Article(id=1322608343743578210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322608013010120712, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752336000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793264002023, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1762704000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793264002023, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793264002023, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793264002023, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322608013010120712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='21', pageStart='3841', pageEnd='4032', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762704000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793263923169, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793264266929, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322609454932149086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322608013010120712, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322609454932149087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322608013010120712, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4016, endPage=4024, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322608344158814307, articleId=1322608343743578210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The status of six vaccines incorporated into the childhood immunization programs across World Health Organization member countries, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The World Health Organization(WHO) recommends that membership nations incorporate multiple vaccines into their expanded program on immunization(EPI). Yet due to factors such as vaccine financing, accessibility, residents’ willingness to be vaccinated, there are disparities in the types of childhood vaccines covered by EPI across countries. Based on the WHO public data, VIEW-hub by IVAC website data, WHO member states health ministry website data, this study systematically reviewed the situation towards WHO membership nations incorporating the following six vaccines into EPI, including pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, haemophilus influenza type b vaccine, human papillomavirus vaccine, influenza vaccine, and varicella vaccine, with a view to provide evidence-based reference for optimizing the immunization program in China.

, authors=Chong-qin LI, Jing-yi PAN, Pei-bei XIONG, Lin ZHAO, Xiao-hong MA, Jun-jie YE, Xian-yan TANG, authorsList=Chong-qin LI, Jing-yi PAN, Pei-bei XIONG, Lin ZHAO, Xiao-hong MA, Jun-jie YE, Xian-yan TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xian-yan TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322608349653352562, articleId=1322608343743578210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=世界卫生组织成员国六种疫苗纳入儿童免疫规划的现状, columnId=1228016573844226129, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=疾病预防控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)建议成员国将多种疫苗纳入其扩大免疫规划(expanded program on immunization,EPI),但受疫苗筹资、可及性及接种意愿等因素影响,各国EPI覆盖的儿童疫苗种类差异显著。本文基于WHO公开数据、VIEW-hub by IVAC网站数据及成员国卫生部网站数据等资料,系统综述了肺炎球菌结合疫苗、轮状病毒疫苗、b型流感嗜血杆菌疫苗、人乳头瘤病毒疫苗、流感疫苗、水痘疫苗等六种疫苗全球纳入EPI的现状,旨在为优化我国免疫规划提供参考。

, authors=黎崇钦, 潘静怡, 熊珮贝, 赵琳, 马小红, 叶俊杰, 唐咸艳, authorsList=黎崇钦, 潘静怡, 熊珮贝, 赵琳, 马小红, 叶俊杰, 唐咸艳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=唐咸艳, authorNote=

黎崇钦(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:空间流行病学

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唐咸艳,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=DMDqKnXWrpI+5Yv7oh23ag==, magXml=EIbfPJvSPdjO/epvv+Nz5w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=IcaujrOopu7K8AcJ9IqWIA==, pdfFileSize=3890850, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=WC/beYTfgTzBMAVNZ0ifZQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=8V38l9bxpRZBRyHPJnrQnA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322608352232849527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322608352522256505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, authorId=1322608352232849527, language=EN, stringName=Chong-qin LI, firstName=Chong-qin, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322608352585171066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, authorId=1322608352232849527, language=CN, stringName=黎崇钦, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=广西医科大学公共卫生学院流行病与生物统计学系,广西 南宁 530021, bio={"content":"

黎崇钦(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:空间流行病学

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[2025-09-15]. https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/policies/position-apers/varicella., articleTitle=Varicella and herpes zoster vaccines: WHO position paper, June 2014--Recommendations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322608376899551453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=55, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Zhang ZY, Ren ZS, Hu P, journalName=Infect Dis Now, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang ZY, Ren ZS, Hu P, et al. Assessing the effectiveness of the varicella vaccine in primary and secondary school students in Qingdao, China: A matched case-control study [J]. Infect Dis Now, 2025, 55 (3): 105049., articleTitle=Assessing the effectiveness of the varicella vaccine in primary and secondary school students in Qingdao, China: A matched case-control study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322608376975048926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=5, pageStart=564, pageEnd=568, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=33, authorNames=张磊, 王勇, 胡冉, journalName=中国疫苗和免疫, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张磊,王勇,胡冉, 等. 江苏省2022年1-6岁儿童水痘疫苗接种率和2021-2022年水痘疫苗疑似预防接种异常反应监测 [J]. 中国疫苗和免疫, 2023, 29 (5): 564-568., articleTitle=江苏省2022年1-6岁儿童水痘疫苗接种率和2021-2022年水痘疫苗疑似预防接种异常反应监测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322608377046352095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=5, pageStart=564, pageEnd=568, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Zhang L, Wang Y, Hu R, journalName=Chinese Journal of Vaccines and Immunization, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang L, Wang Y, Hu R, et al. Varicella vaccine coverage among children aged 1-6 years in Jiangsu Province, 2022, and surveillance of adverse events following immunization during 2021-2022 [J]. Chinese Journal of Vaccines and Immunization, 2023, 29 (5): 564-568. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Varicella vaccine coverage among children aged 1-6 years in Jiangsu Province, 2022, and surveillance of adverse events following immunization during 2021-2022, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322608377121849568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=20, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Wang ZQ, Chen LX, Lu FF, journalName=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang ZQ, Chen LX, Lu FF, et al. Analysis of the implementation effect and evaluation of the vaccine protection effect of the live attenuated varicella vaccine program for school-age children in Bao'an district of Shenzhen, China [J]. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 2024, 20 (1): 2364485., articleTitle=Analysis of the implementation effect and evaluation of the vaccine protection effect of the live attenuated varicella vaccine program for school-age children in Bao'an district of Shenzhen, China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322608377348341985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=11, issue=11, pageStart=1674, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Shi LM, Lu J, Sun XD, journalName=Vaccines(Basel), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shi LM, Lu J, Sun XD, et al. Impact of varicella immunization and public health and social measures on varicella incidence: insights from surveillance data in Shanghai, 2013-2022 [J]. Vaccines(Basel), 2023, 11 (11): 1674., articleTitle=Impact of varicella immunization and public health and social measures on varicella incidence: insights from surveillance data in Shanghai, 2013-2022, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322608377432228066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=37, authorNames=湖州市人民政府, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=湖州市人民政府. 今起,我市常住适龄儿童可免费接种水痘疫苗 [EB/OL]. [2025-09-15]. https://www.huzhou.gov.cn/art/2021/9/1/art_1229213494_59043934.html., articleTitle=今起,我市常住适龄儿童可免费接种水痘疫苗, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322608377490948323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Huzhou Municipal People's Government, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huzhou Municipal People's Government. Free varicella vaccination now available for eligible resident children in our city [EB/OL]. [2025-09-15]. https://www.huzhou.gov.cn/art/2021/9/1/art_1229213494_59043934.html. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Free varicella vaccination now available for eligible resident children in our city, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322608377553862884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=32, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Feng HYE, Zhang HJ, Ma C, journalName=The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Feng HYE, Zhang HJ, Ma C, et al. National and provincial burden of varicella disease and cost-effectiveness of childhood varicella vaccination in China from 2019 to 2049: a modelling analysis [J]. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, 2023, 32: 100639., articleTitle=National and provincial burden of varicella disease and cost-effectiveness of childhood varicella vaccination in China from 2019 to 2049: a modelling analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322608371014942908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, awardId=81960615; 82160646; 82360666, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(81960615; 82160646; 82360666), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322608352136380531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322608352148963444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, companyId=1322608352136380531, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322608352169934965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, companyId=1322608352136380531, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广西医科大学公共卫生学院流行病与生物统计学系,广西 南宁 530021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322608358721437859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The global pattern of PCV in national EPI, high-risk population EPI and local EPI across WHO members, figureFileSmall=hPUoknzWhFOGmJ8eV2JenA==, figureFileBig=WC/beYTfgTzBMAVNZ0ifZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608360348827812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PCV纳入全国性EPI、高风险人群EPI、地方性EPI的全球分布图

注:审图号为GS(2021)648号。

, figureFileSmall=hPUoknzWhFOGmJ8eV2JenA==, figureFileBig=WC/beYTfgTzBMAVNZ0ifZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608360575320229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The global pattern of RV in national EPI, high-risk population EPI and local EPI across WHO members, figureFileSmall=voB8wpXj+R5lZEoAezmvSQ==, figureFileBig=XHgAnytkcpaQ+JKRKHFKsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608360638234790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=CN, label=图2, caption=轮状病毒疫苗纳入全国性EPI、高风险人群EPI、地方性EPI的全球分布图

注:审图号为GS(2021)648号。

, figureFileSmall=voB8wpXj+R5lZEoAezmvSQ==, figureFileBig=XHgAnytkcpaQ+JKRKHFKsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608360910864551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The global pattern of Hib in national EPI, high-risk population EPI and local EPI across WHO members, figureFileSmall=txmprRuKxl9/rtIRX90H1Q==, figureFileBig=JNqUYWt2Vo5/kkqGdcly1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608360977973416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Hib疫苗纳入全国性EPI、高风险人群EPI、地方性EPI的全球分布图

注:审图号为GS(2021)648号。

, figureFileSmall=txmprRuKxl9/rtIRX90H1Q==, figureFileBig=JNqUYWt2Vo5/kkqGdcly1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608363024793769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The global pattern of HPV in national EPI, high-risk population EPI and local EPI across WHO members, figureFileSmall=Y5sIb7EcKExcUn0vFGufxg==, figureFileBig=vBB70jLAWrVTg6sTaugvBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608363498750122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=CN, label=图4, caption=HPV疫苗纳入全国性EPI、高风险人群EPI、地方性EPI的全球分布图

注:审图号为GS(2021)648号。

, figureFileSmall=Y5sIb7EcKExcUn0vFGufxg==, figureFileBig=vBB70jLAWrVTg6sTaugvBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608364731875500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The global pattern of flu vaccine in national EPI, high-risk population EPI and local EPI across WHO members, figureFileSmall=tr/9DC2p6XFFfYWUesCQmQ==, figureFileBig=IuwnlgPtl7qx/Pl1GvfJRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608365545570477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=CN, label=图5, caption=流感疫苗纳入全国性EPI、高风险人群EPI、地方性EPI的全球分布图

注:审图号为GS(2021)648号。

, figureFileSmall=tr/9DC2p6XFFfYWUesCQmQ==, figureFileBig=IuwnlgPtl7qx/Pl1GvfJRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608366032109742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=The global pattern of varicella vaccine in national EPI, high-risk population EPI and local EPI across WHO members, figureFileSmall=eHscgZj+yr+q0HfbluE0Nw==, figureFileBig=XPCUxJOAejXJycMP7TDlJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608368905207985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=CN, label=图6, caption=VarV纳入全国性EPI、高风险人群EPI、地方性EPI的全球分布图

注:审图号为GS(2021)648号。

, figureFileSmall=eHscgZj+yr+q0HfbluE0Nw==, figureFileBig=XPCUxJOAejXJycMP7TDlJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608369014259890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The status of PCV in national EPI, high-risk population EPI and local EPI across WHO members

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
WHO分区成员国总数
(个)
PCV纳入全国性EPIPCV纳入高风险人群EPIPCV纳入地方性EPI
国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)
非洲区域474085.1100.0000.00
东地中海区域211676.1914.7600.00
欧洲区域534788.6811.8900.00
美洲区域352674.2938.5712.86
东南亚区域11763.6400.0000.00
西太平洋区域272488.8913.7013.70
合计19416082.4763.0921.03
), ArticleFig(id=1322608369328832691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

WHO成员国纳入PCV到全国性EPI、高风险人群EPI、地方性EPI的现况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
WHO分区成员国总数
(个)
PCV纳入全国性EPIPCV纳入高风险人群EPIPCV纳入地方性EPI
国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)
非洲区域474085.1100.0000.00
东地中海区域211676.1914.7600.00
欧洲区域534788.6811.8900.00
美洲区域352674.2938.5712.86
东南亚区域11763.6400.0000.00
西太平洋区域272488.8913.7013.70
合计19416082.4763.0921.03
), ArticleFig(id=1322608369408524468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The status of RV in national EPI, high-risk population EPI and local EPI across WHO members

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
WHO分区成员国总数
(个)
轮状病毒疫苗纳入全国性EPI轮状病毒疫苗纳入高风险人群EPI轮状病毒疫苗纳入地方性EPI
国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)
非洲区域473880.8500.0000.00
东地中海区域211571.4300.0000.00
欧洲区域532649.0647.5523.77
美洲区域352057.1400.0012.86
东南亚区域11654.5500.0000.00
西太平洋区域271659.2600.0000.00
合计19412162.3742.0631.55
), ArticleFig(id=1322608369744068789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

WHO成员国纳入轮状病毒疫苗到全国性EPI、高风险人群EPI、地方性EPI的现况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
WHO分区成员国总数
(个)
轮状病毒疫苗纳入全国性EPI轮状病毒疫苗纳入高风险人群EPI轮状病毒疫苗纳入地方性EPI
国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)
非洲区域473880.8500.0000.00
东地中海区域211571.4300.0000.00
欧洲区域532649.0647.5523.77
美洲区域352057.1400.0012.86
东南亚区域11654.5500.0000.00
西太平洋区域271659.2600.0000.00
合计19412162.3742.0631.55
), ArticleFig(id=1322608369848926390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608343743578210, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The status of HPV in national EPI, high-risk population EPI and local EPI across WHO members

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
WHO分区成员国总数
(个)
HPV疫苗纳入全国性EPIHPV疫苗纳入高风险人群EPIHPV疫苗纳入地方性EPI
国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)
非洲区域472451.0600.0012.13
东地中海区域21523.8114.7600.00
欧洲区域534483.0200.0023.77
美洲区域353291.4300.0000.00
东南亚区域11654.5500.0000.00
西太平洋区域272281.4800.0027.41
合计19413368.5610.5252.58
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国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)
非洲区域472451.0600.0012.13
东地中海区域21523.8114.7600.00
欧洲区域534483.0200.0023.77
美洲区域353291.4300.0000.00
东南亚区域11654.5500.0000.00
西太平洋区域272281.4800.0027.41
合计19413368.5610.5252.58
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WHO分区成员国总数
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国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)
非洲区域4724.2624.2600.00
东地中海区域211152.38314.2900.00
欧洲区域533158.491630.1900.00
美洲区域352777.1425.7100.00
东南亚区域11436.3600.0000.00
西太平洋区域27622.2213.7000.00
合计1948141.752412.3700.00
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国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)
非洲区域4724.2624.2600.00
东地中海区域211152.38314.2900.00
欧洲区域533158.491630.1900.00
美洲区域352777.1425.7100.00
东南亚区域11436.3600.0000.00
西太平洋区域27622.2213.7000.00
合计1948141.752412.3700.00
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WHO分区成员国总数
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国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)
非洲区域4700.0000.0000.00
东地中海区域21628.5714.7600.00
欧洲区域531426.4247.5523.77
美洲区域351748.57411.4300.00
东南亚区域1100.0000.0000.00
西太平洋区域27725.9300.0013.70
合计1944422.6894.6431.55
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VarV纳入全国性EPIVarV纳入高风险人群EPIVarV纳入地方性EPI
国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)国家数(个)比例(%)
非洲区域4700.0000.0000.00
东地中海区域21628.5714.7600.00
欧洲区域531426.4247.5523.77
美洲区域351748.57411.4300.00
东南亚区域1100.0000.0000.00
西太平洋区域27725.9300.0013.70
合计1944422.6894.6431.55
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世界卫生组织成员国六种疫苗纳入儿童免疫规划的现状
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黎崇钦 , 潘静怡 , 熊珮贝 , 赵琳 , 马小红 , 叶俊杰 , 唐咸艳
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2025,52(21): 4016-4024
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现代预防医学 |疾病预防控制 2025 , 52 (21) : 4016 -4024
世界卫生组织成员国六种疫苗纳入儿童免疫规划的现状
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黎崇钦, 潘静怡, 熊珮贝, 赵琳, 马小红, 叶俊杰, 唐咸艳
作者信息
  • 广西医科大学公共卫生学院流行病与生物统计学系,广西 南宁 530021
通讯作者:
唐咸艳,E-mail:
作者简介:

黎崇钦(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:空间流行病学

The status of six vaccines incorporated into the childhood immunization programs across World Health Organization member countries
Chong-qin LI, Jing-yi PAN, Pei-bei XIONG, Lin ZHAO, Xiao-hong MA, Jun-jie YE, Xian-yan TANG
Affiliations
  • Department of Epidemiology and Health Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
出版时间: 2025-11-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507119
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世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)建议成员国将多种疫苗纳入其扩大免疫规划(expanded program on immunization,EPI),但受疫苗筹资、可及性及接种意愿等因素影响,各国EPI覆盖的儿童疫苗种类差异显著。本文基于WHO公开数据、VIEW-hub by IVAC网站数据及成员国卫生部网站数据等资料,系统综述了肺炎球菌结合疫苗、轮状病毒疫苗、b型流感嗜血杆菌疫苗、人乳头瘤病毒疫苗、流感疫苗、水痘疫苗等六种疫苗全球纳入EPI的现状,旨在为优化我国免疫规划提供参考。

疫苗  /  扩大免疫规划  /  儿童  /  世界卫生组织

The World Health Organization(WHO) recommends that membership nations incorporate multiple vaccines into their expanded program on immunization(EPI). Yet due to factors such as vaccine financing, accessibility, residents’ willingness to be vaccinated, there are disparities in the types of childhood vaccines covered by EPI across countries. Based on the WHO public data, VIEW-hub by IVAC website data, WHO member states health ministry website data, this study systematically reviewed the situation towards WHO membership nations incorporating the following six vaccines into EPI, including pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, haemophilus influenza type b vaccine, human papillomavirus vaccine, influenza vaccine, and varicella vaccine, with a view to provide evidence-based reference for optimizing the immunization program in China.

Vaccines  /  Expanded program on immunization  /  Children  /  World health organization
黎崇钦, 潘静怡, 熊珮贝, 赵琳, 马小红, 叶俊杰, 唐咸艳. 世界卫生组织成员国六种疫苗纳入儿童免疫规划的现状. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (21) : 4016 -4024 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507119
Chong-qin LI, Jing-yi PAN, Pei-bei XIONG, Lin ZHAO, Xiao-hong MA, Jun-jie YE, Xian-yan TANG. The status of six vaccines incorporated into the childhood immunization programs across World Health Organization member countries[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (21) : 4016 -4024 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507119
免疫接种是预防和控制传染病最经济有效的公共卫生干预措施之一[1]。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)主导的扩大免疫规划(expanded program on immunization, EPI)通过建立系统化疫苗接种体系,有效降低了疫苗可预防疾病的疾病负担[2]。然而,受各国特定的流行病学需求、接种意愿等因素影响,各国EPI纳入的疫苗种类呈现出明显的地区差异。
中国自1978年实施EPI以来,疫苗种类逐步扩展,至2007年已涵盖14种疫苗,可预防15种疾病。然而,2008年至今,WHO推荐的多种新型疫苗,包括肺炎球菌结合疫苗(pneumococcal conjugate vaccine,PCV)、轮状病毒(rotavirus)疫苗、b型流感嗜血杆菌(haemophilusinfluenza type b, Hib)疫苗、人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus, HPV)疫苗、水痘减毒活疫苗(varicella attenuated live vaccine, VarV)和季节性流感(简称流感)疫苗尚未被纳入我国EPI体系[3]。本文基于WHO公开数据、VIEW-hub by IVAC网站数据、成员国卫生部网站数据及相关文献,系统综述了截至2024年WHO成员国将上述六种疫苗纳入EPI的现状,旨在为我国纳入非EPI疫苗提供客观参考。
WHO将肺炎球菌性疾病定为“极高度优先”使用疫苗预防的疾病[4]。WHO共有160个成员国将PCV纳入全国性EPI,其中非洲区域40个、东地中海区域16个、欧洲区域47个、美洲区域26个、东南亚区域7个、西太平洋区域24个国家。伊朗、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维纳、安提瓜和巴布达、牙买加、圣卢西亚和文莱6个国家只将PCV纳入高风险人群EPI。中国部分地区将PCV纳入地方性EPI,加拿大将PCV10和PCV13分别纳入地方性EPI和全国性EPI。见表1,图1。
124个国家使用PCV13,其中非洲区域、东地中海区域、欧洲区域、美洲区域、东南亚区域和西太平洋区域分别有34、14、30、21、3和22个国家。31个国家使用PCV10,其中非洲区域、东地中海区域、欧洲区域、美洲区域、东南亚区域和西太平洋区域分别有6、2、14、3、4和2个国家。塞浦路斯、德国、斯洛伐克、加拿大和哥伦比亚5个国家使用PCV10和PCV13。德国和马来西亚实施儿童PCV10和PCV13补种计划。
146个国家实施3剂次免疫程序,17个国家采用4剂次免疫程序,伊朗、文莱、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维纳共3个国家采用1剂次免疫程序。分别有46、35和14个国家采用6~10~14周龄、2~4~12月龄、2~4~6月龄PCV免疫程序,以上3种免疫程序占全球采用不同免疫程序国家的56.89%。
目前中国上市的PCV包括辉瑞、沃森生物、北京民海生产的PCV13。从疫苗使用情况来看,2007—2020年中国多糖结合疫苗总批签发数量为46 120.4万剂,其中PCV7为374.0万剂,PCV13为2 020.6万剂,2014—2020年中国多糖结合疫苗总报告接种剂次为16 721.4万剂,其中PCV7与PCV13占比分别为0.83%和6.07%,人均接种剂次分别为0.03和0.09剂,整体呈现较低水平[5]。潍坊市是当前中国大陆地区唯一实施儿童PCV13免费接种政策的城市,自2021年6月起为6月龄至2周岁儿童免费提供1剂次PCV13,并在2023年通过商业保险模式扩展至2岁以上儿童[6]。
WHO建议所有国家纳入轮状病毒疫苗,尤其是疾病负担较重的国家[7]。目前,全球的轮状病毒疫苗均为口服减毒活疫苗,主要分为单价(RV1)、三价(RV3)和五价(RV5)轮状病毒疫苗[8]。WHO共有121个成员国将轮状病毒疫苗纳入全国性EPI,其中非洲区域38个、东地中海区域15个、欧洲区域26个、美洲区域20个、东南亚区域6个、西太平洋区域16个国家。西班牙、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚和圣马力诺4个国家将轮状病毒疫苗纳入高风险人群EPI,俄罗斯、摩尔多瓦和加拿大3个国家的部分地区将轮状病毒疫苗纳入地方性EPI。见表2,图2。
85个国家使用RV1,其中非洲区域、东地中海区域、欧洲区域、美洲区域、东南亚区域和西太平洋区域分别有32、10、11、18、3(缅甸、尼泊尔、印度尼西亚)和11个国家。32个国家使用RV5,其中非洲区域、东地中海区域、欧洲区域、美洲区域、东南亚区域和西太平洋区域分别有6、5、14、1(巴哈马)、2(东帝汶和泰国)和4个国家。11个国家使用RV1和RV5,包括欧洲区域的7个国家、加拿大、美国、印度和日本。
73个国家实施2剂次免疫程序,51个国家实施3剂次免疫程序,马绍尔群岛实施4剂次免疫程序,西班牙、罗马尼亚和圣马力诺3个国家实施1剂次免疫程序。29个国家采用6~10周龄免疫程序,27个国家采用2~4月龄免疫程序,15个国家采用6~10~14周龄免疫程序,15个国家采用2~4~6月龄免疫程序,7个国家采用2~3~4月龄免疫程序,4个国家采用6~14周龄免疫程序,比利时、布基纳法索和刚果采用8~12~16周龄免疫程序。以上7种免疫程序占全球采用不同免疫程序国家的77.52%。
目前,中国上市的轮状病毒疫苗包括兰州生物生产的单价轮状病毒减毒活疫苗、三价轮状病毒减毒活疫苗,以及默沙东(中国)有限公司进口的五价口服轮状病毒疫苗[9]。中国轮状病毒疫苗批签发数据显示,2018年轮状病毒疫苗总批签发量为594万支,至2020年已突破1 000万支[10]。非EPI疫苗是否纳入地方性EPI是中国在纳入新疫苗时的重要参考之一,然而目前中国尚未有地区开展常规接种轮状病毒疫苗的试点工作。
截至2024年,WHO共有193个成员国将Hib疫苗纳入全国性EPI,中国是WHO成员国中唯一没有将Hib疫苗纳入全国性EPI的国家。除纳入全国性EPI外,有29个国家还将Hib疫苗纳入高风险人群EPI,见图3。50个国家在儿童2岁时给予加强剂量接种。玻利维亚、也门和委内瑞拉在儿童4~7岁时给予加强剂量。
122个国家使用DTwP-Hib-HepB,其中非洲区域、东地中海区域、欧洲区域、美洲区域、东南亚区域和西太平洋区域分别有43、17、9、28、11和14个国家。46个国家使用DTaP-Hib-HepB-IPV,其中非洲区域、东地中海区域、欧洲区域和西太平洋区域分别有2(阿尔及利亚和南非)、7、31和6个国家。24个国家使用DTap-Hib-IPV,其中欧洲区域、美洲区域和西太平洋区域分别有18、3(加拿大、美国和哥斯达黎加)和3个(韩国、马绍尔群岛和新加坡)国家。16个国家使用单价Hib疫苗。安哥拉、库克群岛和卡塔尔使用DTaP-Hib-HepB。毛里求斯和巴哈马分别使用DTwP-Hib-HepB-IPV和DTwP-Hib为2岁儿童接种加强剂量。
136个国家实施3剂次免疫程序,57个国家实施4剂次免疫程序。57个国家采用6~10~14月龄免疫程序,32个国家采用2~4~6月龄免疫程序,12个国家采用2~3~4月龄免疫程序,18个国家采用2~4~6~18月龄免疫程序,以上4种免疫程序占全球采用不同免疫程序国家的61.66%。
当前,鉴于Hib对抗生素耐药性增强[11-12],接种Hib疫苗以预防侵袭性Hib疾病日益重要,且现有证据表明Hib疫苗与其他疫苗如白百破疫苗、乙型肝炎疫苗联合使用是安全有效的[13-15]。在中国,预防Hib感染的疫苗主要包括单价Hib疫苗、DTaP-Hib和DTaP-Hib-IPV[16]。
HPV感染引起的宫颈癌是女性第四大常见恶性肿瘤[17]。目前,全球共有6种HPV疫苗上市,分别为3种二价HPV疫苗、2种四价HPV疫苗和1种九价HPV疫苗[18],接种剂次多为1剂或2剂。WHO共有133个成员国将HPV疫苗纳入全国性EPI,其中非洲区域24个、东地中海区域5个、欧洲区域44个、美洲区域32个、东南亚区域6个、西太平洋区域22个国家。科威特将HPV疫苗纳入高风险人群EPI。中国、尼日利亚、摩尔多瓦、俄罗斯和菲律宾5个国家的部分地区将HPV疫苗纳入地方性EPI。见表3、图4。16个国家除将HPV疫苗纳入全国性EPI外,还纳入高风险人群EPI。57个国家的HPV疫苗接种对象包括男孩。
汤加使用单价HPV疫苗。22个国家使用二价HPV疫苗,其中非洲区域、欧洲区域、美洲区域和西太平洋区域分别有5、4、4和9个国家,东地中海区域和东南亚区域无国家使用二价HPV疫苗。67个国家使用四价HPV疫苗,其中非洲区域、东地中海区域、欧洲区域、美洲区域、东南亚区域和西太平洋区域分别有20、2(利比亚和沙特阿拉伯)、11、24、6和4个国家。42个国家使用九价HPV疫苗,其中东地中海区域、欧洲区域、美洲区域和西太平洋区域分别有4、26、4和8个国家,非洲区域和东南亚区域无国家使用九价HPV疫苗。捷克和日本使用二价和四价HPV疫苗,立陶宛使用二价和九价HPV疫苗,英国使用四价和九价HPV疫苗,德国和西班牙使用二价、四价和九价HPV疫苗。
中国目前已上市的HPV疫苗包括葛兰素二价疫苗、馨可宁二价疫苗(厦门万泰)、沃泽惠二价疫苗(玉溪泽润)、默沙东四价疫苗以及默沙东九价疫苗[19]。中国目前的HPV疫苗接种政策是在特定地区为适龄的女孩提供免费接种疫苗。中国部分城市或地区已开展HPV疫苗免费接种试点工作,包括北京市石景山区、天津市西青区、鄂尔多斯准格尔旗、沈阳市、无锡市、宁波市、马鞍山市、厦门市、济南市、郑州市、深圳市、重庆市沙坪坝区、成都市、西安市[20-22]。
WHO有81个成员国将儿童流感疫苗纳入全国性EPI,其中非洲区域、东地中海区域、欧洲区域、美洲区域、东南亚区域和西太平洋区域分别有2(肯尼亚和南非)、11、31、27、4和6个国家。24个国家只将儿童流感疫苗纳入高风险人群EPI,其中非洲区域、东地中海区域、欧洲区域、美洲区域和西太平洋区域分别有2(阿尔及利亚和毛里求斯)、3(黎巴嫩、利比亚和突尼斯)、16、2(巴巴多斯和尼加拉瓜)和1个(纽埃),东南亚区域无国家纳入流感疫苗到高风险人群EPI。无成员国将流感疫苗纳入地方性EPI。见表4、图5。
目前,全球已上市的流感疫苗主要分为三类:流感灭活疫苗、流感减毒活疫苗和重组流感疫苗[23]。在中国,获批上市的流感疫苗包括三价流感灭活疫苗、四价流感灭活疫苗和三价减毒活疫苗[24]。目前中国流感疫苗政策为自愿自费接种,各级卫生部门可根据流感疾病负担和地方财政等将疫苗纳入地方性EPI或对居民接种疫苗给予相应的补贴[25]。赵宏婷等人[26]研究显示,在2020—2021年流感季节,全国共有317个县区实施免费接种政策,覆盖约1 400万人,其中学龄前儿童和中小学生占比33%,129个县区实施医保报销政策;至2021—2022流感季节,实施免费接种政策的县区扩增至256个,覆盖人口扩大至约2 100万,医保报销县区增至135个,覆盖约3 100万人口。
WHO建议水痘疾病负担较重且资源可支持80%覆盖率的国家应考虑将VarV纳入EPI[27]。目前,全球上市的水痘减毒活疫苗有单价VarV和麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹-水痘联合疫苗(measles, mumps, rubella and varicella combined vaccine,MMRV)。
WHO有44个成员国将VarV纳入全国性EPI,其中东地中海区域、欧洲区域、美洲区域和西太平洋区域分别有6、14、17和7个国家,见表5、图6。9个WHO成员国将VarV纳入高风险人群EPI,其中东地中海区域1个(伊朗)、欧洲区域4个和美洲区域4个,西太平洋区域无国家纳入VarV到高风险人群EPI;中国、俄罗斯和西班牙部分地区将VarV纳入地方性EPI。东南亚区域和非洲区域无国家纳入VarV到任何EPI。
20个国家使用MMRV,其它国家均使用单价VarV。除马绍尔群岛使用4剂、格林纳达使用3剂外,其它国家均使用1剂或2剂VarV。
目前,中国部分城市或地区已开展将VarV纳入地方性EPI的试点项目,青岛市分别于2013和2016年将1剂次VarV和2剂次VarV纳入地方性EPI[28],江苏省南京市、苏州市、常州市、盐城市、南通市、镇江市、无锡市等7个城市在2019年将2剂次VarV纳入地方性EPI[29]。天津市、上海市、深圳市和湖州市分别于2017、2018、2019和2021年将2剂次VarV纳入地方性EPI[30-33]。
WHO大部分成员国已将PCV、轮状疫苗、HPV疫苗、Hib疫苗纳入儿童EPI,纳入流感疫苗和VarV的成员国相对较少。新类型疫苗纳入到我国EPI中面临着疫苗价格昂贵、居民接种意愿、疫苗筹资等诸多挑战。未来,应开展真实世界研究,综合决策出优先纳入EPI的疫苗类型,构建政府-市场-社会多元化筹资模式,探索医保支付、财政补贴等相结合的可持续机制,优化地方试点经验与国家政策的衔接,逐步推动将保护效果好、群众需求高的非EPI疫苗纳入EPI中。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81960615; 82160646; 82360666)
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2025年第52卷第21期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507119
  • 接收时间:2025-07-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-13
基金
国家自然科学基金(81960615; 82160646; 82360666)
作者信息
    广西医科大学公共卫生学院流行病与生物统计学系,广西 南宁 530021

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唐咸艳,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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