用。研究显示[3],因不安全的水卫生是腹泻疾病负担的主要来源。不安全的水通常含有各种病原体,是导致腹泻病的重要原因,解决水源污染问题是减少腹泻病负担的关键之一[4]。据估计[5],通过普及安全的水、环境等公共卫生措施,中国能够预防140万人死亡和7 400万伤残调整寿命年(disability- adjusted life-years, DALY),尤其是预防腹泻的比例为69%。年龄-时期-队列(age-period-cohor)模型可以同时解释影响疾病时间变化趋势的年龄效应、时期效应、队列效应三大效应,克服传统非参数性方法固有的局限性[6-7]。本研究通过2021全球疾病负担收集整理1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病的疾病负担数据,并且采用 年龄-时期-队列模型分析死亡趋势,旨在了解中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡的年龄、时期、队列影响,为针对不安全用水造成的腹泻病制定有针对性的预防措施。
资料来源于全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease Study,GBD)研究2021数据库,通过IHME (https://ghdx.healthdata.org/) 的官方网站使用GBD 结果工具完成的。该数据库对全球204个国家或地区的369种疾病和伤害及危险因素所导致的负担进行全面估算和综合评价。
本研究主要探讨因不安全的水导致腹泻病的疾病负担。GBD 2021基于比较风险评估(comparative risk assessment,CRA)理论框架,通过反事实分析法,假设其他危险因素的暴露水平不变的情况下,以比较某种危险因素在给定人群中的暴露分布和理论最小风险暴露分布(theoretical minimum risk exposure distribution,TMRED),计算得到人群归因分值(population attributable fraction, PAF),即给定人群中此危险因素归因的疾病负担占疾病总负担的百分比。
在GBD数据库中选择风险因素分析,选择风险因素为不安全的水的数据。本研究中暴露于不安全的水的定义基于:(1)家庭使用的报告主要水源;(2)在饮用前使用家庭水处理(HWT)来提高饮用水质量。水源是根据世界卫生组织/儿童基金会供水、环境卫生和个人卫生联合监测方案确定的[3]。将不安全的水的PAF乘以腹泻的疾病死亡例数、早死损失寿命年(year of life lost, YLL)、伤残损失寿命年(year lived with disability, YLD),可得到不安全用水归因的疾病死亡例数、YLL与YLD,将YLL和YLD合计,进而计算得到DALY。由不安全用水引起的腹泻病的疾病负担按死亡、DALY来衡量。
收集1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病的疾病负担资料,计算不同性别、年龄、疾病、死亡率、DALY率、标化死亡率、标化DALY率、年度变化百分比(annual percentage change,APC)、平均年度变化百分比(average annual percentage change, AAPC)。采用Joinpoint Regression Program(version 5.2.0.0)软件进行joinpoint回归模型分析数据随时间的趋势,计算AAPC。本研究采用Stata MP 17(64-bit)软件进行贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型,分析年龄、时期、队列对1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病的影响。死亡率和DALY数据按 1991—2021年连续五年的时间间隔和年龄间隔排列,采用相对风险(relative risk,RR)值评价死亡、DALY风险效果。数据整理并核对最终结果,整理后的结果通过GraphPadPrism 9软件绘图。检验水准α=0.05。
中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡率从1990年的5.58/10万到2021年的0.17/10万,1990—2021年呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-10.69%,P<0.001)。中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病标化死亡率从1990年的6.71/10万到2021年的0.19/10万,1990—2021年呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-10.92%,P<0.001)。不同时间点的死亡趋势也呈下降趋势(APC均<0)。见图1、2。
因不安全的水导致男性腹泻病死亡率从1990年的5.64/10万到2021年的0.17/10万,呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-10.69%,P<0.001)。因不安全的水导致男性腹泻病标化死亡率从1990年的6.88/10万到2021年的0.21/10万,呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-10.68%,P<0.001)。
因不安全的水导致女性腹泻病死亡率从1990年的5.52/10万到2021年的0.16/10万,呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-10.85%,P<0.001)。因不安全的水导致女性腹泻病标化死亡率从1990年的6.65/10万到2021年的0.17/10万,呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-11.1%,P<0.001)。
不同时间点的死亡趋势也呈下降趋势(APC均<0)。见图1、2。
中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病DALY率从1990年的470.56/10万到2021年的10.73/10万,1990—2021年呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-11.48%,P<0.001)。中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病标化DALY率从1990年的507.19/10万到2021年的14.81/10万,1990—2021年呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-10.74%,P<0.001)。不同时间点的DALY趋势也呈下降趋势(APC均<0)。见图3、4。
因不安全的水导致男性腹泻病DALY率从1990年的477.80/10万到2021年的11.57/10万,呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-11.33%,P<0.001)。因不安全的水导致男性腹泻病标化DALY率从1990年的503.5/10万到2021年的24.63/10万,呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-10.60%,P<0.001)。因不安全的水导致女性腹泻病DALY率从1990年的462.85/10万到2021年的9.84/10万,呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-11.75%,P<0.001)。因不安全的水导致女性腹泻病标化DALY率从1990年的512.6/10万到2021年的14.17/10万,呈现逐年下降趋势(AAPC=-10.91%,P<0.001)。不同时间点的DALY趋势也呈下降趋势(APC均<0)。见图3、4。
中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡风险的年龄效应如图5所示,年龄效应显示5岁以下和65岁以上人群因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡风险较高(RR值均>1),5岁以下儿童死亡风险RR值为1.14,65岁以上随着年龄增长逐渐上升,在90岁组RR值最高,为21.42。
因不安全的水导致腹泻病在10岁以下儿童和70岁以上老年人DALY风险较高(RR值均>1),5岁以下儿童死亡风险RR值为1.84,5~10岁儿童死亡风险RR值为1.08,在70岁以上随着年龄增长逐渐上升,在90岁组RR值最高,为4.11。
中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡风险的时期效应如图5所示。时期效应结果显示,1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡风险、DALY风险在下降,1990年因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡风险RR值为3.62,下降到 2021年因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡风险RR值为0.36。1990年因不安全的水导致腹泻病DALY风险RR值为3.08,下降到 2021年因不安全的水导致腹泻病DALY风险RR值为0.39。
中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡风险的队列效应如图5所示。队列效应结果显示,越早出生的人群,因不安全的水导致腹泻病的死亡、DALY风险越高。1961年以前因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡风险较高(RR值均>1),1936年以前因不安全的水导致腹泻病DALY风险较高(RR值均>1)。
1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡率和DALY率以及经过年龄调整后的总体均呈下降趋势。时期效应也显示,1990—2021年因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡和DALY风险在下降。自20世纪90年代以来,我国工农业的迅猛发展带来了地下水污染问题的加剧。化肥、农药的农业使用,城市垃圾填埋和工业污水排放等典型污染源,严重威胁着地下水质[8]。鉴于我国多数地区依赖地下水作为饮用水源,其安全性直接关系到公共健康。根据国家环境保护局及建设部在1991—1992年的调查,近98%的城市地下水遭受了不同程度的污染[9]。在所有污染物中,有机物污染因工农业发展而成为首要问题。近年来,中国在水源地保护、水质监测和治理方面投入了大量资源[10-12],对地下水污染问题给予了高度重视。《“十四五”土壤、地下水和农村生态环境保护规划》明确提出了加强地下水污染防治的目标和任务[13],显著提升了水安全保障的成效。水安全保障进展成效显著。提高地下水中污染物检测的标准和技术,设置地下水监测井不断完善饮用水水质标准,严格执行饮用水水质监测和检测制度,确保饮用水的安全性。水厂建设、管网系统的优化和老旧水管的更换,极大地改善了城市和乡村的饮水安全性,从而降低腹泻病疾病负担。此外,随着医疗条件的改善,公共卫生机构对腹泻病监测和疫情处置能力提升[14],健康教育的普及,也有效减少了通过不安全的水导致的腹泻病的死亡风险。因此,随着中国在水源保护、卫生设施建设和疾病预防方面的不断投入,因不安全的水导致腹泻病的死亡率和DALY率得到了显著降低。
不同性别趋势分析显示,男性和女性因不安全的水导致腹泻病均在下降,但是男性下降趋势略低于女性,可能男性和女性在卫生行为存在差异,可能影响腹泻病的性别差异,男性可能在野外活动或工作时更容易接触到不安全的水,尤其是在农村,这可能增加了他们暴露于污染水源的风险[15]。女性通常承担家庭中的饮水和食物准备工作,可能更注重水源安全和卫生方面,采取措施避免腹泻等传染性疾病的发生。
年龄效应显示,5岁以下儿童是腹泻的高危人群,由于免疫系统尚未完全发育,儿童对水源污染中的病原体更为敏感,容易发生严重的脱水和电解质失衡,从而导致死亡。研究显示[16],腹泻病是5岁以下儿童第二大死因,每年造成约525万名儿童死亡,这与不安全的水密切相关,我国一些地区也对5岁以下儿童开展监测研究[17-18]。此外,老年人因不安全的水导致腹泻病的死亡风险也较高,可能随着年龄的增长,老年人的免疫系统逐渐衰退,抗病能力下降,不安全的水通常意味着水中可能含有细菌、病毒和寄生虫,老年人在面对腹泻病原感染后[19],往往更容易出现严重症状,甚至发展为危及生命的情况。因此,应积极保障儿童和老年人的饮水安全,做好重点人群疾病监测,对于降低儿童和老年人因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡风险至关重要。
队列效应显示,从1901—2016年因不安全的水导致腹泻病死亡和DALY风险在下降,我国随着城市化进程的加快,城市的污水处理、垃圾处理和公共卫生设施建设普遍较好,大部分人群迁移到城市后能够更容易获得清洁的水源和完善的卫生设施,减少了水源性疾病的发生[20]。而且随着经济持续增长,国家对农村饮水安全的关注和投入增加,我国修建了大量农村饮水工程,农村地区的水源得到有效保护和净化,大大降低了腹泻病的发生[21]。自20世纪中期以来,中国大力投资建设供水系统,尤其是在城市和乡村地区的自来水管网和饮用水处理设施的普及,积极分类推进水源保护区或保护范围划定工作,我国饮用水水源保护工作取得进展,城乡居民饮用水安全保障水平持续提升[22]。这些改变有效地减少了因饮用水不洁而引发的腹泻和其他水源性疾病。
综上所述,1990—2021年中国因不安全的水导致腹泻病的死亡和DALY风险在下降,但是儿童和老年人因不安全的水导致腹泻病依然存在风险,应积极改善水安全,提供安全的饮用水、改善卫生设施、加强公共卫生教育,减少由不安全的水引发的腹泻病传播和影响,保护公共健康。
  • 2024年辽宁省地方标准立项计划项目(2024266; 2024267)
  • 2024年辽宁省地方标准立项《沐浴场所卫生自查规范》《游泳场所卫生自查规范》
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2025年第52卷第23期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506337
  • 接收时间:2025-06-20
  • 首发时间:2026-11-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-20
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2024年辽宁省地方标准立项计划项目(2024266; 2024267)
2024年辽宁省地方标准立项《沐浴场所卫生自查规范》《游泳场所卫生自查规范》
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    辽宁省疾病预防控制中心,辽宁 沈阳 110172

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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