Article(id=1322609056120946825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322609030938346427, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506172, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749484800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793264171867, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793264171867, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793264171867, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793264171867, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322609030938346427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='22', pageStart='4033', pageEnd='4224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793264165863, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793264299902, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322609593264489401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322609030938346427, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322609593264489402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322609030938346427, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4065, endPage=4071, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322609058155184266, articleId=1322609056120946825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Incidence and risk factors of hypertension among patients with type 2 diabetes under standardized management, Hotan City, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the incidence of hypertension(HTN)among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)under standardized management in Hotan City, and to explore its associated risk factors.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 1 053 T2DM patients without baseline hypertension who underwent continuous health examinations from 2016 to 2023 in Hotan, Xinjiang. With new-onset hypertension as the endpoint event, their physical examination data were collected and analyzed. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to analyze the relevant influencing factors.

Results

The average follow-up period was 4.29 years. The incidence density of hypertension among T2DM patients under standardized management was 134.66/1 000 person-years(95% CI: 124.18-145.80), with a 5-year cumulative incidence rate of 48.81%(95% CI: 45.79-51.83).The Cox regression analysis indicated that age ≥60 years(HR=3.41, 95% CI: 2.59-4.49), retirement(HR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.07-2.41), increased waist circumference(HR=1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.02), and positive urinary protein(HR=1.92, 95% CI: 1.05-3.51)were independent risk factors. Male gender was a protective factor(HR=0.81, 95% CI: 0.68-0.96). A non-linear, J-shaped relationship was observed between baseline systolic blood pressure and the risk of hypertension, with the risk significantly increasing when SBP exceeded approximately 115 mmHg.

Conclusion

The risk of hypertension remains high among T2DM patients under standardized management in Hotan City. It is imperative to strengthen risk assessment and management for high-risk populations, including the elderly, females, retirees, individuals with abdominal obesity, and those with positive urinary protein. For T2DM patients with elevated systolic blood pressure, intensive, full-course blood pressure monitoring and management are necessary to achieve early identification and effective control of hypertension.

, authors=Jing-jin WANG1, Yin-xia SU2, Tian-yuan SU3, Yun-long LI1, Hua YAO4, Yu-kai LI5, authorsList=Jing-jin WANG, Yin-xia SU, Tian-yuan SU, Yun-long LI, Hua YAO, Yu-kai LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu-kai LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322609063989461155, articleId=1322609056120946825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=和田市规范化管理2型糖尿病患者高血压发病率与影响因素研究, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

调研和田市规范化管理2型糖尿病(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, T2DM)患者高血压(Hypertension, HTN)发病情况,并探讨其影响因素。

方法

对2016—2023年新疆和田市1 053例基线无高血压且连续参加体检的T2DM患者进行回顾性队列研究;以新发高血压为终点事件,收集并分析其体检数据;采用多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析相关影响因素。

结果

平均随访4.29年,规范化管理T2DM患者高血压发病密度为134.66/1 000人年(95% CI:124.18~145.80),5年累积发病率为48.81%(95% CI:45.79~51.83)。Cox回归分析显示,年龄≥60岁(HR=3.41,95% CI:2.59~4.49)、退休(HR=1.60, 95% CI:1.07~2.41)、腰围增大(HR=1.01,95% CI:1.00~1.02)和尿蛋白阳性(HR=1.92, 95% CI:1.05~3.51)是独立危险因素,男性是保护性因素(HR=0.81, 95% CI:0.68~0.96);基线收缩压与发病风险呈非线性相关,整体趋势呈J型,当收缩压超过约115 mmHg时,发病风险呈显著增加。

结论

和田市规范化管理T2DM患者高血压发病风险仍较高,应加强对高龄、女性、退休、腹型肥胖、尿蛋白阳性等高危人群的风险评估与管理。对收缩压偏高的患者,强化全程血压监测与管理,实现高血压早期识别与有效控制。

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王精金(1997—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:糖尿病管理

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李豫凯,E-mail:
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caption=新发高血压影响因素的Cox回归森林图, figureFileSmall=N/yDTuYMNwRmyQ3zSResFQ==, figureFileBig=+CMJQsULIAfUzUPgJ9uJOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322609071589540059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609056120946825, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Dose-response relationship between baseline SBP and the risk of incident HTN, figureFileSmall=RjlChiVH+g4cJwW6JX3Aqg==, figureFileBig=+2MtnWG82mWklY8zHrhSAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322609071748923612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609056120946825, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基线收缩压的剂量——反应图, figureFileSmall=RjlChiVH+g4cJwW6JX3Aqg==, figureFileBig=+2MtnWG82mWklY8zHrhSAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322609071950250205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609056120946825, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of baseline characteristics between groups

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变量1总体
(n=1 053)
结局t/χ2/WP值
未患高血压
(n=444)
患高血压
(n=609)
年龄[, 岁]46.8±11.141.8±10.050.4±10.4-13.49<0.001
性别[n(%)]3.900.048
女性591(56.1)233(52.5)358(58.8)
男性462(43.9)211(47.5)251(41.2)
教育程度[n(%)]23.15<0.001
小学及以下560(53.2)202(45.5)358(58.8)
初中405(38.5)208(46.8)197(32.3)
高中/中专/技校68(6.5)27(6.1)41(6.7)
大专及以上20(1.9)7(1.6)13(2.1)
职业类型[n(%)]22.85<0.001
体力劳动者678(64.4)312(70.3)366(60.1)
商业/服务业人员111(10.5)46(10.4)65(10.7)
管理/技术人员36(3.4)13(2.9)23(3.8)
不在业人员51(4.8)19(4.3)32(5.3)
退休人员50(4.7)7(1.6)43(7.1)
其他127(12.1)47(10.6)80(13.1)
高血压家族史[n(%)]1.150.283
无977(92.8)407(91.7)570(93.6)
有76(7.2)37(8.3)39(6.4)
PR [, 次/分钟)]a82.1±10.181.8±9.782.4±10.4-0.810.420
腰围[, cm]a94.6±13.593.0±13.395.8±13.6-3.280.001
SBP[, mmHg]115.6±11.4113.0±10.8117.4±11.5-6.28<0.001
DBP[, mmHg]72.2±8.370.9±8.473.2±8.2-4.35<0.001
BMI[, kg/m2)]28.2±4.828.0±4.928.3±4.7-1.070.284
FPG[M(Q1, Q3), mmol/L]a5.4(4.7,6.8)5.3(4.6,6.5)5.5(4.7,7.1)120 2440.109
TG[M(Q1, Q3), mmol/L]a1.7(1.1,2.4)1.7(1.1,2.1)1.7(1.1,2.5)102 8710.276
HDL-C[M(Q1, Q3), mmol/L]a1.1(0.9,1.5)1.2(0.9,1.5)1.1(0.9,1.4)49 9300.466
non-HDL-C[, mmol/L)a3.3±1.63.1±1.43.5±1.7-2.810.005
尿蛋白[n(%)]a4.750.029
阴性976(98.4)418(99.5)558(97.6)
阳性16(1.6)2(0.5)14(2.4)
eGFR [M(Q1, Q3),mL/min/1.73 m2]a96.7(75.3, 111.8)100.8(79.2, 115.8)93.7(72.9, 108.6)153 631<0.001
锻炼频率[n(%)]1.930.587
不锻炼673(63.9)285(64.2)388(63.7)
偶尔78(7.4)30(6.8)48(7.9)
每周一次以上26(2.5)14(3.2)12(2.0)
每天锻炼276(26.2)115(25.9)161(26.4)
饮食习惯[n(%)]1.780.410
荤素均衡989(93.9)412(92.8)577(94.7)
荤食为主23(2.2)12(2.7)11(1.8)
素食为主41(3.9)20(4.5)21(3.4)
吸烟状况[n(%)]-0.420
从不吸烟1 020(96.9)428(96.4)592(97.2)
现在吸烟26(2.5)14(3.2)12(2.0)
已戒烟7(0.7)2(0.5)5(0.8)
), ArticleFig(id=1322609072038330590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609056120946825, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

调查对象的基本情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量1总体
(n=1 053)
结局t/χ2/WP值
未患高血压
(n=444)
患高血压
(n=609)
年龄[, 岁]46.8±11.141.8±10.050.4±10.4-13.49<0.001
性别[n(%)]3.900.048
女性591(56.1)233(52.5)358(58.8)
男性462(43.9)211(47.5)251(41.2)
教育程度[n(%)]23.15<0.001
小学及以下560(53.2)202(45.5)358(58.8)
初中405(38.5)208(46.8)197(32.3)
高中/中专/技校68(6.5)27(6.1)41(6.7)
大专及以上20(1.9)7(1.6)13(2.1)
职业类型[n(%)]22.85<0.001
体力劳动者678(64.4)312(70.3)366(60.1)
商业/服务业人员111(10.5)46(10.4)65(10.7)
管理/技术人员36(3.4)13(2.9)23(3.8)
不在业人员51(4.8)19(4.3)32(5.3)
退休人员50(4.7)7(1.6)43(7.1)
其他127(12.1)47(10.6)80(13.1)
高血压家族史[n(%)]1.150.283
无977(92.8)407(91.7)570(93.6)
有76(7.2)37(8.3)39(6.4)
PR [, 次/分钟)]a82.1±10.181.8±9.782.4±10.4-0.810.420
腰围[, cm]a94.6±13.593.0±13.395.8±13.6-3.280.001
SBP[, mmHg]115.6±11.4113.0±10.8117.4±11.5-6.28<0.001
DBP[, mmHg]72.2±8.370.9±8.473.2±8.2-4.35<0.001
BMI[, kg/m2)]28.2±4.828.0±4.928.3±4.7-1.070.284
FPG[M(Q1, Q3), mmol/L]a5.4(4.7,6.8)5.3(4.6,6.5)5.5(4.7,7.1)120 2440.109
TG[M(Q1, Q3), mmol/L]a1.7(1.1,2.4)1.7(1.1,2.1)1.7(1.1,2.5)102 8710.276
HDL-C[M(Q1, Q3), mmol/L]a1.1(0.9,1.5)1.2(0.9,1.5)1.1(0.9,1.4)49 9300.466
non-HDL-C[, mmol/L)a3.3±1.63.1±1.43.5±1.7-2.810.005
尿蛋白[n(%)]a4.750.029
阴性976(98.4)418(99.5)558(97.6)
阳性16(1.6)2(0.5)14(2.4)
eGFR [M(Q1, Q3),mL/min/1.73 m2]a96.7(75.3, 111.8)100.8(79.2, 115.8)93.7(72.9, 108.6)153 631<0.001
锻炼频率[n(%)]1.930.587
不锻炼673(63.9)285(64.2)388(63.7)
偶尔78(7.4)30(6.8)48(7.9)
每周一次以上26(2.5)14(3.2)12(2.0)
每天锻炼276(26.2)115(25.9)161(26.4)
饮食习惯[n(%)]1.780.410
荤素均衡989(93.9)412(92.8)577(94.7)
荤食为主23(2.2)12(2.7)11(1.8)
素食为主41(3.9)20(4.5)21(3.4)
吸烟状况[n(%)]-0.420
从不吸烟1 020(96.9)428(96.4)592(97.2)
现在吸烟26(2.5)14(3.2)12(2.0)
已戒烟7(0.7)2(0.5)5(0.8)
), ArticleFig(id=1322609072122216671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609056120946825, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Incidence density and cumulative incidence stratified by participant characteristics, and their inter-group comparison

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量人数
(n)
事件数
(n)
人年数
(PY)
发病密度
(/1 000 PY, 95% CI)
5年累积发病率
(%, 95% CI)
P值
总体1 0536094 522134.66(124.18~145.80)48.81(45.79~51.83)
年龄(岁)<0.001
<454281602 20872.48(61.68~84.62)30.84(26.47~35.22)
45~594873321 900174.76(156.47~194.61)57.70(53.31~62.09)
≥60138117415281.94(233.17~337.90)73.19(65.80~80.58)
性别0.049
女性5913582 488143.90(129.38~159.60)51.44(47.41~55.47)
男性4622512 034123.37(108.58~139.62)45.45(40.91~50.00)
BMI(kg/m2)0.337
偏瘦(<18.5)9533150.9(49.0~352.2)55.6(23.1~88.0)
正常(18.5~23.9)18095841113.0(91.4~138.1)42.2(35.0~49.5)
超重(24~27.9)3472061 460141.1(122.5~161.8)48.7(43.5~54.0)
肥胖(≥28)5173032 188138.5(123.3~155.0)51.1(46.8~55.4)
腰围(cm)0.017
女性<8513369602114.69(89.24~145.15)44.01(35.50~52.52)
女性≥854582891 886153.21(136.06~171.94)53.60(49.02~58.18)
男性<9015482715114.73(91.25~142.41)41.06(33.05~49.07)
男性≥903081691 320128.06(109.48~148.88)47.55(41.98~53.13)
SBP(mmHg)<0.001
<1205892982 758108.03(96.12~121.02)42.11(38.12~46.09)
120~1293091931 246154.87(133.79~178.33)52.43(46.86~58.00)
130~139155118518227.91(188.64~272.93)67.10(59.70~74.49)
教育程度<0.001
小学及以下5603582 284156.71(140.90~173.82)53.93(49.80~58.06)
初中4051971 896103.90(89.89~119.46)40.74(35.96~45.53)
高中/中专/技校6841272151.00(108.36~204.85)51.47(39.59~63.35)
大专及以上201370185.03(98.52~316.41)60.00(38.53~81.47)
职业类型<0.001
体力劳动者6783663 031120.73(108.68~133.76)45.13(41.39~48.88)
商业/服务业人员11165499130.27(100.54~166.04)41.44(32.28~50.61)
管理/技术人员3623148155.67(98.68~233.58)58.33(42.23~74.44)
不在业人员5132195163.93(112.13~231.42)58.82(45.32~72.33)
退休人员5043137313.32(226.75~422.03)80.00(68.91~91.09)
其他12780512156.33(123.96~194.57)55.91(47.27~64.54)
高血压家族史0.228
无9775704 173136.59(125.61~148.28)49.13(46.00~52.26)
有7639349111.65(79.40~152.64)44.74(33.56~55.92)
锻炼频率0.649
不锻炼6733882 878134.81(121.73~148.92)49.03(45.26~52.81)
偶尔锻炼7848339141.70(104.48~187.87)47.44(36.35~58.52)
每周一次以上261212794.67(48.92~165.37)38.46(19.76~57.16)
每天2761611 179136.59(116.30~159.39)49.64(43.74~55.54)
饮食习惯0.486
荤食为主2311108102.02(50.93~182.54)39.13(19.18~59.08)
素食为主4121184114.23(70.71~174.61)41.46(26.38~56.54)
荤素均衡9895774 231136.39(125.48~147.98)49.34(46.23~52.46)
吸烟状况0.605
从不吸烟1 0205924 373135.37(124.69~146.73)49.22(46.15~52.28)
已经戒烟7533152.98(49.67~357.01)28.57(0.00~62.04)
现在吸烟2612117102.93(53.19~179.80)38.46(19.76~57.16)
FPG(mmol/L)0.307
<7.07974523 451130.97(119.18~143.62)48.02(44.53~51.50)
≥7.02561571 071146.56(124.53~171.36)51.27(45.09~57.45)
HDL-C(mmol/L)0.162
女性<1.33532121 482143.07(124.45~163.68)51.45(45.93~56.97)
女性≥1.32381461 006145.12(122.54~170.67)51.44(44.44~58.44)
男性<1.0180102786129.82(105.85~157.59)47.30(39.25~55.35)
男性≥1.02821491 249119.32(100.93~140.09)44.32(38.24~50.40)
eGFR(mL/min/1.73m2)0.073
<6014394582161.57(130.56~197.72)54.97(46.77~63.17)
60~893031821 279142.26(122.34~164.50)50.40(44.75~56.06)
≥906073332 661125.13(112.05~139.32)46.56(42.58~50.54)
尿蛋白0.018
阳性191566225.71(126.33~372.27)69.93(47.26~92.61)
阴性1 0345944 456133.31(122.80~144.47)48.44(45.39~51.49)
), ArticleFig(id=1322609072222879968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322609056120946825, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同特征研究对象的发病密度、累积发病率及其组间比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量人数
(n)
事件数
(n)
人年数
(PY)
发病密度
(/1 000 PY, 95% CI)
5年累积发病率
(%, 95% CI)
P值
总体1 0536094 522134.66(124.18~145.80)48.81(45.79~51.83)
年龄(岁)<0.001
<454281602 20872.48(61.68~84.62)30.84(26.47~35.22)
45~594873321 900174.76(156.47~194.61)57.70(53.31~62.09)
≥60138117415281.94(233.17~337.90)73.19(65.80~80.58)
性别0.049
女性5913582 488143.90(129.38~159.60)51.44(47.41~55.47)
男性4622512 034123.37(108.58~139.62)45.45(40.91~50.00)
BMI(kg/m2)0.337
偏瘦(<18.5)9533150.9(49.0~352.2)55.6(23.1~88.0)
正常(18.5~23.9)18095841113.0(91.4~138.1)42.2(35.0~49.5)
超重(24~27.9)3472061 460141.1(122.5~161.8)48.7(43.5~54.0)
肥胖(≥28)5173032 188138.5(123.3~155.0)51.1(46.8~55.4)
腰围(cm)0.017
女性<8513369602114.69(89.24~145.15)44.01(35.50~52.52)
女性≥854582891 886153.21(136.06~171.94)53.60(49.02~58.18)
男性<9015482715114.73(91.25~142.41)41.06(33.05~49.07)
男性≥903081691 320128.06(109.48~148.88)47.55(41.98~53.13)
SBP(mmHg)<0.001
<1205892982 758108.03(96.12~121.02)42.11(38.12~46.09)
120~1293091931 246154.87(133.79~178.33)52.43(46.86~58.00)
130~139155118518227.91(188.64~272.93)67.10(59.70~74.49)
教育程度<0.001
小学及以下5603582 284156.71(140.90~173.82)53.93(49.80~58.06)
初中4051971 896103.90(89.89~119.46)40.74(35.96~45.53)
高中/中专/技校6841272151.00(108.36~204.85)51.47(39.59~63.35)
大专及以上201370185.03(98.52~316.41)60.00(38.53~81.47)
职业类型<0.001
体力劳动者6783663 031120.73(108.68~133.76)45.13(41.39~48.88)
商业/服务业人员11165499130.27(100.54~166.04)41.44(32.28~50.61)
管理/技术人员3623148155.67(98.68~233.58)58.33(42.23~74.44)
不在业人员5132195163.93(112.13~231.42)58.82(45.32~72.33)
退休人员5043137313.32(226.75~422.03)80.00(68.91~91.09)
其他12780512156.33(123.96~194.57)55.91(47.27~64.54)
高血压家族史0.228
无9775704 173136.59(125.61~148.28)49.13(46.00~52.26)
有7639349111.65(79.40~152.64)44.74(33.56~55.92)
锻炼频率0.649
不锻炼6733882 878134.81(121.73~148.92)49.03(45.26~52.81)
偶尔锻炼7848339141.70(104.48~187.87)47.44(36.35~58.52)
每周一次以上261212794.67(48.92~165.37)38.46(19.76~57.16)
每天2761611 179136.59(116.30~159.39)49.64(43.74~55.54)
饮食习惯0.486
荤食为主2311108102.02(50.93~182.54)39.13(19.18~59.08)
素食为主4121184114.23(70.71~174.61)41.46(26.38~56.54)
荤素均衡9895774 231136.39(125.48~147.98)49.34(46.23~52.46)
吸烟状况0.605
从不吸烟1 0205924 373135.37(124.69~146.73)49.22(46.15~52.28)
已经戒烟7533152.98(49.67~357.01)28.57(0.00~62.04)
现在吸烟2612117102.93(53.19~179.80)38.46(19.76~57.16)
FPG(mmol/L)0.307
<7.07974523 451130.97(119.18~143.62)48.02(44.53~51.50)
≥7.02561571 071146.56(124.53~171.36)51.27(45.09~57.45)
HDL-C(mmol/L)0.162
女性<1.33532121 482143.07(124.45~163.68)51.45(45.93~56.97)
女性≥1.32381461 006145.12(122.54~170.67)51.44(44.44~58.44)
男性<1.0180102786129.82(105.85~157.59)47.30(39.25~55.35)
男性≥1.02821491 249119.32(100.93~140.09)44.32(38.24~50.40)
eGFR(mL/min/1.73m2)0.073
<6014394582161.57(130.56~197.72)54.97(46.77~63.17)
60~893031821 279142.26(122.34~164.50)50.40(44.75~56.06)
≥906073332 661125.13(112.05~139.32)46.56(42.58~50.54)
尿蛋白0.018
阳性191566225.71(126.33~372.27)69.93(47.26~92.61)
阴性1 0345944 456133.31(122.80~144.47)48.44(45.39~51.49)
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和田市规范化管理2型糖尿病患者高血压发病率与影响因素研究
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王精金 1 , 苏银霞 2 , 苏天园 3 , 李云龙 1 , 姚华 4 , 李豫凯 5
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(22): 4065-4071
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2025 , 52 (22) : 4065 -4071
和田市规范化管理2型糖尿病患者高血压发病率与影响因素研究
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王精金(1997—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:糖尿病管理

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王精金1, 苏银霞2, 苏天园3, 李云龙1, 姚华4, 李豫凯5
作者信息
  • 1.新疆医科大学公共卫生学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 2.新疆医科大学医学工程技术学院
  • 3.新疆医科大学第一附属医院远程医学中心
  • 4.新疆医科大学第一附属医院健康管理研究所
  • 5.伊犁师范大学
通讯作者:
李豫凯,E-mail:
作者简介:

王精金(1997—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:糖尿病管理

Incidence and risk factors of hypertension among patients with type 2 diabetes under standardized management, Hotan City
Jing-jin WANG1, Yin-xia SU2, Tian-yuan SU3, Yun-long LI1, Hua YAO4, Yu-kai LI5
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506172
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目的

调研和田市规范化管理2型糖尿病(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, T2DM)患者高血压(Hypertension, HTN)发病情况,并探讨其影响因素。

方法

对2016—2023年新疆和田市1 053例基线无高血压且连续参加体检的T2DM患者进行回顾性队列研究;以新发高血压为终点事件,收集并分析其体检数据;采用多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析相关影响因素。

结果

平均随访4.29年,规范化管理T2DM患者高血压发病密度为134.66/1 000人年(95% CI:124.18~145.80),5年累积发病率为48.81%(95% CI:45.79~51.83)。Cox回归分析显示,年龄≥60岁(HR=3.41,95% CI:2.59~4.49)、退休(HR=1.60, 95% CI:1.07~2.41)、腰围增大(HR=1.01,95% CI:1.00~1.02)和尿蛋白阳性(HR=1.92, 95% CI:1.05~3.51)是独立危险因素,男性是保护性因素(HR=0.81, 95% CI:0.68~0.96);基线收缩压与发病风险呈非线性相关,整体趋势呈J型,当收缩压超过约115 mmHg时,发病风险呈显著增加。

结论

和田市规范化管理T2DM患者高血压发病风险仍较高,应加强对高龄、女性、退休、腹型肥胖、尿蛋白阳性等高危人群的风险评估与管理。对收缩压偏高的患者,强化全程血压监测与管理,实现高血压早期识别与有效控制。

T2DM患者  /  高血压  /  发病率  /  影响因素
Objective

To investigate the incidence of hypertension(HTN)among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)under standardized management in Hotan City, and to explore its associated risk factors.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 1 053 T2DM patients without baseline hypertension who underwent continuous health examinations from 2016 to 2023 in Hotan, Xinjiang. With new-onset hypertension as the endpoint event, their physical examination data were collected and analyzed. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to analyze the relevant influencing factors.

Results

The average follow-up period was 4.29 years. The incidence density of hypertension among T2DM patients under standardized management was 134.66/1 000 person-years(95% CI: 124.18-145.80), with a 5-year cumulative incidence rate of 48.81%(95% CI: 45.79-51.83).The Cox regression analysis indicated that age ≥60 years(HR=3.41, 95% CI: 2.59-4.49), retirement(HR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.07-2.41), increased waist circumference(HR=1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.02), and positive urinary protein(HR=1.92, 95% CI: 1.05-3.51)were independent risk factors. Male gender was a protective factor(HR=0.81, 95% CI: 0.68-0.96). A non-linear, J-shaped relationship was observed between baseline systolic blood pressure and the risk of hypertension, with the risk significantly increasing when SBP exceeded approximately 115 mmHg.

Conclusion

The risk of hypertension remains high among T2DM patients under standardized management in Hotan City. It is imperative to strengthen risk assessment and management for high-risk populations, including the elderly, females, retirees, individuals with abdominal obesity, and those with positive urinary protein. For T2DM patients with elevated systolic blood pressure, intensive, full-course blood pressure monitoring and management are necessary to achieve early identification and effective control of hypertension.

T2DM patients  /  Hypertension  /  Incidence  /  Risk factors
王精金, 苏银霞, 苏天园, 李云龙, 姚华, 李豫凯. 和田市规范化管理2型糖尿病患者高血压发病率与影响因素研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (22) : 4065 -4071 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506172
Jing-jin WANG, Yin-xia SU, Tian-yuan SU, Yun-long LI, Hua YAO, Yu-kai LI. Incidence and risk factors of hypertension among patients with type 2 diabetes under standardized management, Hotan City[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (22) : 4065 -4071 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506172
2型糖尿病(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, T2DM)是严重的慢性代谢性疾病,患病形势日趋严峻。据2024年国际糖尿病联盟数据显示,我国糖尿病患者已超过1.4亿人,其中T2DM占90%以上[1],给国家卫生体系带来沉重负担。高血压(Hypertension, HTN)是T2DM的合并症之一,在T2DM患者中患病率高达50%左右[2],T2DM合并高血压患者的心血管事件风险较单纯T2DM患者增加2~4倍,糖尿病肾病风险增加3倍以上,全因死亡率约高1.5倍[3]。与糖尿病肾病、视网膜病变等微血管并发症相比,高血压作为一种常见的合并症,早期通过及时干预往往能够得到高效的控制[4]。因此,在T2DM患者中加强血压管理成为降低远期并发症负担的重要策略。
现有研究揭示T2DM人群高血压的一般流行规律:发病风险随年龄增长而上升,存在明显地域分布差异,年龄、性别、生活方式、肾功能等是其主要影响因素[5]。但由于不同地区人群特征和暴露因素的差异,研究结果并不完全一致,因此有必要开展针对特定地区的研究。和田市位于新疆南部,是我国典型的低卫生资源地区。当地的民族构成、饮食结构和生活习惯可能使糖尿病患者高血压的发病特点具有一定的地域特色。和田多年来持续开展糖尿病规范化管理工作,为开展相关研究提供了良好的基础。本研究基于和田市糖尿病规范化管理患者的健康体检数据,通过回顾性队列分析,探讨该地区T2DM患者高血压的发病情况及危险因素,为当地T2DM管理策略的制定和完善提供科学依据。
本研究选取2016—2023年和田市糖尿病规范化管理项目中连续参加健康体检的3 865名T2DM患者。数据来源于该项目的体检数据库。纳入标准:(1)经二级及以上医疗机构确诊的T2DM患者,并纳入规范化管理;(2)年龄≥18岁。排除标准:(1)基线时已诊断高血压或有高血压病史;(2)基线时有抗高血压药物服用记录;(3)确诊患有显著影响血压水平或干扰血压准确评估的疾病的患者;(4)核心指标(如血压、血脂四项等)完全缺失导致无法判断结局或影响分析;最终共纳入1 053名,见图1。本研究已获新疆医科大学伦理委员会审核批准(XJYKDXR20220725002),所有参与者均签署知情同意书。
包括一般人口学特征(年龄、性别、教育程度等)、生活方式(饮食习惯、锻炼频率和吸烟状况等)、体格检查(身高、体重、腰围、收缩压(Systolic Blood Pressure, SBP)、舒张压(Diastolic Blood Pressure,DBP)和脉率(Pulse Rate, PR))高血压家族史、服药情况、实验室指标、(空腹血糖(Fasting Plasma Glucose, FPG)、尿蛋白、血清肌酐(Serum Creatinine,SCr)、总胆固醇(Total Cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯 (Triglycerides, TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, LDL-C))。
随访期从2016年完成基线评估并确认无高血压后开始,至2023年12月31日或发生结局事件(新发高血压、失访、死亡)时终止。通过调阅体检数据库获取随访资料,包括血压测量数据、医疗机构高血压诊断记录和抗高血压药物使用情况。
体重指数(Body Mass Index, BMI)=体重/身高2,按《肥胖症诊疗指南(2024年版)》标准进行分类:低体重(<18.5 kg/m2),正常体重 (18.5~23.9 kg/m2),超重 (24.0~27.9 kg/m2),及肥胖 (≥28.0 kg/m2)。估算肾小球滤过率 (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, eGFR)采用2021年慢性肾脏病流行病学合作组织肌酐公式进行计算。非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, non-HDL-C)=TC–HDL-C,单位为 mmol/L。
以新发高血压作为结局。诊断标准为随访期间出现以下任一情况:(1)按照《中国高血压防治指南(2024年修订版)》标准,非同日内至少两次测量显示SBP ≥ 140 mmHg 和/或DBP ≥ 90 mmHg;(2)经专科医生诊断为高血压的患者;(3)患者开始使用降压药物。血压测量前至少静坐5分钟,并在30分钟内避免摄入咖啡因及吸烟。每次连续测量3遍,以后2次读数的平均值作为最终结果。
统计分析采用R 4.5.0完成。符合正态分布的计量资料以表示,偏态分布以中位数(四分位距)[M(Q1, Q3)]表示;分类变量以频数(构成比)[n(%)]表示。组间差异比较根据分布特征采用t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验、χ2检验或Fisher精确检验。对存在缺失值的协变量进行多重插补,生成30个插补数据集,迭代60次。新发高血压的发病密度以例/1 000人年及95%置信区间(95%Confidence Intervals, 95% CI)表示。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算累计发病率并绘制生存曲线,Log-rank检验比较不同亚组间的差异。采用Cox比例风险回归模型识别危险因素,检验和处理模型连续变量的线性假设,比例风险假设,对违反线性假设的变量以限制立方样条(Restricted Cubic Splines, RCS)进行拟合。所有分析均在每个插补数据集上独立进行,采用Rubin规则合并结果以获HR, 95% CI和P值。检验水准α=0.05。
1 053例T2DM患者中,男性462人(43.9%),女性591人(56.1%);平均年龄46.8岁;教育程度以小学及以下为主(560人,53.2%);体力劳动者占比最高(678人,64.4%);76例(7.2%)患者有高血压家族史;生活方式上,大多数患者缺乏锻炼(673人,63.9%),非吸烟者(1 020人,96.9%)和饮食均衡(989人,93.9%)占多数。中位随访时间5.4年,随访期间新发高血压609例。新发高血压患者与非高血压患者在年龄、性别、教育程度、职业类型、腰围、SBP、DBP和non-HDL-C、尿蛋白、eGFR上均存在差异,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表1。
本研究总观察人年数为4 522人年,总体发病密度为134.66/1 000人年(95% CI:124.18~145.80),5年累积发病率为48.81%(95% CI:45.79~51.83)。Log-Rank检验显示,年龄、性别、腰围、基线SBP、教育程度、职业类型和尿蛋白检测结果的各个组间风险均存在显著差异(P<0.05),见表2。年龄和基线SBP有明显的风险梯度趋势,见图2A,B。女性发病率高于男性(51.44% vs 45.45%)。腰围超标组(女性≥85 cm,男性≥90 cm)发病率比正常组升高21.8%和15.8%。在教育程度方面,大专及以上组发病率最高(60.00%),初中组最低(40.74%)。职业类型,退休人员的发病率最高,比体力劳动者高1.78倍。实验室指标上,尿蛋白阳性患者的发病率显著高于阴性患者(69.93% vs 48.44%)。其他变量不同分组间的发病风险差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
Cox多因素回归分析结果显示,见图3。年龄、性别、退休人员、腰围、尿蛋白阳性与T2DM患者发生高血压风险显著相关(均P<0.05)。以年龄<45岁组为参照,45~59岁组患者发生高血压的风险是其2.06倍(HR=2.06,95% CI:1.67~2.54),而≥60岁组风险则升高至3.41倍(HR=3.41,95% CI:2.59~4.49);性别上,男性患者发生高血压的风险比女性低19%(HR=0.81,95% CI:0.68~0.96);职业类别中,退休人员与体力劳动者相比,风险显著增加60%(HR=1.60,95% CI:1.07~2.41);体格指标上,腰围每增加1 cm,风险增加1%(HR=1.01,95% CI:1.00~1.02);肾功能方面,尿蛋白阳性患者发生高血压的风险是阴性患者的1.92倍(HR=1.92,95% CI:1.05~3.51)。限制性立方样条分析显示,见图4。SBP(P整体<0.001, P非线性项=0.002)水平与新发高血压风险呈J型关系,风险在约105 mmHg时达到最低。以115 mmHg为参照,当SBP从最低点开始升高时,发病风险随之增加,超过115 mmHg后风险增加显著,当收缩压达到140 mmHg时,风险升高至约2.5倍。
本研究结果显示,和田市规范管理T2DM患者高血压发病密度为134.66/1 000人年,5年累积发病率达48.81%,高于国内外既往研究。He等研究显示[6],基线血压正常的T2DM患者在平均随访4年后,累积发病率为39.5%;沙特阿拉伯队列研究显示[7],T2DM患者5年发病密度为55.90/1 000人年。产生差异的原因可能与研究设计、结局评估方法以及研究对象风险暴露不同有关。提示,和田市规范管理T2DM患者新发高血压风险较高,有必要进一步识别相关危险因素。
本研究显示,年龄是T2DM患者发生高血压的危险因素,风险呈递增趋势,45岁后风险显著增加,结果与既往研究一致[8]。年龄增长会导致血管弹性下降和动脉壁硬化等生理变化,增加高血压风险[9-13]。建议强化对该地区中老年T2DM患者的血压监测与早期筛查,根据年龄分层制定差异化的血压管理方案。男性新发高血压风险比女性低19%,虽然研究结论尚不完全一致。但有研究提出[14],女性风险增加可能与妊娠相关疾病等性别特异性因素相关,这些因素可通过慢性炎症和内分泌紊乱机制增加高血压发生风险。此外,在校正混杂因素后发现,退休人员发生高血压的风险较体力劳动者增加60%,提示退休可能作为高血压的独立危险因素。结果与既往研究一致[15-17],退休后生活方式改变可能是高血压风险增加的重要机制。因此,建议积极推广以社区为基础的健康促进项目,开展健康教育讲座,并鼓励其参与老年兴趣小组以维持社会连接和积极心态,构建多维度的健康支持体系,降低其高血压发生风险。
腰围是高血压发生的独立危险因素,结果与既往研究一致[18]。腹型肥胖以腰围增大为主要特征,通过胰岛素抵抗和慢性炎症等机制促进高血压的发生发展。由于T2DM患者本身存在基础代谢紊乱和胰岛素抵抗,不良影响可能会进一步放大。尿蛋白阳性,与新发高血压之间表现出极强的关联,与既往研究结果相符[19]。在T2DM患者中,蛋白尿不仅反映了肾脏微血管病变的进展,也是全身血管病变的重要信号,这可能是其与高血压发生密切相关的病理生理基础[20]。从实践角度看,尿蛋白检测简便易行、成本低廉,适合在基层医疗机构广泛开展,通过尿蛋白筛查可进一步识别T2DM患者中的极高危个体,实现有限医疗资源的优化配置。
RCS模型结果揭示,基线SBP与新发高血压风险间存在非线性关联。SBP在约105~115 mmHg时观察到最低的风险,当超过115 mmHg后,风险显著增长。较高的基线SBP与远期高血压发生风险相关,结果与Rao等研究一致[21]。此外,观察剂量——反应图发现,在J曲线的“左臂”,极低SBP的T2DM患者在未来发生高血压的风险略有增加。从现有文献来看,J曲线“左臂”现象多在心血管领域的研究中报道[22],并提出了相关的可能解释机制,如低灌注理论和反向因果[23]。但在以新发高血压为结局的研究中较为少见,其背后的确切机制有待通过进一步的研究阐明。
综上,本研究基于和田T2DM规范化管理队列,客观真实的反映了该人群中高血压的发病情况。通过多因素Cox分析,确认所有协变量未违反PH假设后,识别出了年龄、腰围、退休、尿蛋白阳性是独立危险因素,男性发病风险低于女性。通过RCS模型,观察到了基线SBP非线性风险变化。和田市从推行糖尿病规范化管理以来,尚未有研究探索T2DM人群高血压的发病情况及其影响因素。本研究结果,对优化该地区糖尿病规范化管理模式和实施策略具有现实参考意义。当然本研究也存在一定局限性,(1)部分实验室指标存在缺失值,虽已进行多重插补,但仍无法精准还原该人群高血压真实全貌;(2)研究对象为接受规范化管理且依从性较好的T2DM患者,可能存在偏倚,结果不能完全反映和田市T2DM整体人群的情况,外推性有待进一步探究。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区科学技术厅自然科学基金面上项目(2022D01A256; 2022D01C435)
  • 和田地区本级科学技术研究与开发计划项目(202314)
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2025年第52卷第22期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506172
  • 接收时间:2025-06-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-10
基金
新疆维吾尔自治区科学技术厅自然科学基金面上项目(2022D01A256; 2022D01C435)
和田地区本级科学技术研究与开发计划项目(202314)
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    1.新疆医科大学公共卫生学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
    2.新疆医科大学医学工程技术学院
    3.新疆医科大学第一附属医院远程医学中心
    4.新疆医科大学第一附属医院健康管理研究所
    5.伊犁师范大学

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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