Article(id=1322608119742583749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322608013010120712, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504056, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743782400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793263948617, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1762704000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793263948617, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793263948617, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793263948617, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322608013010120712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='21', pageStart='3841', pageEnd='4032', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762704000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793263923169, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793264266929, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322609454932149086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322608013010120712, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322609454932149087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322608013010120712, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4025, endPage=4032, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322608119943910342, articleId=1322608119742583749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Comorbidity patterns in patients with chronic heart failure with different cardiac function grades, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the comorbidity patterns of chronic heart failure(CHF) patients with different cardiac function grades, and to provide a scientific basis for optimizing treatment plans and improving patient prognosis.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect the clinical information of 495 patients with CHF from 9 hospitals inside and outside Beijing from May 2018 to November 2022. Association rule analysis was applied to investigate comorbidity patterns among patients with varying degrees of cardiac function, and a comorbidity network for CHF patients was constructed and visually analyzed.

Results

The comorbidity prevalence among the 495 CHF patients was 96.57%. The comorbidity ratios for patients with cardiac function grades II, III, and IV were 94.37%, 96.81%, and 97.25%, respectively. Hypertension (67.27%), hyperlipidemia (48.69%), and diabetes (46.46%) were the most common comorbidities among CHF patients, with the highest proportion of patients having two comorbidities (28.90%). As cardiac function declined, the frequency of comorbidities such as renal insufficiency and atrial fibrillation showed an increasing trend. In patients with cardiac function grades II, III, and IV, 34, 11, and 23 strong association rules were identified, respectively, further revealing the associations among hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia in CHF patients. The comorbidity network diagram demonstrated a close association between heart failure patients and conditions such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, indicating a complex comorbid relationship. There was a difference in comorbidity network density among patients with varying cardiac function levels, with patients experiencing deterioration in cardiac function exhibiting more complex comorbid connections.

Conclusion

Strengthening the monitoring and management of comorbidities in clinical CHF patients could help integrate medical resources, optimize personalized intervention strategies, and enhance the overall effectiveness of chronic disease prevention and control.

, authors=Chang-ying CAI1, Yu-yang TIAN2, Juan WANG3, Zi-tong LI4, Ya-qi LAN5, Hui-hui ZHAO4, authorsList=Chang-ying CAI, Yu-yang TIAN, Juan WANG, Zi-tong LI, Ya-qi LAN, Hui-hui ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Juan WANG, Hui-hui ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322608122103976905, articleId=1322608119742583749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=不同心功能分级慢性心力衰竭患者共病模式分析, columnId=1228016570119680182, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=临床与预防, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探索不同心功能慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)患者的共病模式,为优化治疗方案和改善患者预后提供科学依据。

方法

采用横断面研究方法,收集2018年5月—2022年11月北京内外9家医院495例CHF患者临床信息,应用关联规则分析不同心功能分级患者共病模式,构建CHF患者共病网络并进行可视化分析。

结果

495例CHF患者共病患病率为96.57%。心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级患者共病比率分别为94.37%、96.81%、97.25%。高血压(67.27%)、高脂血症(48.69%)和糖尿病(46.46%)是CHF患者最常见共病。其中,二种共病患者占比最大,为28.90%。随心功能恶化,肾功能不全、房颤等共病频次呈增加趋势。在心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级患者中,分别挖掘得到34、11和23条强关联规则,进一步揭示了CHF患者高血压、糖尿病和高脂血症之间的关联模式。共病网络图显示心衰患者与高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病等关联密切,存在复杂共患关系。不同心功能患者共病网络密度存在差异,心功能恶化患者共病联系更为复杂。

结论

加强临床CHF患者共病防治监管体系,将有助于整合医疗资源、形成更优的个性化干预方案,进而提高慢病防控效果。

, authors=蔡长英1, 田禹旸2, 王娟3, 李子彤4, 兰雅琪5, 赵慧辉4, authorsList=蔡长英, 田禹旸, 王娟, 李子彤, 兰雅琪, 赵慧辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王娟, 赵慧辉, authorNote=

蔡长英(2004—),女,本科在读,研究方向:中医药防控慢病大数据挖掘与建模研究

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王娟,E-mail:;
赵慧辉,E-mail:;王娟与赵慧辉为共同通信作者
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(In Chinese), articleTitle=A study on the correlation between plasma NO and ET levels and cardiac function in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322608127816617991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, awardId=82374299; 81973697, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(82374299; 81973697), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322608122364023754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322608122372412363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, companyId=1322608122364023754, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322608122384995276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, companyId=1322608122364023754, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京中医药大学中药学院,北京 102488)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322608122452104141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322608122460492750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, companyId=1322608122452104141, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京中医药大学第一临床医学院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322608122527601615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322608122535990224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, companyId=1322608122527601615, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.北京中医药大学期刊中心,北京 102488)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322608122611487697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322608122619876306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, companyId=1322608122611487697, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.北京中医药大学中医学院,北京 100029)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322608122699568083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322608122707956692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, companyId=1322608122699568083, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.北京中医药大学针灸推拿学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322608126768043003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Network diagrams of comorbidity association rules in the total population and across different cardiac function grades, figureFileSmall=xwO+WRXJ1pLlpkmOFVyjYQ==, figureFileBig=9JiamDeuNDrLsEETP2uJbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608126826763260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, language=CN, label=图1, caption=总人群及各心功能分级患者共病关联规则网络图, figureFileSmall=xwO+WRXJ1pLlpkmOFVyjYQ==, figureFileBig=9JiamDeuNDrLsEETP2uJbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608127007118333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Analysis of comorbidity in patients with CHF

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特征调查人数共病例数共病比率(%)χ2值P值
性别男性28627696.500.0080.929
女性20920296.65
年龄(岁)≥8014113998.587.3320.047
70~7917717297.18
60~6911411096.49
30~59635790.48
民族汉族47245696.61<0.0011.000
少数民族232295.65
文化程度小学及以下10610397.177.5320.094
初中13913798.56
高中16115294.41
大学及以上898696.63
婚姻状况在婚44042596.59<0.0011.000
非在婚555396.36
就诊医院所在地区京内42741897.8913.711<0.001
京外686088.24
心功能分级Ⅱ级716794.372.3980.511
Ⅲ级31330396.81
Ⅳ级10910697.25
共病数目(种)0495173.43
110020.20
214328.90
311322.83
48116.36
≥5418.28
共病种类高血压49533367.27
高脂血症24148.69
糖尿病23046.46
房颤11222.63
肾功能不全8016.16
慢阻肺377.47
中风367.27
贫血295.86
甲减234.65
肝功能不全142.83
肺动脉高压102.02
), ArticleFig(id=1322608127082615806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CHF患者共病情况分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征调查人数共病例数共病比率(%)χ2值P值
性别男性28627696.500.0080.929
女性20920296.65
年龄(岁)≥8014113998.587.3320.047
70~7917717297.18
60~6911411096.49
30~59635790.48
民族汉族47245696.61<0.0011.000
少数民族232295.65
文化程度小学及以下10610397.177.5320.094
初中13913798.56
高中16115294.41
大学及以上898696.63
婚姻状况在婚44042596.59<0.0011.000
非在婚555396.36
就诊医院所在地区京内42741897.8913.711<0.001
京外686088.24
心功能分级Ⅱ级716794.372.3980.511
Ⅲ级31330396.81
Ⅳ级10910697.25
共病数目(种)0495173.43
110020.20
214328.90
311322.83
48116.36
≥5418.28
共病种类高血压49533367.27
高脂血症24148.69
糖尿病23046.46
房颤11222.63
肾功能不全8016.16
慢阻肺377.47
中风367.27
贫血295.86
甲减234.65
肝功能不全142.83
肺动脉高压102.02
), ArticleFig(id=1322608127158113279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Top six combinations of binary, ternary, and quaternary comorbidities with the highest proportions in CHF patients

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顺位二元共病模式(n=143)三元共病模式(n=113)四元共病模式(n=81)
共病组合频次率(%)共病组合频次率(%)共病组合频次率(%)
1高血压+高脂血症3323.1糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症3732.7糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症+房颤1113.6
2糖尿病+高血压3222.4高血压+高脂血症+房颤1210.6糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症+肾功能不全911.1
3糖尿病+高脂血症149.8糖尿病+高血压+房颤87.0糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症+中风67.4
4高血压+房颤42.8高血压+高脂血症+肾功能不全54.4糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症+甲减44.9
5高血压+慢阻肺42.8糖尿病+高血压+肾功能不全44.0糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症+慢阻肺44.9
6糖尿病+肾功能不全42.8糖尿病+高脂血症+房颤43.5高血压+高脂血症+中风+房颤33.7
), ArticleFig(id=1322608127225222144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CHF患者二元、三元及四元共病组合(比率前六位)

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顺位二元共病模式(n=143)三元共病模式(n=113)四元共病模式(n=81)
共病组合频次率(%)共病组合频次率(%)共病组合频次率(%)
1高血压+高脂血症3323.1糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症3732.7糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症+房颤1113.6
2糖尿病+高血压3222.4高血压+高脂血症+房颤1210.6糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症+肾功能不全911.1
3糖尿病+高脂血症149.8糖尿病+高血压+房颤87.0糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症+中风67.4
4高血压+房颤42.8高血压+高脂血症+肾功能不全54.4糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症+甲减44.9
5高血压+慢阻肺42.8糖尿病+高血压+肾功能不全44.0糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症+慢阻肺44.9
6糖尿病+肾功能不全42.8糖尿病+高脂血症+房颤43.5高血压+高脂血症+中风+房颤33.7
), ArticleFig(id=1322608127292329984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Top six ratios of common comorbidities in patients with different cardiac function grades

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顺位心功能Ⅱ级(n=71)心功能Ⅲ级(n=313)心功能IV级(n=109)
共病组合频次率(%)共病组合频次率(%)共病组合频次率(%)
1高血压+高脂血症3042.25高血压+高脂血症10934.82高血压+高脂血症4238.53
2糖尿病+高血压2940.85糖尿病+高血压9831.31糖尿病+高血压3834.86
3糖尿病+高脂血症2535.21糖尿病+高脂血症7223.00糖尿病+高脂血症3027.52
4糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症2028.17糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症5617.89糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症2522.94
5高血压+肾功能不全912.68高血压+房颤5316.93高血压+肾功能不全1816.51
6高血压+房颤811.27高脂血症+房颤3210.22糖尿病+肾功能不全1715.60
), ArticleFig(id=1322608127372021761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同心功能分级患者常见共病组合(比率前六位)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
顺位心功能Ⅱ级(n=71)心功能Ⅲ级(n=313)心功能IV级(n=109)
共病组合频次率(%)共病组合频次率(%)共病组合频次率(%)
1高血压+高脂血症3042.25高血压+高脂血症10934.82高血压+高脂血症4238.53
2糖尿病+高血压2940.85糖尿病+高血压9831.31糖尿病+高血压3834.86
3糖尿病+高脂血症2535.21糖尿病+高脂血症7223.00糖尿病+高脂血症3027.52
4糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症2028.17糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症5617.89糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症2522.94
5高血压+肾功能不全912.68高血压+房颤5316.93高血压+肾功能不全1816.51
6高血压+房颤811.27高脂血症+房颤3210.22糖尿病+肾功能不全1715.60
), ArticleFig(id=1322608127451713538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Top six comorbidity association rules with the highest confidence in the total population

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前项后项实例支持度(%)置信度(%)增益
高脂血症高血压24148.6975.521.12
糖尿病高血压23046.4674.351.11
糖尿病,高脂血症高血压13026.2680.001.19
房颤,高脂血症高血压5310.7177.361.15
肾功能不全,糖尿病高血压5210.5175.001.11
肾功能不全,高脂血症高血压469.2984.781.26
), ArticleFig(id=1322608127531405315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

总人群置信度排名前六位的共病关联规则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前项后项实例支持度(%)置信度(%)增益
高脂血症高血压24148.6975.521.12
糖尿病高血压23046.4674.351.11
糖尿病,高脂血症高血压13026.2680.001.19
房颤,高脂血症高血压5310.7177.361.15
肾功能不全,糖尿病高血压5210.5175.001.11
肾功能不全,高脂血症高血压469.2984.781.26
), ArticleFig(id=1322608127602708484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Top six comorbidity association rules with the highest confidence across different cardiac function grades

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前项后项实例支持度(%)置信度(%)增益
心功能Ⅱ级肾功能不全高血压1115.49100.001.51
肾功能不全、高脂血症高血压912.68100.001.51
肾功能不全、糖尿病高血压811.27100.001.51
肾功能不全、高脂血症、糖尿病高血压79.86100.001.51
慢阻肺、高脂血症高血压45.63100.001.51
慢阻肺、高血压高脂血症45.63100.001.82
心功能Ⅲ级糖尿病、高脂血症高血压7423.6478.381.17
房颤、高脂血症高血压3410.8679.411.18
房颤、糖尿病高血压309.5883.331.24
中风高血压309.5876.671.14
贫血高血压175.4376.471.14
甲减高血压165.1181.251.21
心功能Ⅳ级肾功能不全、高血压糖尿病1816.5188.891.98
肾功能不全、糖尿病高血压1715.6094.121.39
肾功能不全、高脂血症高血压1311.9392.311.36
肾功能不全、高脂血症糖尿病1311.9384.621.88
肾功能不全、高脂血症、高血压糖尿病1211.0191.672.04
肾功能不全、糖尿病、高脂血症高血压1110.09100.001.47
), ArticleFig(id=1322608127682400261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322608119742583749, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同心功能分级置信度排名前六位的共病关联规则分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前项后项实例支持度(%)置信度(%)增益
心功能Ⅱ级肾功能不全高血压1115.49100.001.51
肾功能不全、高脂血症高血压912.68100.001.51
肾功能不全、糖尿病高血压811.27100.001.51
肾功能不全、高脂血症、糖尿病高血压79.86100.001.51
慢阻肺、高脂血症高血压45.63100.001.51
慢阻肺、高血压高脂血症45.63100.001.82
心功能Ⅲ级糖尿病、高脂血症高血压7423.6478.381.17
房颤、高脂血症高血压3410.8679.411.18
房颤、糖尿病高血压309.5883.331.24
中风高血压309.5876.671.14
贫血高血压175.4376.471.14
甲减高血压165.1181.251.21
心功能Ⅳ级肾功能不全、高血压糖尿病1816.5188.891.98
肾功能不全、糖尿病高血压1715.6094.121.39
肾功能不全、高脂血症高血压1311.9392.311.36
肾功能不全、高脂血症糖尿病1311.9384.621.88
肾功能不全、高脂血症、高血压糖尿病1211.0191.672.04
肾功能不全、糖尿病、高脂血症高血压1110.09100.001.47
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不同心功能分级慢性心力衰竭患者共病模式分析
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蔡长英 1 , 田禹旸 2 , 王娟 3 , 李子彤 4 , 兰雅琪 5 , 赵慧辉 4
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2025,52(21): 4025-4032
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现代预防医学 |临床与预防 2025 , 52 (21) : 4025 -4032
不同心功能分级慢性心力衰竭患者共病模式分析
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蔡长英1, 田禹旸2, 王娟3 , 李子彤4, 兰雅琪5, 赵慧辉4
作者信息
  • 1.北京中医药大学中药学院,北京 102488
  • 2.北京中医药大学第一临床医学院
  • 3.北京中医药大学期刊中心,北京 102488
  • 4.北京中医药大学中医学院,北京 100029
  • 5.北京中医药大学针灸推拿学院
通讯作者:
王娟,E-mail:;
赵慧辉,E-mail:;王娟与赵慧辉为共同通信作者
作者简介:

蔡长英(2004—),女,本科在读,研究方向:中医药防控慢病大数据挖掘与建模研究

Comorbidity patterns in patients with chronic heart failure with different cardiac function grades
Chang-ying CAI1, Yu-yang TIAN2, Juan WANG3 , Zi-tong LI4, Ya-qi LAN5, Hui-hui ZHAO4
Affiliations
  • School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2025-11-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504056
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目的

探索不同心功能慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)患者的共病模式,为优化治疗方案和改善患者预后提供科学依据。

方法

采用横断面研究方法,收集2018年5月—2022年11月北京内外9家医院495例CHF患者临床信息,应用关联规则分析不同心功能分级患者共病模式,构建CHF患者共病网络并进行可视化分析。

结果

495例CHF患者共病患病率为96.57%。心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级患者共病比率分别为94.37%、96.81%、97.25%。高血压(67.27%)、高脂血症(48.69%)和糖尿病(46.46%)是CHF患者最常见共病。其中,二种共病患者占比最大,为28.90%。随心功能恶化,肾功能不全、房颤等共病频次呈增加趋势。在心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级患者中,分别挖掘得到34、11和23条强关联规则,进一步揭示了CHF患者高血压、糖尿病和高脂血症之间的关联模式。共病网络图显示心衰患者与高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病等关联密切,存在复杂共患关系。不同心功能患者共病网络密度存在差异,心功能恶化患者共病联系更为复杂。

结论

加强临床CHF患者共病防治监管体系,将有助于整合医疗资源、形成更优的个性化干预方案,进而提高慢病防控效果。

慢性心衰  /  共病  /  心功能分级  /  关联规则
Objective

To explore the comorbidity patterns of chronic heart failure(CHF) patients with different cardiac function grades, and to provide a scientific basis for optimizing treatment plans and improving patient prognosis.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect the clinical information of 495 patients with CHF from 9 hospitals inside and outside Beijing from May 2018 to November 2022. Association rule analysis was applied to investigate comorbidity patterns among patients with varying degrees of cardiac function, and a comorbidity network for CHF patients was constructed and visually analyzed.

Results

The comorbidity prevalence among the 495 CHF patients was 96.57%. The comorbidity ratios for patients with cardiac function grades II, III, and IV were 94.37%, 96.81%, and 97.25%, respectively. Hypertension (67.27%), hyperlipidemia (48.69%), and diabetes (46.46%) were the most common comorbidities among CHF patients, with the highest proportion of patients having two comorbidities (28.90%). As cardiac function declined, the frequency of comorbidities such as renal insufficiency and atrial fibrillation showed an increasing trend. In patients with cardiac function grades II, III, and IV, 34, 11, and 23 strong association rules were identified, respectively, further revealing the associations among hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia in CHF patients. The comorbidity network diagram demonstrated a close association between heart failure patients and conditions such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, indicating a complex comorbid relationship. There was a difference in comorbidity network density among patients with varying cardiac function levels, with patients experiencing deterioration in cardiac function exhibiting more complex comorbid connections.

Conclusion

Strengthening the monitoring and management of comorbidities in clinical CHF patients could help integrate medical resources, optimize personalized intervention strategies, and enhance the overall effectiveness of chronic disease prevention and control.

Chronic heart failure  /  Comorbidity  /  Cardiac function grade  /  Association rule
蔡长英, 田禹旸, 王娟, 李子彤, 兰雅琪, 赵慧辉. 不同心功能分级慢性心力衰竭患者共病模式分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (21) : 4025 -4032 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504056
Chang-ying CAI, Yu-yang TIAN, Juan WANG, Zi-tong LI, Ya-qi LAN, Hui-hui ZHAO. Comorbidity patterns in patients with chronic heart failure with different cardiac function grades[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (21) : 4025 -4032 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504056
慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)是因多种因素导致心脏结构和(或)功能异常改变,使心室收缩和(或)舒张功能发生障碍,进而引起的一组复杂临床综合征。冠心病是导致CHF最常见的原发病[1-2]。随着人口老龄化加剧,CHF逐步成为全球性的健康问题[3]。CHF患者常伴多种共病,其相互作用不仅加剧了临床治疗复杂性,还严重影响患者生活质量和预后,为重大慢病临床治疗带来诸多挑战[4]。因此,探讨CHF患者共病模式,对于优化治疗方案、改善患者预后具有重要意义。本研究通过收集495例CHF患者临床数据,应用关联规则分析不同心功能CHF患者共病模式,构建其可视化网络,揭示核心疾病及其与各疾病间关联规律,为后续优化CHF治疗方案及改善患者预后提供临床依据。
收集2018年5月—2022年11月北京内外9家医院(中日友好医院、中国医学科学院阜外医院、中国中医科学院西苑医院、中国中医科学院广安门医院、北京中医药大学东直门医院、中国中医科学院望京医院、郑州市中医院、北京市房山区中医医院和武汉市中医院)495例CHF患者临床数据,包括患者人口学及一般基线资料、心功能分级信息、慢性病患病情况(由对受试者及家属进行开放式问卷调查的方式确定)。所有受试者知情同意并自愿签署知情同意书,研究得到北京中医药大学医学伦理委员会批准(审批号: 2024BZYLL0701)。
纳入患者依据《2018年中国慢性心力衰竭诊断治疗指南》[5] 进行诊断,心功能分级参照美国纽约心脏病学会心功能分级标准[6] 。排除心肌梗死急性期(14 d内)、体质过敏及对多种药物过敏、妊娠及哺乳期妇女、患有精神疾病或拒绝合作的患者。
世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)在2008年将共病定义为共存于同一患者体内的两种或两种以上的慢性病[7] 。本研究所探讨的共病为受试者除冠心病与CHF以外的其他疾病。研究选取CHF患者常见的11种疾病(患病率>1.0%)纳入分析[8],具体为:高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病、房颤、肾功能不全、慢阻肺、中风、贫血、甲减、肝功能不全、肺动脉高压 。
临床数据采集和分析过程采取严格质控方案,由两名副主任及以上职称的临床医师进行核查,确保数据真实准确。
使用SPSS 25.0软件进行描述性分析,计数资料以例数呈现,分类变量用比率表示。采用IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0中的Apriori算法,进行关联规则的数据挖掘。支持度反映关联规则算法前、后项同时发生的概率,用于筛选频繁项集;置信度则反映关联规则前项出现时,后项同时出现的概率,能够衡量规则的可预测性;提升度是衡量关联规则中前项与后项关联强度的指标,当提升度>1时,前、后项共同出现的频率高于各自独立出现频率,即存在正关联性[9]。根据本研究纳入数据特点,调整支持度、置信度及提升度至适宜参数[10-12]。本研究中关联规则的最低支持度为5.0%,最小置信度为65.0%,提升度>1.00。同时,采用SPSS 25.0软件进行疾病共现相关性分析,构建疾病共病可视化网络。网络图中每个节点表征一种独立疾病;依据相关系数绝对值,节点间连线表示疾病共现关系,边的粗细与颜色深度映射关联强度。本研究定义链接数(边权)>35为强关联(粗深色线),<15为弱关联(细浅色线),网络节点高密度连接区域提示存在慢性病复杂共病簇群[13-15]。检验水准α=0.05。
纳入患者患共病478人,占比96.57%;不同年龄患者共病比率不同,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级患者共病比率分别为94.37%、96.81%、97.25%。患者最常见共病依次为高血压333例(67.27%)、高脂血症241例(48.69%)、糖尿病230例(46.46%)。
CHF患者最常见的二元、三元、四元共病组合分别为高血压+高脂血症(23.1%)、糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症(32.7%)、糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症+房颤(13.6%)。见表2。
不同心功能患者共病频次分析结果均表明,高血压+高脂血症、糖尿病+高血压、糖尿病+高脂血症、糖尿病+高血压+高脂血症等共病模式患者占比较高。见表3。
关联规则挖掘总人群共病网络结果显示,“高脂血症→高血压”有较高支持度和置信度,见表4。
心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级患者中,分别挖掘得到34、11和23条共病关联规则。其中,心功能Ⅱ级患者“肾功能不全→高血压”有较高支持度和置信度;心功能III级患者“糖尿病、高脂血症→高血压”有较高支持度和置信度;心功能IV级患者“肾功能不全,高血压→糖尿病”有较高支持度和置信度。见表5。
疾病共现相关性分析和关联规则网络图显示,在总样本及不同心功能分级患者中的核心疾病为高血压。高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病、房颤、肾功能不全等疾病间共患关系较复杂。不同心功能患者共病网络密度存在差异,Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级患者关联规则高密度连接区,表明心功能分级更高患者共病簇群特征更为明显。见图1。
CHF是多种心血管疾病终末阶段,其发病率随年龄增长攀升,常与多种慢病并存[16]。Isomaa B等[17]研究显示,81%CHF患者至少伴随一种共病。本研究以冠心病为原发病的CHF患者为研究对象,结果显示患者至少患一种共病占96.6%,其中患二种共病人群占比最大,为28.9%。此外,研究发现高血压、高脂血症和糖尿病为最常见共病,普遍存在于不同心功能分级患者中。李慧颖等[18]研究显示,上述疾病与CHF进展相互关联,加剧血管及肾功能损伤,导致患者病情加重。其中,高血压作为CHF重要风险因素,其长期作用可削弱心室泵血能力,导致心室肥厚扩张,最终引发更为严重的症状,而心衰又会进一步加重高血压病情[19]。糖尿病则通过诱发心肌缺血、心梗及心脏结构性病变,增加心衰风险[20]。长期的高血脂状态导致冠状动脉内腔直径变窄,使心肌陷入长期缺血缺氧状态,加剧CHF[21]。心室肌细胞持续受到刺激,导致心脏负荷加重,引发不良预后。
心功能III级患者合并房颤比率较高。PETAR M等[22]研究显示,随心功能恶化,房颤发生率显著增加。左房直径增加被认为是左心房心肌重构的标志,是房颤发生与发展的病理基础[23]。韩立明等[24]研究发现,心功能III、IV级患者左房内径较心功能分级为I、II级患者增加。在心功能IV级患者中,肾功能不全频次升高。李嘉茵等[25]研究揭示了心功能IV级患者肾功能异常比例较高,且心功能可能随肾功能恶化从III级向IV级演进。山萌萌等[26]研究结果亦显示心功能IV级是CHF患者合并肾功能不全的独立危险因素。这可能与 III、IV级患者较II级患者肾小球滤过率显著下降有关[27],机制涉及心功能衰退导致心排血量减少,造成有效循环血量及肾灌注量降低,人体神经内分泌系统被激活以收缩肾脏及外周循环小血管增加供血,从而造成肾损伤,或因静脉系统淤血导致肾功能进一步下降[28]。
关联规则分析已被广泛应用于共病模式研究中,其优势在于能够从大量数据中挖掘患者共病模式并评估其重要性[29]。本研究关联分析结果显示,总人群和各心功能分级亚组患者共病模式主要集中于高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症三种疾病组合,进一步说明上述疾病存在紧密共患关系,且在不同心功能分级状态下相对稳定,可能共同构成CHF患者共病管理的关键靶点。余意等[30]在研究冠心病CHF临床资料与心功能分级相关性时,发现心功能II级、III级和IV级患者合并病数量最多的疾病均为高血压,与本研究结果相符。机体长期处于高血压状态,心脏后负荷增大,左心室泵血能力下降,且高血压会造成心肌肥厚,影响心室收缩力,进而出现心输出量减少、心腔扩大、静脉回流受阻等CHF临床表现。在心功能Ⅲ级患者中,甲减与“三高”的共病组合置信度较高。王仑等[31]研究发现CHF患者的甲状腺功能减退与心衰严重程度存在关联;成正凡[32]研究也证明,甲减可能引起心动过缓,从而降低心室充盈和收缩功能。甲减患者体内甲状腺激素水平降低,儿茶酚胺敏感性降低,且NO抑制心肌细胞β肾上腺素效应引起负性肌力作用,并通过环磷酸鸟苷介导Ca2+内流抑制作用[33],影响患者心功能[33]。
综上,CHF患者与多种常见慢病存在复杂共患关系。相同共病模式在不同心功能患者中占比不同,关联强度也存在差异,例如“肾功能不全→高血压”“贫血→糖尿病”等共病模式在不同心功能患者置信度存在较大差异,从侧面反映随着CHF心功能恶化,共病状态的病生理过程也发生改变。网络模型分析结果显示,心功能恶化患者共病网络密度更高,共病簇群特征更为明显,提示临床干预应加强对不同心功能分级患者共病管理。同步监测其共病各项指标,及时干预共病状态,对改善预后有重要意义。
但本研究仍存在一定局限性。(1)样本代表性受限:纳入患者均来自九家大型三甲医院,且大部分为京内医院,基层医疗机构覆盖不足,某种程度上可能高估患者共病复杂程度;(2)横断面设计局限:无法确定共病与心功能分级因果时序关系;(3)混杂因素控制不足:未校正患者药物使用、生活方式等潜在干扰因素。后续将通过前瞻性队列研究,进一步扩大样本至更多区域、不同级别医疗机构心衰患者,以探索不同心功能分级心衰患者共病模式及发病机制,并结合多模态数据(如生物标志物、影像学等),构建更精准的风险预测模型,进而不断优化不同共病模式心衰患者的临床治疗策略。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82374299; 81973697)
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2025年第52卷第21期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504056
  • 接收时间:2025-04-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-05
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(82374299; 81973697)
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    1.北京中医药大学中药学院,北京 102488
    2.北京中医药大学第一临床医学院
    3.北京中医药大学期刊中心,北京 102488
    4.北京中医药大学中医学院,北京 100029
    5.北京中医药大学针灸推拿学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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