Article(id=1322609076220056090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322609030938346427, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506471, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751040000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793264176658, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793264176658, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793264176658, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793264176658, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322609030938346427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='22', pageStart='4033', pageEnd='4224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793264165863, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793264299902, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322609593264489401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322609030938346427, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322609593264489402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322609030938346427, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4038, endPage=4045, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322609076647875099, articleId=1322609076220056090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Research on the prediction model of Liver Cirrhosis incidence risk based on machine learning, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To develop and validate a risk prediction model for liver cirrhosis applicable to the general population, to reveal the association between common biomarkers and the risk of liver cirrhosis, and to provide a scientific basis for the assessment of liver cirrhosis risk in clinical and public health practice.

Methods

This study utilized data on 28 biomarkers and 6 covariates from the UK Biobank. Participants were enrolled between 2006 and 2010 and followed up until October 31, 2022. The primary outcome was new cases of liver cirrhosis. All participants meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly divided into a training set and a test set at a ratio of 7:3. Based on the training set, three machine learning algorithms, namely XGBoost, Lasso-Cox regression, and random survival forest, were used to screen for key predictive variables influencing the occurrence of liver cirrhosis. Key feature variables were then used to construct a liver cirrhosis risk prediction model based on the Cox proportional hazards model. The performance of the prediction model was evaluated by comparing it with traditional scores, FIB-4 score and APRI score, and validated in the validation set.

Results

A total of 237 965 eligible subjects were screened for this study, including 1 064 patients with liver cirrhosis and 236 801 non-liver cirrhosis patients. Five key variables influencing the occurrence of liver cirrhosis were identified by combining three machine learning methods and clinical application scenarios, namely γ-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cystatin C, body mass index, and albumin. The liver cirrhosis risk prediction model constructed based on these five characteristic variables significantly outperformed the traditional FIB-4 score model and APRI score model in terms of predictive performance. The AUC values of the liver cirrhosis risk prediction model, FIB-4 score model, and APRI score model in the training set were 0.827(0.806-0.848), 0.665(0.637-0.693), and 0.740(0.713-0.766), respectively; in the validation set, they were 0.811(0.776-0.845), 0.664(0.621-0.708), and 0.711(0.668-0.755), respectively. The AUC values of the prediction model established in this study were superior to those of the two traditional scoring prediction models, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Compared with the traditional FIB-4 score model and APRI score model, the liver cirrhosis risk prediction model constructed in this study demonstrated significant advantages in the two key indicators of net reclassification index(NRI)and integrated discrimination improvement index(IDI)(P<0.001), and the results were highly consistent in both the training set and the test set. The results of the liver cirrhosis risk prediction model showed that cystatin C had high specificity and predictive value in the prediction of liver fibrosis diseases [HR=2.51, 95% CI: 2.22-2.83].

Conclusion

γ-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cystatin C, body mass index and albumin are important factors influencing the onset of liver cirrhosis. The prediction model for the risk of liver cirrhosis constructed by using the feature variables obtained through multiple screening by machine learning has strong predictive ability and provides an effective tool for the early screening of the risk of liver cirrhosis.

, authors=Yong-hua MA1, Xin-yu YANG1, Yan-xia WANG1, Wang-chen SONG1, Gui-ya GUO1, Ai-min WANG1, Fu-yan SHI1, Zhao-feng YU2, authorsList=Yong-hua MA, Xin-yu YANG, Yan-xia WANG, Wang-chen SONG, Gui-ya GUO, Ai-min WANG, Fu-yan SHI, Zhao-feng YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fu-yan SHI, Zhao-feng YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322609081408410161, articleId=1322609076220056090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=基于机器学习的肝硬化发病风险预测模型研究, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

开发并验证适用于一般人群的肝硬化发病风险预测模型,揭示常见生物标志物与肝硬化发病风险之间的关联,为临床和公共卫生实践中肝硬化发病风险评估提供科学依据。

方法

本研究使用来自英国生物样本库(UK Biobank)的28种生物标志物和6种协变量数据。参与者于2006年至2010年间入组,随访至2022年10月31日,主要结果是新发肝硬化病例。将所有满足纳入排除要求的参与者,按7∶3比例随机分为训练集和测试集。基于训练集,采用XGBoost算法、Lasso-Cox回归和随机生存森林三种机器学习算法来筛选影响肝硬化发生的关键预测变量,并利用筛选出的关键特征变量构建基于Cox比例风险模型的肝硬化发病风险预测模型。通过与传统评分FIB-4评分、APRI评分进行比较,评估预测模型的性能,并在验证集中进行验证。

结果

本研究共筛选了237 965名符合条件的研究对象进行研究,其中肝硬化患者1 064名,非肝硬化患者236 801名。结合三种机器学习方法和临床应用情况共筛选出5个影响肝硬化发生的关键变量,分别为γ-谷氨酰转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、胱抑素C、体质量指数、白蛋白。基于这5种特征变量构建的肝硬化发病风险预测模型,预测性能显著超过传统FIB-4评分模型和APRI评分模型。本研究构建的肝硬化发病风险预测模型、FIB-4评分模型和APRI评分模型,在训练集中AUC分别为0.827(0.806~0.848)、0.665(0.637~0.693)、0.740(0.713~0.766);在验证集中,AUC分别0.811(0.776~0.845)、0.664(0.621~0.708)、0.711(0.668~0.755)。本研究建立的预测模型的AUC均优于两种传统评分预测模型,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。本研究构建的肝硬化发病风险预测模型,通过与传统的FIB-4评分模型、APRI评分模型对比,在净重新分类指数(NRI)和综合判别改善指数(IDI)两个关键指标上均表现出显著优势(P<0.001),且在训练集和测试集中的结果一致性较高。肝硬化发病风险预测模型结果显示,胱抑素C(CysC)在肝纤维化疾病的预测中具有较高的特异性和预测价值[HR=2.51,95% CI: 2.22~2.83]。

结论

γ-谷氨酰转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、胱抑素C、体质量指数和白蛋白是影响肝硬化发病的重要因素。利用机器学习多重筛选得到的特征变量构建的肝硬化发病风险的预测模型,具有较强的预测能力,可为肝硬化发病风险的早期筛查提供有效工具。

, authors=马永华1, 杨欣妤1, 王艳霞1, 宋旺辰1, 郭贵雅1, 王爱民1, 石福艳1, 于兆锋2, authorsList=马永华, 杨欣妤, 王艳霞, 宋旺辰, 郭贵雅, 王爱民, 石福艳, 于兆锋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=石福艳, 于兆锋, authorNote=

马永华(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生统计学

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石福艳和于兆锋为共同通信作者。石福艳,E-mail:;
于兆锋,E-mail:
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Clinica Chimica Acta, 2025, 565: 120016., articleTitle=Human cystatin C in fibrotic diseases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322609091806089881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609076220056090, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=26, issue=1, pageStart=413, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Nagy E, Abdelfattah AH, Sayed-Ahmed N, journalName=BMC Nephrology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nagy E, Abdelfattah AH, Sayed-Ahmed N, et al. Cystatin C as a predictor of renal recovery and in hospital mortality in patients with acute kidney injury and liver cirrhosis [J]. BMC Nephrology, 2025, 26 (1): 413., articleTitle=Cystatin C as a predictor of renal recovery and in hospital mortality in patients with acute kidney injury and liver cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322609091877393050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609076220056090, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=45, issue=8, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Lytvyak E, Hirschfield G, Shreekumar D, journalName=Liver International, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lytvyak E, Hirschfield G, Shreekumar D, et al. Pathogenesis, Non-Invasive assessments and treatment of hepatic fibrosis in autoimmune liver diseases [J]. Liver International, 2025, 45 (8): e70190., articleTitle=Pathogenesis, Non-Invasive assessments and treatment of hepatic fibrosis in autoimmune liver diseases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322609091969667739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609076220056090, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=5, issue=3, pageStart=295, pageEnd=305, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Abeysekera KWM, Fernandes GS, Hammerton G, journalName=Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Abeysekera KWM, Fernandes GS, Hammerton G, et al. Prevalence of steatosis and fibrosis in young adults in the UK: a population-based study [J]. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 5 (3): 295-305., articleTitle=Prevalence of steatosis and fibrosis in young adults in the UK: a population-based study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322609092057748124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609076220056090, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=6, pageStart=1216, pageEnd=1226, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Glyn-Owen K, Böhning D, Parkes J, journalName=Liver International, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Glyn-Owen K, Böhning D, Parkes J, et al. The combined effect of alcohol and body mass index on risk of chronic liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies [J]. 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注:图A以VIMP值为依据,图B最小深度为依据。

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Baseline characteristics of included subjects[,n(%)]

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变量肝硬化患者
(n=1 064)
未患肝硬化者
(n=236 801)
t/χ2值P值
年龄 (Age,岁)58.7±7.556.2±8.3-10.359<0.001
性别 (SEX)56.933<0.001
男706(54.8)129 861(66.4)
女358(45.2)107 040(33.6)
体质指数(BMI)30.7±6.127.2±4.6-22.697<0.001
饮酒频率(Alcohol intake frequency,AIF)283.3590.004
从不或仅限特殊场合205(29.0)487(17.2)
≤2次/周233(33.0)1 059(37.4)
≥3次/周269(38.0)1 280(45.3)
不愿回答0(0.0)2(0.1)
吸烟状况(Smoking status,SS)347.524<0.001
从不288(40.7)1 559(55.1)
以前303(42.9)993(35.1)
当前109(15.4)265(9.4)
不愿回答7(1.0)11(0.4)
身体活动水平(Physical activity level,PAL,d/w)291.7980.001
0~1166(23.5)604(21.4)
2~4233(33.0)1 049(37.1)
5~7247(34.9)1 027(36.3)
不知道51(7.2)138(4.9)
不愿回答10(1.4)10(0.4)
血液生化指标
天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST,U/L)42.7±28.926.0±8.2-66.768<0.001
丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT,U/L))43.5±36.423.5±13.7-48.167<0.001
白蛋白(ALB,g/L)44.4±2.945.4±2.613.190<0.001
总胆红素(TBIL,μmol/L)10.3±5.110.0±4.5-7.0420.003
肌酐(Cr,umol/L)75.5±20.173.8±14.9-2.5990.009
尿素(Urea,mmol/L)5.6±1.85.4±1.4-1.943<0.005
碱性磷酸酶(ALP,U/L)105.8±65.581.5±23.8-33.081<0.001
γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT,U/L)113.3±142.736.0±32.9-84.245<0.001
脂蛋白A(Lp a,g/L)42.5±48.445.0±49.71.4880.306
直接胆红素(DBil,umol/L)2.2±1.21.9±0.9-20.554<0.001
睾酮(Testosterone,nmol/L)8.2±6.57.3±6.2-9.595<0.001
性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG,nmol/L)53.7±29.650.2±27.1-7.4460.002
载脂蛋白A(Apo A,g/L)1.4±0.31.5±0.37.194<0.001
磷酸盐(Phosphate,mmol/L)1.1±0.21.1±0.24.598<0.001
葡萄糖(GLU,mmol/L)5.7±2.05.1±1.2-18.722<0.001
总蛋白(TP,g/L)74.0±4.872.6±4.1-11.829<0.001
钙(Ca,mmol/L)2.4±0.12.4±0.12.9760.050
维生素D(VD,nmol/L)44.3±21.648.5±21.09.200<0.001
糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c,mmol/mol)39.9±10.435.8±6.7-20.843<0.001
胰岛素生长因子1(IGF-1,nmol/L)17.3±6.221.6±5.629.463<0.001
载脂蛋白B(Apo B,g/L)0.9±0.21.0±0.29.574<0.001
C反应蛋白(CRP,g/L)4.5±6.42.5±4.1-16.422<0.001
直接低密度脂蛋白(LDL D,g/L)3.1±0.83.5±0.813.9630.030
胱抑素C(CysC,mg/L)1.0±0.20.9±0.2-25.363<0.001
胆固醇(CHOL,mmol/L)5.1±1.15.5±1.015.067<0.001
甘油三酯(TG,mmol/L)1.9±1.11.7±0.9-9.182<0.001
尿酸盐(Urate,umol/L)353.9±92.1314.8±81.3-15.602<0.001
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL,mmol/L)1.3±0.41.4±0.410.798<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322609087553065594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609076220056090, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳入研究对象的基线特征[,n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量肝硬化患者
(n=1 064)
未患肝硬化者
(n=236 801)
t/χ2值P值
年龄 (Age,岁)58.7±7.556.2±8.3-10.359<0.001
性别 (SEX)56.933<0.001
男706(54.8)129 861(66.4)
女358(45.2)107 040(33.6)
体质指数(BMI)30.7±6.127.2±4.6-22.697<0.001
饮酒频率(Alcohol intake frequency,AIF)283.3590.004
从不或仅限特殊场合205(29.0)487(17.2)
≤2次/周233(33.0)1 059(37.4)
≥3次/周269(38.0)1 280(45.3)
不愿回答0(0.0)2(0.1)
吸烟状况(Smoking status,SS)347.524<0.001
从不288(40.7)1 559(55.1)
以前303(42.9)993(35.1)
当前109(15.4)265(9.4)
不愿回答7(1.0)11(0.4)
身体活动水平(Physical activity level,PAL,d/w)291.7980.001
0~1166(23.5)604(21.4)
2~4233(33.0)1 049(37.1)
5~7247(34.9)1 027(36.3)
不知道51(7.2)138(4.9)
不愿回答10(1.4)10(0.4)
血液生化指标
天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST,U/L)42.7±28.926.0±8.2-66.768<0.001
丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT,U/L))43.5±36.423.5±13.7-48.167<0.001
白蛋白(ALB,g/L)44.4±2.945.4±2.613.190<0.001
总胆红素(TBIL,μmol/L)10.3±5.110.0±4.5-7.0420.003
肌酐(Cr,umol/L)75.5±20.173.8±14.9-2.5990.009
尿素(Urea,mmol/L)5.6±1.85.4±1.4-1.943<0.005
碱性磷酸酶(ALP,U/L)105.8±65.581.5±23.8-33.081<0.001
γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT,U/L)113.3±142.736.0±32.9-84.245<0.001
脂蛋白A(Lp a,g/L)42.5±48.445.0±49.71.4880.306
直接胆红素(DBil,umol/L)2.2±1.21.9±0.9-20.554<0.001
睾酮(Testosterone,nmol/L)8.2±6.57.3±6.2-9.595<0.001
性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG,nmol/L)53.7±29.650.2±27.1-7.4460.002
载脂蛋白A(Apo A,g/L)1.4±0.31.5±0.37.194<0.001
磷酸盐(Phosphate,mmol/L)1.1±0.21.1±0.24.598<0.001
葡萄糖(GLU,mmol/L)5.7±2.05.1±1.2-18.722<0.001
总蛋白(TP,g/L)74.0±4.872.6±4.1-11.829<0.001
钙(Ca,mmol/L)2.4±0.12.4±0.12.9760.050
维生素D(VD,nmol/L)44.3±21.648.5±21.09.200<0.001
糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c,mmol/mol)39.9±10.435.8±6.7-20.843<0.001
胰岛素生长因子1(IGF-1,nmol/L)17.3±6.221.6±5.629.463<0.001
载脂蛋白B(Apo B,g/L)0.9±0.21.0±0.29.574<0.001
C反应蛋白(CRP,g/L)4.5±6.42.5±4.1-16.422<0.001
直接低密度脂蛋白(LDL D,g/L)3.1±0.83.5±0.813.9630.030
胱抑素C(CysC,mg/L)1.0±0.20.9±0.2-25.363<0.001
胆固醇(CHOL,mmol/L)5.1±1.15.5±1.015.067<0.001
甘油三酯(TG,mmol/L)1.9±1.11.7±0.9-9.182<0.001
尿酸盐(Urate,umol/L)353.9±92.1314.8±81.3-15.602<0.001
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL,mmol/L)1.3±0.41.4±0.410.798<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322609087636951675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609076220056090, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters to evaluate the performance of models with different combinations of variables

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前n个变量AccuracyAUCF1值
50.995 557 60.987 283 30.997 773 7
100.995 731 70.997 730 60.997 860 7
150.995 779 70.999 156 00.997 884 8
200.995 875 70.999 848 80.997 932 8
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评估不同变量组合模型性能的参数

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前n个变量AccuracyAUCF1值
50.995 557 60.987 283 30.997 773 7
100.995 731 70.997 730 60.997 860 7
150.995 779 70.999 156 00.997 884 8
200.995 875 70.999 848 80.997 932 8
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Lasso-Cox regression screening variables

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编号变量系数
1CysC1.593 524 578
2Apo B0.821 664 110
3Phosphate0.278 924 995
4SS0.243 387 559
5DBil0.118 589 562
6AIF0.100 298 476
7TP0.065 999 561
8BMI0.057 121 474
9Testosterone0.050 807 354
10TG0.043 750 489
11Urea0.029 720 335
12Age0.011 868 706
13AST0.009 832 830
14CRP0.009 085 691
15ALT0.004 188 530
16GGT0.003 815 536
17Urate0.001 606 998
18HbA1c0.001 246 085
19ALP-0.001 017 578
20VD-0.003 912 683
21HDL-0.008 389 843
22Cr-0.013 432 115
23ALB-0.045 594 826
24PAI)-0.066 784 097
25IGF-1-0.100 089 142
26CHOL-0.269 037 675
27LDL D-0.323 063 609
28Ca-0.624 568 177
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Lasso-Cox回归筛选的变量

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编号变量系数
1CysC1.593 524 578
2Apo B0.821 664 110
3Phosphate0.278 924 995
4SS0.243 387 559
5DBil0.118 589 562
6AIF0.100 298 476
7TP0.065 999 561
8BMI0.057 121 474
9Testosterone0.050 807 354
10TG0.043 750 489
11Urea0.029 720 335
12Age0.011 868 706
13AST0.009 832 830
14CRP0.009 085 691
15ALT0.004 188 530
16GGT0.003 815 536
17Urate0.001 606 998
18HbA1c0.001 246 085
19ALP-0.001 017 578
20VD-0.003 912 683
21HDL-0.008 389 843
22Cr-0.013 432 115
23ALB-0.045 594 826
24PAI)-0.066 784 097
25IGF-1-0.100 089 142
26CHOL-0.269 037 675
27LDL D-0.323 063 609
28Ca-0.624 568 177
), ArticleFig(id=1322609089666994815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609076220056090, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of the net reclassification index(NRI)of the model with the integrated discrimination improvement index(IDI)

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数据集模型比较NIR(95% CI)PNIRIDI(95% CI)PIDI
训练集本研究模型与FIB-4评分模型0.137(0.072~0.229)<0.0010.111(0.095~0.127)<0.001
本研究模型与APRI评分模型0.138(0.050~0.232)<0.0010.111(0.096~0.127)<0.001
测试集本研究模型与FIB-4评分模型0.150(0.049~0.248)<0.0010.097(0.063~0.131)<0.001
本研究模型与APRI评分模型0.146(0.023~0.240)<0.0010.085(0.063~0.130)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322609089759269504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609076220056090, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

两模型净重新分类指数(NRI)与综合判别改善指数(IDI)比较

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数据集模型比较NIR(95% CI)PNIRIDI(95% CI)PIDI
训练集本研究模型与FIB-4评分模型0.137(0.072~0.229)<0.0010.111(0.095~0.127)<0.001
本研究模型与APRI评分模型0.138(0.050~0.232)<0.0010.111(0.096~0.127)<0.001
测试集本研究模型与FIB-4评分模型0.150(0.049~0.248)<0.0010.097(0.063~0.131)<0.001
本研究模型与APRI评分模型0.146(0.023~0.240)<0.0010.085(0.063~0.130)<0.001
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基于机器学习的肝硬化发病风险预测模型研究
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马永华 1 , 杨欣妤 1 , 王艳霞 1 , 宋旺辰 1 , 郭贵雅 1 , 王爱民 1 , 石福艳 1 , 于兆锋 2
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(22): 4038-4045
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2025 , 52 (22) : 4038 -4045
基于机器学习的肝硬化发病风险预测模型研究
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马永华(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生统计学

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马永华(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生统计学

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马永华1, 杨欣妤1, 王艳霞1, 宋旺辰1, 郭贵雅1, 王爱民1, 石福艳1 , 于兆锋2
作者信息
  • 1.山东第二医科大学公共卫生学院卫生统计学教研室,山东 潍坊 261053
  • 2.山东第二医科大学人事处
通讯作者:
石福艳和于兆锋为共同通信作者。石福艳,E-mail:;
于兆锋,E-mail:
作者简介:

马永华(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生统计学

Research on the prediction model of Liver Cirrhosis incidence risk based on machine learning
Yong-hua MA1, Xin-yu YANG1, Yan-xia WANG1, Wang-chen SONG1, Gui-ya GUO1, Ai-min WANG1, Fu-yan SHI1 , Zhao-feng YU2
Affiliations
  • Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506471
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目的

开发并验证适用于一般人群的肝硬化发病风险预测模型,揭示常见生物标志物与肝硬化发病风险之间的关联,为临床和公共卫生实践中肝硬化发病风险评估提供科学依据。

方法

本研究使用来自英国生物样本库(UK Biobank)的28种生物标志物和6种协变量数据。参与者于2006年至2010年间入组,随访至2022年10月31日,主要结果是新发肝硬化病例。将所有满足纳入排除要求的参与者,按7∶3比例随机分为训练集和测试集。基于训练集,采用XGBoost算法、Lasso-Cox回归和随机生存森林三种机器学习算法来筛选影响肝硬化发生的关键预测变量,并利用筛选出的关键特征变量构建基于Cox比例风险模型的肝硬化发病风险预测模型。通过与传统评分FIB-4评分、APRI评分进行比较,评估预测模型的性能,并在验证集中进行验证。

结果

本研究共筛选了237 965名符合条件的研究对象进行研究,其中肝硬化患者1 064名,非肝硬化患者236 801名。结合三种机器学习方法和临床应用情况共筛选出5个影响肝硬化发生的关键变量,分别为γ-谷氨酰转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、胱抑素C、体质量指数、白蛋白。基于这5种特征变量构建的肝硬化发病风险预测模型,预测性能显著超过传统FIB-4评分模型和APRI评分模型。本研究构建的肝硬化发病风险预测模型、FIB-4评分模型和APRI评分模型,在训练集中AUC分别为0.827(0.806~0.848)、0.665(0.637~0.693)、0.740(0.713~0.766);在验证集中,AUC分别0.811(0.776~0.845)、0.664(0.621~0.708)、0.711(0.668~0.755)。本研究建立的预测模型的AUC均优于两种传统评分预测模型,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。本研究构建的肝硬化发病风险预测模型,通过与传统的FIB-4评分模型、APRI评分模型对比,在净重新分类指数(NRI)和综合判别改善指数(IDI)两个关键指标上均表现出显著优势(P<0.001),且在训练集和测试集中的结果一致性较高。肝硬化发病风险预测模型结果显示,胱抑素C(CysC)在肝纤维化疾病的预测中具有较高的特异性和预测价值[HR=2.51,95% CI: 2.22~2.83]。

结论

γ-谷氨酰转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、胱抑素C、体质量指数和白蛋白是影响肝硬化发病的重要因素。利用机器学习多重筛选得到的特征变量构建的肝硬化发病风险的预测模型,具有较强的预测能力,可为肝硬化发病风险的早期筛查提供有效工具。

肝硬化  /  生物标志物  /  机器学习  /  预测模型
Objective

To develop and validate a risk prediction model for liver cirrhosis applicable to the general population, to reveal the association between common biomarkers and the risk of liver cirrhosis, and to provide a scientific basis for the assessment of liver cirrhosis risk in clinical and public health practice.

Methods

This study utilized data on 28 biomarkers and 6 covariates from the UK Biobank. Participants were enrolled between 2006 and 2010 and followed up until October 31, 2022. The primary outcome was new cases of liver cirrhosis. All participants meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly divided into a training set and a test set at a ratio of 7:3. Based on the training set, three machine learning algorithms, namely XGBoost, Lasso-Cox regression, and random survival forest, were used to screen for key predictive variables influencing the occurrence of liver cirrhosis. Key feature variables were then used to construct a liver cirrhosis risk prediction model based on the Cox proportional hazards model. The performance of the prediction model was evaluated by comparing it with traditional scores, FIB-4 score and APRI score, and validated in the validation set.

Results

A total of 237 965 eligible subjects were screened for this study, including 1 064 patients with liver cirrhosis and 236 801 non-liver cirrhosis patients. Five key variables influencing the occurrence of liver cirrhosis were identified by combining three machine learning methods and clinical application scenarios, namely γ-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cystatin C, body mass index, and albumin. The liver cirrhosis risk prediction model constructed based on these five characteristic variables significantly outperformed the traditional FIB-4 score model and APRI score model in terms of predictive performance. The AUC values of the liver cirrhosis risk prediction model, FIB-4 score model, and APRI score model in the training set were 0.827(0.806-0.848), 0.665(0.637-0.693), and 0.740(0.713-0.766), respectively; in the validation set, they were 0.811(0.776-0.845), 0.664(0.621-0.708), and 0.711(0.668-0.755), respectively. The AUC values of the prediction model established in this study were superior to those of the two traditional scoring prediction models, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Compared with the traditional FIB-4 score model and APRI score model, the liver cirrhosis risk prediction model constructed in this study demonstrated significant advantages in the two key indicators of net reclassification index(NRI)and integrated discrimination improvement index(IDI)(P<0.001), and the results were highly consistent in both the training set and the test set. The results of the liver cirrhosis risk prediction model showed that cystatin C had high specificity and predictive value in the prediction of liver fibrosis diseases [HR=2.51, 95% CI: 2.22-2.83].

Conclusion

γ-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cystatin C, body mass index and albumin are important factors influencing the onset of liver cirrhosis. The prediction model for the risk of liver cirrhosis constructed by using the feature variables obtained through multiple screening by machine learning has strong predictive ability and provides an effective tool for the early screening of the risk of liver cirrhosis.

Liver cirrhosis  /  Biomarkers  /  Machine learning  /  Predictive model
马永华, 杨欣妤, 王艳霞, 宋旺辰, 郭贵雅, 王爱民, 石福艳, 于兆锋. 基于机器学习的肝硬化发病风险预测模型研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (22) : 4038 -4045 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506471
Yong-hua MA, Xin-yu YANG, Yan-xia WANG, Wang-chen SONG, Gui-ya GUO, Ai-min WANG, Fu-yan SHI, Zhao-feng YU. Research on the prediction model of Liver Cirrhosis incidence risk based on machine learning[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (22) : 4038 -4045 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506471
肝硬化是全球第11大常见的死亡病因,每年约200万人死于该疾病[1]。近年来,肝硬化所带来的疾病负担逐渐加重,成为全球范围内日益突出的公共卫生问题[2-3]。肝硬化病因复杂多样,许多患者同时存在多种致病因素[4]。另外,肝硬化的发生及发展通常需要数年时间,并且由于慢性肝病患者间的异质性,预测肝硬化的进展及其并发症目前具有一定挑战性[5]。相关研究表明,多种肝脏相关生物标志物与肝硬化发生风险之间密切相关。也有研究表明肝硬化发生还与一些非肝脏生物标志物(如代谢物和炎症因子)等存在一定关联[6]。原因可能与许多生物标志物的循环水平会受到昼夜节律的影响,并且其容易受到如饮酒等多种因素的干扰[7]。因此,基于多种生物标志物来评估肝硬化发病风险具有重要临床意义。
目前有关肝硬化的研究主要集中在肝硬化的诊断上,而肝硬化发病风险预测的研究相对较少。迄今为止,已有几种复合生物标志物和评分系统被开发用于肝硬化的预测和早期检测。例如,FIB-4评分(Fibrosis-4 Index)、APRI评分(Aspartate Aminotransferase to Platelet Ratio Index)。然而,这些临床风险模型最初是为慢性肝病患者设计的,而对于一般人群而言,其模型的敏感性和特异性较差[8]。
鉴于此,本研究拟使用英国生物样本库(UK Biobank)的相关数据,采用XGBoost算法、Lasso-Cox回归和随机生存森林(Random Survival Forests, RSF)三种机器学习方法,筛选影响肝硬化发生的关键生物标志物。并基于这些生物标志物开发并验证适用于一般人群的肝硬化发病风险预测模型。该研究为肝硬化发病风险预测提供了科学依据。
本研究从英国生物银行(UK Biobank)数据库共导出502 366人的相关数据。参与者于2006年至2010年间入组,随访至2022年10月31日。主要结果是新发肝硬化病例。按照以下排除标准筛选研究对象:(1)排除基线通过国际疾病分类(ICD-10)代码确定的患任何类型的肝病(酒精性肝病、中毒性肝病、未分类的慢性肝炎、未分类的肝衰竭疾病)的研究对象共1 101人。(2)排除缺乏血液生化指标的研究对象共263 083人。(3)排除肝硬化发病日期早于入组开始随访时间的研究对象共217人。将符合上述标准的237 965名研究对象纳入研究,其中肝硬化患者1 064人,未患肝硬化者236 801人。
临床生物标志物:UK Biobank开展了一个项目,测量几乎所有参与者基线时收集的生物样本中的血液生化指标[9]。共有30种生物标志物可用,其中28种在超过75%的参与者中进行了测量,将这28种血液生化指标纳入研究。排除了缺乏血液生化指标的所有研究对象。
协变量:采用了年龄、性别、体质量指数、吸烟状况、饮酒频率和身体活动水平。吸烟状况分为三组:从不吸烟者、以前吸烟者和现在吸烟者。饮酒频率分为三组:从不或仅在特殊场合饮酒,≤2次/周,≥3次/周。使用每周持续≥10分钟的适度体育活动天数作为替代指标来测量身体活动水平,分为三组:0~1 d/w、2~4 d/w和5~7 d/w。这些协变量的缺失比例均<0.5%,对于协变量的缺失值,采用随机森林法进行插补。该插补策略保持了数据的原始分布特征,确保后续分析的可靠性。
XGBoost算法将决策树作为基学习器,通过集成算法,在模型训练过程中利用所有中央处理器核心并行计算特征分裂的增益。输入自变量后,计算每棵树的预测值,并对上一棵树的预测残差进行泰勒展开式的一阶和二阶导数,以实现模型损失函数的快速优化[10]。XGBoost算法在变量筛选方面,采用了变量重要性法,能够通过评估各个特征对模型输出的影响来识别和选择重要的特征。常见的评估指标包括增益重要性(Gain)、Gini指数、Shannon熵等,能够有效地衡量每个特征在模型训练过程中的贡献。
Lasso-Cox回归模型是一种基于Cox回归模型的半参数、正则化方法,广泛应用于生存分析领域。该模型通过结合Lasso回归的L1正则化与Cox比例风险模型的优势,能够在高维数据中有效地进行变量选择和系数估计。通过最小化Cox模型的似然函数并加入L1正则化项,以此对生存数据进行建模。在该过程中,Lasso正则化项控制回归系数的大小,使得部分系数趋于零,从而在高维数据下选择出最具预测意义的变量。
随机生存森林模型(RSF)是一种基于生存树的非参数、非线性的集成机器学习方法[11],是对随机森林在右删失生存数据上的扩展。该模型通过应用自助采样和随机节点分裂的方法,生长独立的二元生存树,并将所有树集成形成RSF模型。RSF模型通过变量筛选,可以了解各个变量在建模过程中的作用大小。常用的变量筛选方法包括变量重要性(Variable Importance,VIMP)法和最小深度(minimal depth, MD)法。此外,RSF能够自动拟合交互作用并控制过度拟合[12],有助于识别疾病预后的共同影响因素。
本研究所有统计分析均使用R 4.1.1软件进行。使用mice包(v 3.16.0)进行缺失值插补;随机生存森林、Lasso-Cox回归和XGBoost模型分别采用randomForestSRC包、glmnet包和xgboost包构建。使用nricens(v 1.6)包进行预测模型比较。本研究采用双侧检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共纳入237 965名研究对象,其中肝硬化患者1 064名,未患肝硬化者236 801名。肝硬化患者组研究对象的平均年龄为(58.7±7.5)岁;男性706人(66.4%),女性358人(33.6%)。未患肝硬化组研究对象的平均年龄为(56.2±8.3)岁;男性129 861人(54.8%),女性107 040人(45.2%)。除脂蛋白A外,所有协变量及生物标志物在肝硬化患者组和未患肝硬化组之间具有差异性(P<0.05)。见表1。
本研究基于训练集,利用XGBoost算法筛选肝硬化关键预测变量,并将变量按照重要性进行排序,通过Gain确定变量重要性,研究结果见图1。在评估不同变量组合模型的性能时,本研究根据计算得到的准确度(Accuracy)、AUC 、F1值(F1-score)进行评估(见表2),决定使用前10个变量来平衡简单性和准确性。本研究基于XGBoost算法筛选的重要性排序前10个的特征变量变量分别为GGT、IGF-1、AST、SHBG、CysC、GLU、ALB、BMI、Testosterone、TP。
本研究基于训练集,采用Lasso-Cox回归筛选肝硬化潜在预测变量,将所有的变量通过10折交叉验证选择最优参数λ(λ=0.004 327 759)进行模型构建(见图2)。筛选出的前28个变量根据系数从大到小排列,具体情况见表3。
本研究基于训练集,采用随机生存森林方法,分别根据变量重要性法和最小深度法将变量进行重要性排序,研究结果见图3。由图3A可知,基于VIMP值筛选的重要性排名前5的变量分别为GGT、AST、IGF-1、CysC、ALT;由图3B可知,基于最小深度法筛选的重要性排名前5的变量分别为AST、GGT、ALP、IGF-1、CysC。
图4为综合两种方法的散点图。其中,高于红色对角虚线的点代表其VIMP值排名更高,低于对角虚线的点则代表其最小深度法排名更高,位在红色对角虚线上的点代表两种方法对该变量的排名相同。
此外,本研究评估了不同变量组合模型的Harrell C指数。C指数从前5个变量的0.914增加到前10个变量的0.923,然后略微增加到前15个变量的0.929。当包括所有34个变量时,C指数达到 0.933。因此,决定使用前15个变量来平衡简单性和准确性。重要性排序前15个的特征变量分别为AST、GGT、ALP、IGF-1、CysC、ALT、CHOL、DBil、ALB、CRP、BMI、HbA1c、LDL D、GLU、SHBG。
本研究基于训练集,联合三种的机器学习算法筛选肝硬化发病风险潜在预测变量。其中随机生存森林确定了15个潜在的预测变量;Lasso-Cox回归确定了28个潜在的预测变量;XGBoost算法确定了10个潜在预测变量,具体结果见图5。由图5可知,三种方法共同确定了6个特征变量,分别是GGT、AST、IGF-1、CysC、BMI、ALB。
考虑到IGF-1在日常临床实践中可能不会常规测量,故本研究选择其他5个特征变量构建Cox比例风险模型。Cox模型结果显示, ALB是肝硬化发生的保护因素[HR=0.91,95% CI: 0.88~0.93,P<0.005];而GGT、AST、CysC和体质量指数BMI是肝硬化的独立危险因素(P<0.05),其中CysC危害最大[HR=2.51,95% CI: 2.22~2.83,P<0.005],见图6。同时,本研究建立了用于肝硬化发病风险预测列线图,见图7。由图7可知,列线图中总分是相关预测变量对应的分数之和,根据个体风险总分可预测该个体发生肝硬化的概率大小。
为了评价各肝硬化发病风险预测模型的预测性能,本研究采用ROC曲线下面积大小,分别比较了本研究构建的预测模型、FIB-4评分模型和APRI评分模型的预测性能大小。研究结果显示,在训练集中,三个模型的AUC分别为0.827(0.806~0.848)、0.665(0.637~0.693)、0.740(0.713~0.766);在验证集中,三个模型的AUC分别0.811(0.776~0.845)、0.664(0.621~0.708)和0.711(0.668~0.755),结果见图8。本研究构建的预测模型,在训练集和验证集中的预测性能均优于传统评分的预测模型,模型之间的效能差异均有统计学意义(Delong检验P<0.05)。
为了评价模型的临床决策诊断性能,本研究分别采用净重新分类指数(NIR)和综合判别改善指数(IDI)对本研究构建的肝硬化发病风险预测模型与传统FIB-4评分模型、APRI评分模型进行了对比分析。研究结果显示,本研究构建的肝硬化发病风险预测模型,其净NRI 和IDI均表现出显著优势(P<0.001),且在训练集和测试集中的结果一致性较高,具体结果见表4。
肝硬化是全球常见的死亡病因之一,预计未来10年肝硬化相关死亡人数将增加[13]。因此,积极开发肝硬化早期发病风险预测模型具有重要临床意义[3]。本研究分别采用XGBoost算法、Lasso-Cox回归和随机生存森林三种机器学习算法,并结合临床应用实际,共筛选的5个关键特征变量,其中包含BMI和4个生物标志物,分别是GGT、AST、CysC、ALB。并基于筛选的5个关键特征变量构建了肝硬化发病风险预测模型。研究结果显示,GGT、AST、CysC和BMI是肝硬化发生的独立危险因素,ALB是其独立保护因素。该研究结果与其他研究结果相似。
谷丙转氨酶(GGT)已被广泛研究并证实是肝脏疾病的重要生物标志物。研究表明,GGT水平的升高常常提示着肝脏功能的损害和肝纤维化的进展[14-15]。AST水平的升高与肝硬化的进展密切相关。相关研究表明,AST不仅反映了肝细胞的损伤,还与肝脏纤维化的程度成正比[16]。导致AST升高的机制是肝纤维化的进展可能会损害AST 清除,从而导致其在血液中保留[17]。因此,AST水平的提高为预测肝硬化的严重程度和进展提供了重要线索。
最新研究表明,胱抑素C(CysC)作为一个新兴的生物标志物[18],在纤维化疾病的预测中具有较高的特异性和价值[19],CysC水平的升高与肝纤维化进展密切相关[20-21]。这与本研究的结果高度一致。另外,本研究结果表明,BMI是肝硬化的潜在危险因素之一,其原因可能与肥胖引起的代谢紊乱及其对肝脏的负面影响有关。有研究表明,肥胖是西方国家人口研究中肝硬化发病的独立危险因素[22-23]。
综上所述,本研究采用多种生物标志物及关键指标构建的肝硬化发病风险预测模型可为一般人群肝硬化早期筛查提供实践依据。然而,本研究也存在一定局限性。首先,本研究主要基于横断面数据开展的研究,因此该研究无法确定变量之间的因果时序关系,可能导致关联估计具有一定偏差。其次,本研究所用数据库为UK Biobank数据,该数据库主要为英国人群,因此本研究所得结论在其他人群中是否成立,需要进一步通过外部人群验证。最后,尽管本研究人群样本量较大,但是随访期间肝硬化病例数量有限,可能会影响研究结果的统计学效能和外推性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(81803337; 81872719)
  • 山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2023MH313)
  • 山东省高等学校青创人才引育计划项目(2019-6-156,Lu-Jiao)
  • 山东省本科高校教学改革研究项目(M2024137)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506471
  • 接收时间:2025-06-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-28
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(81803337; 81872719)
山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2023MH313)
山东省高等学校青创人才引育计划项目(2019-6-156,Lu-Jiao)
山东省本科高校教学改革研究项目(M2024137)
作者信息
    1.山东第二医科大学公共卫生学院卫生统计学教研室,山东 潍坊 261053
    2.山东第二医科大学人事处

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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