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Article(id=1323941257688514949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504519, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745856000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793581793471, onlineDateStr=2026-11-02, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793581793471, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793581793471, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793581793471, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1323941237702668764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='23', pageStart='4225', pageEnd='4416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765296000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793581788707, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793581887795, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1323941653374959780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1323941653374959781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1323941237702668764, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4291, endPage=4295, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1323941257952756102, articleId=1323941257688514949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Heavy metal contamination characteristics and health risk assessment in Astragalus, Eucommia ulmoides leaves, and Cornus officinalis from Shaanxi, China, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To assess the contamination levels and health risks of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury(Hg), and copper (Cu) in Astragalus, Eucommia ulmoides leaves, and Cornus officinalis from Shaanxi Province, providing a scientific basis for safety evaluation and standard establishment.

Methods

Samples of Astragalus, Eucommia ulmoides leaves,and Cornus officinalis were collected from major producing areas in Shaanxi. The concentrations of the five heavy metals were determined using microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The contamination levels were evaluated using the single-factor pollution index and the Nemerow composite pollution index, while health risks were assessed by comparing health guidance values or benchmark doses with estimated human exposure levels.

Results

Both the single-factor pollution index and the Nemerow composite pollution index values for Astragalus and Cornus officinalis were below 0.7, indicating low heavy metal contamination and a safe consumption level. In contrast, Eucommia ulmoides leaves exhibited a Nemerow composite pollution index of 0.79, reaching the alert threshold, with Pb and Hg identified as the primary contaminants, necessitating stricter control during cultivation and processing. For all three food and medicinal substances, the exposure levels via dietary intake were higher than those via medicinal use. For Astragalus, Eucommia ulmoides leaves, and Cornus officinalis, the Pb exposure levels via dietary intake were 0.107 μg/kgBW, 0.698 μg/kgBW, and 0.266 μg/kgBW,respectively. The As exposure levels were 0.108 μg/kgBW, 0.138 μg/kgBW, and 0.039 μg/kgBW, respectively. The Cd exposure levels were 0.007 μg/kgBW, 0.060 μg/kgBW, and 0.011 μg/kgBW, respectively. The Hg exposure levels were 0.002 μg/kgBW, 0.031 μg/kgBW, and 0.007 μg/kgBW, respectively. The Cu exposure levels were 2.611 μg/kgBW, 1.979 μg/kgBW,and 0.987 μg/kgBW, respectively.

Conclusion

Astragalus and Cornus officinalis from Shaanxi pose minimal heavy metal contamination risks, whereas Eucommia ulmoides leaves require targeted monitoring for Pb and Hg. When dietary exposure was considered, the heavy metal exposure risks for all three food and medicinal substances were within acceptable limits.

, authors=Wen-ting YUAN1, Cai-xia WANG1, Cun-wei LIU1, Jun-feng LIU2, Yu LIU1, authorsList=Wen-ting YUAN, Cai-xia WANG, Cun-wei LIU, Jun-feng LIU, Yu LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1323941259018109325, articleId=1323941257688514949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=陕西产黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中五种重金属污染特征及健康风险评估, columnId=1228016571273113811, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=环境与职业卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

评估陕西地产黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、砷（As）、汞（Hg）、铜（Cu）的污染水平及健康风险，为安全性评价和标准制定提供依据。

方法

采集陕西主要产区的黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸样本，采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定五种重金属含量，并利用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评估污染水平，将健康指导值或基准剂量值与人体暴露量进行比较以评估健康风险。

结果

黄芪和山茱萸的单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数均<0.7，表明重金属污染程度低，处于安全水平；杜仲叶的内梅罗综合污染指数为0.79，处于警戒线水平，主要污染源为铅和汞，需关注其种植与加工过程中的污染控制。三种食药物质通过食用途径的暴露量均高于药用途径的摄入量。黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸食用途径铅暴露量分别为0.107、0.698和0.266μg/（kg·BW）；砷暴露量分别为0.108、0.138和0.039 μg/（kg·BW）；镉暴露量分别为0.007、0.060和0.011μg/（kg·BW）；汞暴露量分别为0.002、0.031和0.007 μg/（kg·BW）；铜暴露量为2.611、1.979和0.987 μg/（kg·BW）。

结论

陕西产黄芪和山茱萸中重金属污染风险较低，杜仲叶中铅和汞的污染需持续关注。在考虑膳食暴露的情况下，三种食药物质中的重金属暴露风险均在可接受范围内。

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袁文婷（1989—），女，硕士，助理研究员，研究方向：食品安全风险监测

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刘宇，E-mail：
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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Current situation analysis and countermeasures on contamination of heavy metal in traditional Chinese medicinal materials in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1323941265234067904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, awardId=2024JC-YBMS-192, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2024JC-YBMS-192), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1323941259265573262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1323941259278156175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, companyId=1323941259265573262, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Physical and Chemical Laboratory, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710052, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1323941259290739088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, companyId=1323941259265573262, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.陕西省疾病预防控制中心，理化检验所，陕西　西安　710052)]), AuthorCompany(id=1323941259399790993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1323941259412373906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, companyId=1323941259399790993, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.陕西省中医医院中医药发展服务中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1323941262402912694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Heavy metal pollution classification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分级单项污染综合污染
污染指数污染等级污染指数污染等级
1Pi≤0.7优良P综≤0.7安全
20.7<Pi≤1清洁0.7<P综≤1警戒线
31<Pi≤2轻度污染1<P综≤2轻度污染
42<Pi≤3中度污染2<P综≤3中度污染
5Pi>3重度污染P综>3重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1323941262507770295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

重金属污染分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分级单项污染综合污染
污染指数污染等级污染指数污染等级
1Pi≤0.7优良P综≤0.7安全
20.7<Pi≤1清洁0.7<P综≤1警戒线
31<Pi≤2轻度污染1<P综≤2轻度污染
42<Pi≤3中度污染2<P综≤3中度污染
5Pi>3重度污染P综>3重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1323941262629405112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Heavy metal limits in three food and medicinal substances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称来源重金属限量值（mg/kg）
铅镉砷汞铜
黄芪2020版中国药典5.01.02.00.220
公告a1.00.50.50.1—b
杜仲叶2020版中国药典—————
公告2.00.51.00.1—
山茱萸2020版中国药典5.01.02.00.220
公告1.00.10.50.1—
), ArticleFig(id=1323941262717485497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

三种食药物质中重金属限量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称来源重金属限量值（mg/kg）
铅镉砷汞铜
黄芪2020版中国药典5.01.02.00.220
公告a1.00.50.50.1—b
杜仲叶2020版中国药典—————
公告2.00.51.00.1—
山茱萸2020版中国药典5.01.02.00.220
公告1.00.10.50.1—
), ArticleFig(id=1323941262801371578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Levels of heavy metals in three food and medicinal substances （mg/kg，）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称铅镉砷汞铜
黄芪0.209±0.2010.014±0.0100.211±0.1170.004±0.0105.116±1.287
杜仲叶1.368±0.8450.118±0.0420.270±0.1840.061±0.0243.879±0.829
山茱萸0.522±0.6380.022±0.0300.077±0.0970.014±0.0341.933±1.471
), ArticleFig(id=1323941264479093179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三种食药物质中重金属含量（mg/kg）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称铅镉砷汞铜
黄芪0.209±0.2010.014±0.0100.211±0.1170.004±0.0105.116±1.287
杜仲叶1.368±0.8450.118±0.0420.270±0.1840.061±0.0243.879±0.829
山茱萸0.522±0.6380.022±0.0300.077±0.0970.014±0.0341.933±1.471
), ArticleFig(id=1323941264613310908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Heavy metal pollution in three food and medicinal substances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称单因子污染指数综合污染指数
P铅P镉P砷P汞P铜评价结果P综评价结果
黄芪0.210.030.420.040.26优良0.46安全
杜仲叶0.680.240.270.610.19优良0.79警戒线
山茱萸0.520.220.150.140.10优良0.57安全
), ArticleFig(id=1323941264739140029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

三种食药物质中重金属污染状况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称单因子污染指数综合污染指数
P铅P镉P砷P汞P铜评价结果P综评价结果
黄芪0.210.030.420.040.26优良0.46安全
杜仲叶0.680.240.270.610.19优良0.79警戒线
山茱萸0.520.220.150.140.10优良0.57安全
), ArticleFig(id=1323941264873357758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Average daily exposure to heavy metals of three food and medicinal substances ［μg/（kg·BW）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称暴露量（铅）暴露量（砷）暴露量（镉）暴露量（汞）暴露量（铜）
药用食用药用食用药用食用药用食用药用食用
黄芪0.1050.1070.1060.1080.0070.0070.0020.0022.5582.611
杜仲叶0.2280.6980.0450.1380.0200.0600.0100.0310.6461.979
山茱萸0.1040.2660.0150.0390.0040.0110.0030.0070.3870.987
), ArticleFig(id=1323941265024352703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1323941257688514949, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

三种食药物质中重金属日均暴露量［μg/（kg·BW）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称暴露量（铅）暴露量（砷）暴露量（镉）暴露量（汞）暴露量（铜）
药用食用药用食用药用食用药用食用药用食用
黄芪0.1050.1070.1060.1080.0070.0070.0020.0022.5582.611
杜仲叶0.2280.6980.0450.1380.0200.0600.0100.0310.6461.979
山茱萸0.1040.2660.0150.0390.0040.0110.0030.0070.3870.987
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陕西产黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中五种重金属污染特征及健康风险评估
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袁文婷 1 , 王彩霞 1 , 刘存卫 1 , 刘军锋 2 , 刘宇 1
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2025,52(23): 4291-4295
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现代预防医学 |环境与职业卫生 2025 , 52 (23) : 4291 -4295
陕西产黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中五种重金属污染特征及健康风险评估
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袁文婷1, 王彩霞1, 刘存卫1, 刘军锋2, 刘宇1
作者信息
  • 1.陕西省疾病预防控制中心，理化检验所，陕西　西安　710052
  • 2.陕西省中医医院中医药发展服务中心
通讯作者:
刘宇，E-mail：
作者简介:

袁文婷（1989—），女，硕士，助理研究员，研究方向：食品安全风险监测

Heavy metal contamination characteristics and health risk assessment in Astragalus, Eucommia ulmoides leaves, and Cornus officinalis from Shaanxi, China
Wen-ting YUAN1, Cai-xia WANG1, Cun-wei LIU1, Jun-feng LIU2, Yu LIU1
Affiliations
  • Physical and Chemical Laboratory, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710052, China
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504519
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摘要
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目的

评估陕西地产黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、砷（As）、汞（Hg）、铜（Cu）的污染水平及健康风险，为安全性评价和标准制定提供依据。

方法

采集陕西主要产区的黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸样本，采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定五种重金属含量，并利用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评估污染水平，将健康指导值或基准剂量值与人体暴露量进行比较以评估健康风险。

结果

黄芪和山茱萸的单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数均<0.7，表明重金属污染程度低，处于安全水平；杜仲叶的内梅罗综合污染指数为0.79，处于警戒线水平，主要污染源为铅和汞，需关注其种植与加工过程中的污染控制。三种食药物质通过食用途径的暴露量均高于药用途径的摄入量。黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸食用途径铅暴露量分别为0.107、0.698和0.266μg/（kg·BW）；砷暴露量分别为0.108、0.138和0.039 μg/（kg·BW）；镉暴露量分别为0.007、0.060和0.011μg/（kg·BW）；汞暴露量分别为0.002、0.031和0.007 μg/（kg·BW）；铜暴露量为2.611、1.979和0.987 μg/（kg·BW）。

结论

陕西产黄芪和山茱萸中重金属污染风险较低，杜仲叶中铅和汞的污染需持续关注。在考虑膳食暴露的情况下，三种食药物质中的重金属暴露风险均在可接受范围内。

食药物质  /  黄芪  /  杜仲叶  /  山茱萸  /  重金属
Objective

To assess the contamination levels and health risks of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury(Hg), and copper (Cu) in Astragalus, Eucommia ulmoides leaves, and Cornus officinalis from Shaanxi Province, providing a scientific basis for safety evaluation and standard establishment.

Methods

Samples of Astragalus, Eucommia ulmoides leaves,and Cornus officinalis were collected from major producing areas in Shaanxi. The concentrations of the five heavy metals were determined using microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The contamination levels were evaluated using the single-factor pollution index and the Nemerow composite pollution index, while health risks were assessed by comparing health guidance values or benchmark doses with estimated human exposure levels.

Results

Both the single-factor pollution index and the Nemerow composite pollution index values for Astragalus and Cornus officinalis were below 0.7, indicating low heavy metal contamination and a safe consumption level. In contrast, Eucommia ulmoides leaves exhibited a Nemerow composite pollution index of 0.79, reaching the alert threshold, with Pb and Hg identified as the primary contaminants, necessitating stricter control during cultivation and processing. For all three food and medicinal substances, the exposure levels via dietary intake were higher than those via medicinal use. For Astragalus, Eucommia ulmoides leaves, and Cornus officinalis, the Pb exposure levels via dietary intake were 0.107 μg/kgBW, 0.698 μg/kgBW, and 0.266 μg/kgBW,respectively. The As exposure levels were 0.108 μg/kgBW, 0.138 μg/kgBW, and 0.039 μg/kgBW, respectively. The Cd exposure levels were 0.007 μg/kgBW, 0.060 μg/kgBW, and 0.011 μg/kgBW, respectively. The Hg exposure levels were 0.002 μg/kgBW, 0.031 μg/kgBW, and 0.007 μg/kgBW, respectively. The Cu exposure levels were 2.611 μg/kgBW, 1.979 μg/kgBW,and 0.987 μg/kgBW, respectively.

Conclusion

Astragalus and Cornus officinalis from Shaanxi pose minimal heavy metal contamination risks, whereas Eucommia ulmoides leaves require targeted monitoring for Pb and Hg. When dietary exposure was considered, the heavy metal exposure risks for all three food and medicinal substances were within acceptable limits.

Food and medicinal substances  /  Astragalus  /  Eucommia ulmoides leaves  /  Cornus officinalis  /  Heavy metals
袁文婷, 王彩霞, 刘存卫, 刘军锋, 刘宇. 陕西产黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中五种重金属污染特征及健康风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (23) : 4291 -4295 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504519
Wen-ting YUAN, Cai-xia WANG, Cun-wei LIU, Jun-feng LIU, Yu LIU. Heavy metal contamination characteristics and health risk assessment in Astragalus, Eucommia ulmoides leaves, and Cornus officinalis from Shaanxi, China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (23) : 4291 -4295 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504519
正文
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2023年11月，国家卫生健康委发布公告，将党参、肉苁蓉、铁皮石斛、西洋参、黄芪、灵芝、山茱萸、天麻、杜仲叶等物质纳入既是食品又是中药材的物质（简称食药物质）目录[1]。在种植、运输、储存和加工过程中，食药物质可能会受到重金属、农药残留等外源性污染物的污染[2]。目前对于食药物质中重金属的研究多集中于含量调查和污染状况分析[3-4]，关于其中重金属在人体内的暴露评估报道较少。陕西地处西北，背靠秦岭，因其得天独厚的自然资源和气候条件，成为我国中药材资源丰富的省份之一，黄芪、杜仲和山茱萸均有广泛的种植规模。2022年，陕西省卫生健康委和市场监督管理局联合印发《试点方案》，对子洲县黄芪、略阳县杜仲叶、佛坪县山茱萸开展试点工作。本研究采集陕西省地产黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸样本，依据《中国药典》和《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》中对于重金属限量的要求[5]，检测其中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量，采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价其重金属污染程度[6]，分别评估其通过药物服用和膳食摄入两种途径的暴露风险[7]，以期为黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸的安全性评价提供参考，为地方标准制定和健康风险评估提供数据支撑。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　样品采集和处理
基于陕西省黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸的地理分布特征和种植规模，采用分层抽样方法，在榆林市、汉中市、商洛市、安康市、咸阳市和宝鸡市等六大产区采集样本。为了确保样本的代表性，样本量分配与各产区的实际种植和生产规模成正比，种植和收购环节比例为1：1，其中种植环节是在种植户家中采集，收购环节是在当地的收购站或药材公司采集，根据食用习惯和入药部位，黄芪采集根部，杜仲叶采集叶部，山茱萸采集果实，所有样品均采集干样。具体采样方案如下：榆林市作为黄芪主产区采集72份，宝鸡市和咸阳市各采集11份，黄芪样本共计94份；汉中市作为杜仲叶主产区采集82份，安康市采集22份，杜仲叶样本共计104份；在汉中市、商洛市、宝鸡市和安康市分别采集山茱萸64、22、14和8份，山茱萸样本共计108份。样品采集后装入聚乙烯袋，室温储存和运输。送回实验室，去除杂质，清洗数次后再用去离子水冲洗三次，晾干。取适量样品粉碎、混匀待测。
1.2　仪器与试剂
电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪（8800，美国安捷伦公司）；微波消解仪（Mars6，美国CEM公司）；赶酸仪（BHW-090，上海博通化学科技有限公司）；超纯水制备系统（Milli-Q，德国默克公司）；分析天平（QUINTIX224-10CN，德国赛多利斯公司）；多功能破碎机（S025，艾卡仪器设备有限公司）；多元素标准溶液（5183-4688，10 μg/ml，美国安捷伦公司）；汞单元素标准物质（GBW08617，1 000 μg/ml，中国计量科学院）；硝酸（优级纯，德国默克公司）。
1.3　样品检测
根据食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定（GB 5009.268-2016）进行铅、镉、砷、汞、铜含量的测定[8]。称取一定量的样品加入8 ml硝酸，静置一夜后放入微波消解仪中进行消解，消解完成后取出冷却至室温，在100 ℃下加热30 min，用超纯水少量多次冲洗消解管，合并洗涤液并定容至25 ml，摇匀待测，同时做空白实验。使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量。铅和砷的检出限均为0.004 mg/kg，镉的检出限为0.003 mg/kg，铜的检出限为0.01 mg/kg，汞的检出限为0.001 mg/kg；方法的加标回收率在89.0%～112.3%之间，相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation，RSD）小于10%，满足测定要求。采用空白实验、20%平行双样和有证参考物质的方式进行质量控制，保证数据准确可靠。
1.4　重金属污染状况分析
采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中重金属污染。单因子污染指数法：Pi=Ci/Si。其中，Pi为污染物的单项污染指数；Ci为污染物测定值，mg/kg；Si为评价标准中污染物的限值，mg/kg，Pi越大，受污染程度越严重。内梅罗综合污染指数法：P综合=[（Piave2+Pimax2）]/2。其中，P综合为内梅罗综合污染指数；Piave为各重金属单因子污染指数平均值；Pimax为重金属单项污染指数中最大值。P综合能反映各重金属对食药物质的综合影响。污染分级标准见表1[6]。
《关于党参等9种新增按照传统既是食品又是中药材的物质公告》和 《2020版中国药典》中关于黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中重金属限量要求见表2。从保守评估的角度出发，选择限值较低者来判定重金属超标情况：黄芪中铅>1.0 mg/kg，镉>0.5 mg/kg，砷>0.5 mg/kg，汞>0.1 mg/kg，铜>20 mg/kg；杜仲叶中铅>2.0 mg/kg，镉>0.5 mg/kg，砷>1.0 mg/kg，汞>0.1 mg/kg，铜>20 mg/kg；山茱萸中铅>1.0 mg/kg，镉>0.1 mg/kg，砷>0.5 mg/kg，汞>0.1 mg/kg，铜>20 mg/kg。所有限量值均以干重计。
1.5　重金属暴露风险评估
采用确定性评估方法，将各重金属在人体中的暴露量（exposure）与每日可接受摄入量（acceptable daily intake，ADI）或基准剂量下限值（bench mark dose lower confidence Limit，BMDL）进行比较来评估暴露风险。人体暴露量计算公式为：
其中：暴露量为某个体每天每公斤体重某种重金属的摄入量，μg/（kg·BW）；F为个体的日均消费量，g/d；C为重金属含量，mg/kg；W为个体的体重，kg，本研究中选择成年人平均体重60 kg[6]；f为服用频率。
铅的BMDL为1.3 μg/（kg·BW）[9]，无机砷的BMDL为3～5 μg/（kg·BW）[10]，从保守评估角度考虑，本研究以总砷代替无机砷进行评价，选择3.0 μg/（kg·BW）作为砷的BMDL。镉的每月耐受摄入量为25 μg/（kg·BW）[10]，总汞的每周耐受摄入量为4 μg/（kg·BW）[11]，铜的理论最大日摄入量为500 μg/（kg·BW）[12]。为方便计算和比较，将上述值换算成ADI，分别为镉0.83 μg/（kg·BW）、汞0.57 μg/（kg·BW）、铜500 μg/（kg·BW）。
1.6　统计学方法
采用Excel 2007和SPSS 25.0软件进行数据处理和统计分析。未检出数据用检出限的1/2替代[13-14]。
2　结果
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2.1　重金属检测结果分析
黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中铅含量均值分别为0.209、1.368和0.522 mg/kg；铅超标率由高到低分别为杜仲叶、山茱萸和黄芪，分别为16%、13%、1%，其中两份采集于汉中市的杜仲叶中铅含量分别为5.049和4.968 mg/kg，超出铅的限量值2倍以上，存在安全隐患；一份采集自汉中市的山茱萸中铅含量为4.946 mg/kg，是铅限量值的4.9倍；仅有一份黄芪中铅超标，其含量为1.228 mg/kg。黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中镉的含量均值分别为0.014、0.118和0.022 mg/kg；仅有一份来自汉中市的山茱萸中镉含量超出限量值，为0.238 mg/kg，黄芪和杜仲叶中的镉含量均未超标。砷含量均值由高到低分别为杜仲叶、黄芪、山茱萸，分别为0.270、0.211和0.077 mg/kg；砷超标样本有一份杜仲叶和三份黄芪。杜仲叶中汞含量均值为0.061 mg/kg，高于黄芪的0.004 mg/kg和山茱萸的0.014 mg/kg；有五份杜仲叶和四份山茱萸中汞超标，黄芪中汞无超标。黄芪中铜含量最高，为5.116 mg/kg；杜仲叶和山茱萸中铜含量均值分别为3.879和1.933 mg/kg；所有样本中铜均未超标。黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中重金属含量均值见表3。
2.2　重金属污染状况分析
黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中重金属污染水平见表4。黄芪和山茱萸中各项单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数均小于0.7，表明黄芪和山茱萸样本受到重金属污染程度较低，处于安全水平。杜仲叶的铅、镉和汞污染指数高于黄芪和山茱萸，分别为0.68、0.24和0.61，单因子污染指数小于0.7即认为结果优良，因此杜仲叶中的铅、镉和汞污染仍处于优良水平。但杜仲叶的内梅罗综合污染指数为0.79，已处于警戒线水平，主要来源于铅和汞的污染，提示杜仲叶中铅和汞的污染应引起关注。
2.3　重金属暴露风险评估
食药物质兼具药品和食品两种属性，分别从药物服用和膳食摄入两方面计算暴露量，同时遵循保护大多数人的保守性原则，确定摄入量如下：（1）作为药物治疗时，参考《2020版中国药典》中推荐摄入量上限，黄芪为30 g/d，山茱萸为12 g/d，杜仲为10 g/d，假定患者每日服用，服用频率f为1（365/365）；（2）作为膳食摄入时，参考国家食品安全风险评估中心进行的消费量调查[15]，黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸的消费量均为43g/d，年服用天数为260 d，服用频率f为0.712（260/365）。计算人体通过药用服用和膳食摄入的暴露量。见表5。
2.3.1　铅的暴露风险评估
从表4中可以看到，通过药用途径下，黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中铅的暴露量分别为0.105、0.228和0.104 μg/（kg·BW）；通过食用途径下，黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中铅的暴露量分别为0.107、0.698和0.266 μg/（kg·BW）。其中通过食用摄入途径杜仲叶中铅的暴露量最高，为0.698 μg/（kg·BW），占BMDL的53.6%。有研究显示，我国居民成人膳食铅日均暴露量为0.54 μg/（kg·BW）[16]，相当于BMDL的41%，因此通过其他途径摄入的铅不超过BMDL的59%，即可认为暴露风险较低，表明黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中铅暴露风险较低。
2.3.2　砷的暴露风险评估
国际上对于砷的BMDL是以无机砷制定的，按照欧洲食品安全局评估报告，除水产品外，其他食品类别总砷转换成无机砷的系数是为70%[17]，本研究以总砷含量代替无机砷含量进行评估，实际上高估了砷的暴露风险。从表4中可以看出，三种食药物质通过药用途径的砷暴露量均小于食用途径的暴露量，杜仲叶中砷暴露量高于黄芪和山茱萸。食用途径下杜仲叶中砷暴露量最高，为0.138 μg/（kg·BW） ，相当于无机砷BMDL的4.6%。我国居民的无机砷膳食暴露量为1.26 μg/（kg·BW）[18]，占无机砷BMDL的42%，通过其它途径的暴露量低于无机砷BMDL的58%即为安全。因此，黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中砷暴露风险较低。
2.3.3　镉的暴露风险评估
镉的每月耐受摄入量为25 μg/（kg·BW），换算到ADI为0.83 μg/（kg·BW），全国范围内镉膳食暴露结果显示，我国人群膳食镉日均暴露量为0.51 μg/（kg·BW）[18]，相当于镉ADI的61%，因此其他途径镉暴露量低于39%即可。由表4可以看出，三种食药物质中，通过食用途径杜仲叶中镉暴露量最高，为0.060 μg/（kg·BW），占镉ADI的7.2%。表明即使加上膳食摄入，黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中镉暴露风险仍然处于安全水平。
2.3.4　汞的暴露风险评估
由于杜仲叶中汞含量高于黄芪和山茱萸，导致其暴露量高于黄芪和山茱萸，杜仲叶在食用途径下暴露量最高，为0.031 μg/（kg·BW），占汞ADI的5.4%。有研究报道我国居民膳食汞日均暴露量为0.083 μg/（kg·BW）[19]，占汞的ADI的14.5%。汞的膳食暴露量较低，即使叠加三种食药物质的暴露量，汞暴露风险仍处于较低水平。
2.3.5　铜的暴露风险评估
黄芪中的铜暴露量高于其他重金属，原因是黄芪中铜含量高，但远低于铜的ADI，表明铜的暴露风险较低。
3　讨论
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本研究对陕西地产黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中铅、镉、砷、汞和铜的含量进行检测，结果显示杜仲叶中铅含量高于黄芪和山茱萸，为1.368 mg/kg，有研究对321篇文献中九种食药物质中铅含量进行meta分析，得到杜仲叶中铅含量均值为2.31 mg/kg，高于山茱萸、黄芪等其他七种[2]，应关注杜仲叶的生长环境和加工过程，降低铅污染。不同食药物质中重金属含量分布有所不同，杜仲中铅、镉、砷、汞高于山茱萸和黄芪，山茱萸中砷含量低于杜仲叶和黄芪，黄芪中铜含量高于杜仲和山茱萸，但铅、镉、砷、汞均为最低。有研究表明，黄芪对铜有较强的富集作用[20]。铜是植物生长过程中的必要元素，因此 黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中铜的含量均高于铅、镉、砷、汞。
用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价重金属污染程度。黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的单项污染指数均为优良水平。黄芪和山茱萸中综合污染指数处于安全水平。杜仲叶的综合污染指数为0.79，已超过安全水平，主要来源于铅和汞的污染。杜仲叶属于叶类植物药材，在生长过程中长时间、大面积暴露于环境中，可能导致其受污染程度较严重，对于杜仲叶生长的环境污染情况应加以关注。也可能与不同种类食药物质对重金属的富集能力不同有关，有研究表明叶类植物重金属富集程度高于根茎类植物[21]。提示在杜仲叶种植和加工过程中，应关注铅和汞的污染。
黄芪、杜仲叶和山茱萸中的暴露风险评估结果显示，食用途径的暴露量高于药用途径，但两种途径下的重金属健康风险均在可接受范围内。本研究的暴露风险评估有一定不确定性，一是使用了《2020版药典》中推荐摄入量的上限值；二是无论作为药物服用还是膳食摄入，食药物质中重金属均有一定的溶出率，本研究中未将溶出率纳入暴露量的计算，以上两种不确定性均会对暴露水平有所高估，但同时保证了评估结果的保守性。
基金
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2025年第52卷第23期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504519
  • 接收时间：2025-04-29
  • 首发时间：2026-11-02
  • 出版时间：2025-12-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-04-29
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陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2024JC-YBMS-192)
作者信息
    1.陕西省疾病预防控制中心，理化检验所，陕西　西安　710052
    2.陕西省中医医院中医药发展服务中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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