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Article(id=1322607994433549181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322607837742747790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504446, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745424000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793263918741, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793263918741, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793263918741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793263918741, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322607837742747790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='20', pageStart='3649', pageEnd='3840', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761321600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793263881383, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793264238791, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322609336933794638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322607837742747790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322609336933794639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322607837742747790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3755, endPage=3760, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322607994643264382, articleId=1322607994433549181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Current allocation of critical maternal care resources and spatial accessibility, Jiangsu, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the spatial distribution of women of childbearing age and the allocation of resources for maternal and neonatal care, and to assess the spatial accessibility of critical maternal care resources, providing a scientific basis for optimizing resource allocation.

Methods

Taking the critical maternal care centers in Jiangsu Province in 2024 as the supply side and the population of women of childbearing age in Jiangsu Province as the demand side, the comprehensive service capacity index was constructed using the entropy weight method. The spatial accessibility of resources was evaluated using the shortest distance method and the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method.

Results

The distribution of women of childbearing age was mainly concentrated in the urban areas of Nanjing, Suzhou, and Wuxi. 92.91% of the critical maternal care centers were located in the top 20% of areas with the highest population density of women of childbearing age. The proportions of provincial, municipal, and county-level critical maternal care centers were 19.69%, 21.26%, and 59.06%, respectively. They were allocated 35.08%, 21.41%, and 43.51% of the bed resources and 37.03%, 21.60%, and 41.36% of the physician resources, respectively. The average annual delivery volume was 4 874.32 cases, 2 472.48 cases, and 1 628.47 cases, respectively. In terms of time cost, the average time for women of childbearing age in the province to reach the nearest critical maternal care center was 18.74 minutes. 69.81% of women of childbearing age could obtain care services within 15 minutes, 27.40% of the population needed 15-30 minutes, and 2.79% of the population needed more than 30 minutes. From the perspective of supply and demand, when the time thresholds were 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 45 minutes, the proportions of the population with good or better accessibility were 16.69%, 24.42%, and 29.03%, respectively.

Conclusion

The spatial accessibility of critical maternal care resources in Jiangsu Province is generally good, but the distribution of obstetrician resources does not fully match the population distribution. The accessibility level of resource allocation in some areas such as Dongtai City and Xiangshui County in Yancheng City still needs to be improved. The "abundance and high quality" in resource-intensive areas has not been fully transformed into fairness and accessibility. It is recommended to enhance the fairness and efficiency of resource allocation through measures such as balancing supply and demand and improving management and service capabilities.

, authors=Yu-hong YU1, Zhi-ming SUN1, 2, Min ZHANG3, 4, 5, Juan CHEN1, authorsList=Yu-hong YU, Zhi-ming SUN, Min ZHANG, Juan CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhi-ming SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322607998791431072, articleId=1322607994433549181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=江苏省危重孕产妇救治资源配置现状及空间可达性评价, columnId=1228016568014139551, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=卫生政策与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析育龄妇女空间分布与孕产妇救治资源配置情况，评估危重孕产妇救治资源的空间可达性，为优化资源配置提供科学依据。

方法

以2024年江苏省危重孕产妇救治中心为供给方，以江苏省育龄妇女人口为需求方，通过熵权法构建综合服务能力指标，采用最短距离法和高斯两步移动搜索法，评估资源的空间可达性。

结果

育龄妇女分布主要集聚在南京、苏州、无锡等城市市区。92.91%的救治中心位于育龄妇女人口密度前20%的区域。省级、市级、县级救治中心数量占比分别为19.69%、21.26%和59.06%，分别配置了35.08%、21.41%和43.51%的床位资源以及37.03%、21.60%和41.36%的医师资源，年均分娩量依次为4 874.32 例、2 472.48 例和1 628.47 例。从时间成本看，全省育龄妇女到达最近救治中心的平均时间为18.74 min，69.81%的育龄妇女可在15 min内获取救治服务，27.40%的人口需15~30 min，2.79%的人口需要30 min以上。从供需角度看，时间阈值分别为15 min、30 min与45 min时，较好及以上可达性人口比例分别为16.96%、24.42%与29.03%。

结论

江苏省危重孕产妇救治资源配置的空间可达性总体较好，部分城市如盐城市东台市、响水县等地区资源配置的可达性水平仍需提升，资源密集区的“量多质优”未完全转化为公平可及性。建议通过平衡供需、提升管理服务能力等措施，提升资源分配的公平性与效率。

, authors=余昱宏1, 孙志明1, 2, 张敏3, 4, 5, 陈娟1, authorsList=余昱宏, 孙志明, 张敏, 陈娟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙志明, authorNote=

余昱宏（1998—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：空间流行病学

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孙志明，E-mail:
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余昱宏（1998—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：空间流行病学

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4.国家卫生健康委避孕药具警戒与生育力监测重点实验室
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注：审图号苏S(2024)11号，底图无修改。

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注：审图号苏S(2024)11号，底图无修改。

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注：审图号苏S(2024)11号，底图无修改。

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注：审图号苏S(2024)11号，底图无修改。

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注：审图号苏S(2024)11号，底图无修改。

, figureFileSmall=AtaHiekLqSLMfLxqlHFinA==, figureFileBig=8v0YJMoGv6G1r2HK4cvePQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322608003505828822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607994433549181, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Data sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类别数据名称数据来源具体数据情况
供给点危重孕产妇救治中心江苏省卫健委危重孕产妇救治中心基本信息（位置、危重孕产妇救治中心层级、产科床位、产科医师、年分娩量）
地理坐标高德地图API技术供给点地理位置信息（经度、纬度）
需求点育龄妇女分布第七次人口普查区县统计育龄妇女人口
妊娠妇女密度WorldPop2015年妊娠妇女分布栅格数据,分辨率为1 000 m×1 000 m
道路交通交通网络江苏省基础地理信息中心交通网络、道路类型
行政区划江苏省基础地理信息中心行政区划名称、形状
自然阻隔要素OpenStreetMap水系、绿地
), ArticleFig(id=1322608003581326295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607994433549181, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类别数据名称数据来源具体数据情况
供给点危重孕产妇救治中心江苏省卫健委危重孕产妇救治中心基本信息（位置、危重孕产妇救治中心层级、产科床位、产科医师、年分娩量）
地理坐标高德地图API技术供给点地理位置信息（经度、纬度）
需求点育龄妇女分布第七次人口普查区县统计育龄妇女人口
妊娠妇女密度WorldPop2015年妊娠妇女分布栅格数据,分辨率为1 000 m×1 000 m
道路交通交通网络江苏省基础地理信息中心交通网络、道路类型
行政区划江苏省基础地理信息中心行政区划名称、形状
自然阻隔要素OpenStreetMap水系、绿地
), ArticleFig(id=1322608003652629464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607994433549181, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Hierarchical distribution characteristics of critical maternal treatment resources in Jiangsu Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层级机构数量（个）产科床位数[n(%)]产科医师数[n(%)]年分娩量[n(%)]平均年分娩量（例）
省级252 618(37.03)1 683(35.08)121 858(39.21)4 874.32
市级271 527(21.60)1 027(21.41)66 757(21.48)2 472.48
县级752 924(41.36)2 087(43.51)122 135(39.30)1 628.47
), ArticleFig(id=1322608003732321241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607994433549181, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

江苏省危重孕产妇救治资源层级分布特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层级机构数量（个）产科床位数[n(%)]产科医师数[n(%)]年分娩量[n(%)]平均年分娩量（例）
省级252 618(37.03)1 683(35.08)121 858(39.21)4 874.32
市级271 527(21.60)1 027(21.41)66 757(21.48)2 472.48
县级752 924(41.36)2 087(43.51)122 135(39.30)1 628.47
), ArticleFig(id=1322608003807818714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607994433549181, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistical table of area and population proportion under spatial accessibility at various levels in Jiangsu Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可达性等级15min 搜索阈值30min 搜索阈值45min 搜索阈值
面积占比(%)覆盖人口(%)面积占比(%)覆盖人口(%)面积占比(%)覆盖人口(%)
低21.6225.1152.4232.8341.1720.65
较低9.2618.0216.8319.0523.7921.65
一般3.479.7211.8920.9120.0728.52
较好2.1911.327.2116.7610.7620.36
好1.205.642.167.653.378.67
合计37.7469.8190.5197.2199.1699.85
), ArticleFig(id=1322608003891704795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607994433549181, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

江苏省各等级空间可达性下面积和人口占比统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可达性等级15min 搜索阈值30min 搜索阈值45min 搜索阈值
面积占比(%)覆盖人口(%)面积占比(%)覆盖人口(%)面积占比(%)覆盖人口(%)
低21.6225.1152.4232.8341.1720.65
较低9.2618.0216.8319.0523.7921.65
一般3.479.7211.8920.9120.0728.52
较好2.1911.327.2116.7610.7620.36
好1.205.642.167.653.378.67
合计37.7469.8190.5197.2199.1699.85
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江苏省危重孕产妇救治资源配置现状及空间可达性评价
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余昱宏 1 , 孙志明 1, 2 , 张敏 3, 4, 5 , 陈娟 1
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025,52(20): 3755-3760
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现代预防医学 |卫生政策与管理 2025 , 52 (20) : 3755 -3760
江苏省危重孕产妇救治资源配置现状及空间可达性评价
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4.国家卫生健康委避孕药具警戒与生育力监测重点实验室
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余昱宏1, 孙志明1, 2 , 张敏3, 4, 5, 陈娟1
作者信息
  • 1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院，江苏　南京　210003
  • 2.徐州医科大学
  • 3.江苏省卫生健康发展研究中心
  • 4.国家卫生健康委避孕药具警戒与生育力监测重点实验室
  • 5.江苏省生育力保护与卫生技术评估重点实验室
通讯作者:
孙志明，E-mail:
作者简介:

余昱宏（1998—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：空间流行病学

Current allocation of critical maternal care resources and spatial accessibility, Jiangsu
Yu-hong YU1, Zhi-ming SUN1, 2 , Min ZHANG3, 4, 5, Juan CHEN1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504446
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摘要
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目的

分析育龄妇女空间分布与孕产妇救治资源配置情况，评估危重孕产妇救治资源的空间可达性，为优化资源配置提供科学依据。

方法

以2024年江苏省危重孕产妇救治中心为供给方，以江苏省育龄妇女人口为需求方，通过熵权法构建综合服务能力指标，采用最短距离法和高斯两步移动搜索法，评估资源的空间可达性。

结果

育龄妇女分布主要集聚在南京、苏州、无锡等城市市区。92.91%的救治中心位于育龄妇女人口密度前20%的区域。省级、市级、县级救治中心数量占比分别为19.69%、21.26%和59.06%，分别配置了35.08%、21.41%和43.51%的床位资源以及37.03%、21.60%和41.36%的医师资源，年均分娩量依次为4 874.32 例、2 472.48 例和1 628.47 例。从时间成本看，全省育龄妇女到达最近救治中心的平均时间为18.74 min，69.81%的育龄妇女可在15 min内获取救治服务，27.40%的人口需15~30 min，2.79%的人口需要30 min以上。从供需角度看，时间阈值分别为15 min、30 min与45 min时，较好及以上可达性人口比例分别为16.96%、24.42%与29.03%。

结论

江苏省危重孕产妇救治资源配置的空间可达性总体较好，部分城市如盐城市东台市、响水县等地区资源配置的可达性水平仍需提升，资源密集区的“量多质优”未完全转化为公平可及性。建议通过平衡供需、提升管理服务能力等措施，提升资源分配的公平性与效率。

危重孕产妇救治中心  /  熵权法  /  高斯两步移动搜索法  /  空间可达性
Objective

To analyze the spatial distribution of women of childbearing age and the allocation of resources for maternal and neonatal care, and to assess the spatial accessibility of critical maternal care resources, providing a scientific basis for optimizing resource allocation.

Methods

Taking the critical maternal care centers in Jiangsu Province in 2024 as the supply side and the population of women of childbearing age in Jiangsu Province as the demand side, the comprehensive service capacity index was constructed using the entropy weight method. The spatial accessibility of resources was evaluated using the shortest distance method and the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method.

Results

The distribution of women of childbearing age was mainly concentrated in the urban areas of Nanjing, Suzhou, and Wuxi. 92.91% of the critical maternal care centers were located in the top 20% of areas with the highest population density of women of childbearing age. The proportions of provincial, municipal, and county-level critical maternal care centers were 19.69%, 21.26%, and 59.06%, respectively. They were allocated 35.08%, 21.41%, and 43.51% of the bed resources and 37.03%, 21.60%, and 41.36% of the physician resources, respectively. The average annual delivery volume was 4 874.32 cases, 2 472.48 cases, and 1 628.47 cases, respectively. In terms of time cost, the average time for women of childbearing age in the province to reach the nearest critical maternal care center was 18.74 minutes. 69.81% of women of childbearing age could obtain care services within 15 minutes, 27.40% of the population needed 15-30 minutes, and 2.79% of the population needed more than 30 minutes. From the perspective of supply and demand, when the time thresholds were 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 45 minutes, the proportions of the population with good or better accessibility were 16.69%, 24.42%, and 29.03%, respectively.

Conclusion

The spatial accessibility of critical maternal care resources in Jiangsu Province is generally good, but the distribution of obstetrician resources does not fully match the population distribution. The accessibility level of resource allocation in some areas such as Dongtai City and Xiangshui County in Yancheng City still needs to be improved. The "abundance and high quality" in resource-intensive areas has not been fully transformed into fairness and accessibility. It is recommended to enhance the fairness and efficiency of resource allocation through measures such as balancing supply and demand and improving management and service capabilities.

Critical maternal care center  /  Entropy weight method  /  Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method  /  Spatial accessibility
余昱宏, 孙志明, 张敏, 陈娟. 江苏省危重孕产妇救治资源配置现状及空间可达性评价. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (20) : 3755 -3760 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504446
Yu-hong YU, Zhi-ming SUN, Min ZHANG, Juan CHEN. Current allocation of critical maternal care resources and spatial accessibility, Jiangsu[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (20) : 3755 -3760 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504446
正文
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围产医学水平是体现国家公共卫生体系发展的重要标志[1]。自20世纪90年代《中华人民共和国母婴保健法》、《中国妇女发展纲要》和《中国儿童发展纲要》实施以来，我国通过健全妇幼卫生法制、完善三级服务网络、推进救治中心建设等举措，显著提升了妇幼健康水平[2]。2023年全国孕产妇死亡率降至15.1/10万，且各地危重孕产妇抢救成功率均在99.0%以上[3]。然而，在优质医疗资源总量增加的背景下，其空间配置的公平性问题逐渐凸显[4]。当前，我国已构建覆盖省、市、县（区）三级的危重孕产妇救治网络体系[5]，但危重孕产妇的安全高效转运以及产科优质医疗资源的动态调配等方面仍面临挑战[6]。
本研究基于最短距离法与高斯两步移动搜索法从时间与供需角度量化育龄妇女获取救治服务的可达性水平。为江苏省优化高危孕产妇救治网络、推动健康资源均等化提供规划依据。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　研究区域和对象
江苏省地处长江三角洲核心区（北纬30°45’~35°20’，东经116°18’~121°57’），总面积10.72万平方公里，下辖13市95个区县，城镇化率达75.04%，平原占比86.89%的河网地貌既促进城市群发展，也为医疗资源均衡布局带来挑战。作为全国首批建成危重孕产妇三级救治体系的省份，现拥有覆盖省、市、县（区）三级的245家救治中心（含127家孕产妇中心），已形成分级联动的应急网络。
当前人口结构演变与生育政策调整加剧了孕产健康风险：2020年女性平均初育年龄较1990年推迟5.8岁至27.94岁，高龄初产占比升至8.7%[7-8]。这对孕产妇危急重症的发生也形成了挑战。
1.2　数据来源与处理
1.2.1　数据来源
数据主要包括供给点、需求点及道路交通三部分数据，数据来源见表1。
1.2.2　数据处理
通过高德地图API获取救治中心兴趣点数据，随后利用Geoscene. Pro将孕产妇救治中心数据空间化。
本研究中，选取育龄妇女人口作为危重孕产妇救治服务的潜在需求方，育龄妇女人口的空间分布能够较为全面地反映区域内未来可能产生孕产服务需求的基础人口规模，是潜在的服务使用对象。基于2020年全国人口普查数据，对2015年WorldPop妊娠妇女1 000 m分辨率栅格数据进行修正处理。公式如下：
其中Pij是区县j中网格i的育龄妇女数量，Gij是网格i对应的WorldPop妊娠妇女数。Gj是区县j中WorldPop妊娠妇女数，Tj是根据2020年全国人口普查数据区县j的实际育龄妇女数量。（3）参考相关研究[9-10]，将研究区域划分成3 km×3 km网格，通过分区统计工具获取每个网格内育龄妇女数，作为潜在需求人口数。该尺度兼顾空间精度与计算效率，也能较好地聚合WorldPop妊娠妇女1 000 m分辨率栅格数据。
参考《公路工程技术标准（JTG B01-2014）》、《公路路线设计规范（JTGD20-2006）》以及《城市道路工程设计规范》CJJ37-2012（2016年版），并根据江苏实际情况进行调整，对各类型的道路的行驶速度进行了设定，其中高速公路限速120 km/h，国省道限速80 km/h，县道限速60 km/h，城市快速路限速80 km/h，主干路限速50 km/h，次干路限速40 km/h，支路限速30 km/h。
1.3　研究方法
1.3.1　最短距离法
采用最短距离法对时间可达性进行分析，计算每一个需求点到最近危重孕产妇救治中心的最短到达时间。基于需求点（育龄妇女人口格网）与供给点（危重孕产妇救治中心），结合路网信息，通过网络分析工具提取需求点到各供给点的最短行驶路径与通行时间。
1.3.2　熵权法
采用熵权法对江苏省危重孕产妇救治资源配置进行多维度综合评价，通过量化指标的变异程度实现客观赋权，避免主观干预。共纳入江苏省127家危重孕产妇救治中心，参考《危重孕产妇救治中心建设与管理指南》以及《危重孕产妇救治体系技术评估指标》（2023）选取产科床位数（X1）、产科医师数（X2）、年分娩量（X3）以及机构层级（X4）作为服务能力相关指标。具体流程如下：
（1）数据标准化处理：采用极差法消除数据量纲差异与尺度差异：
（2）计算第i个救治中心第j项指标的比重：；
（3）指标信息熵计算：；
（4）信息效用值计算：dj=1-ej；
（5）指标权重的确定：
（6）基于线性加权模型构建综合服务能力指标（Comprehensive Service Capacity Index, CSCI）：
1.3.3　高斯两步移动搜索法（Gaussian Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method, Ga2SFCA）
采用Ga2SFCA基于供需关系对江苏省危重孕产妇救治中心可达性进行评价，主要分为以下两步：
第一步，搜索每个供给点（救治中心）j时间阈值t0范围内格网需求点k的育龄妇女人口,计算其供需比Rj:
其中，tij为格网需求点i到供给点j所需时间，Pk为搜索区内格网需求点i的育龄妇女人口总数,t0为设定的时间阈值；Sj为供给点j的供给量，即CSCI。G (tij,t0)为距离衰减函数，即高斯函数，计算如下：
第二步,对于每一个格网需求点i，给定时间阈值t0，将落在该作用域的供给点j的供需比Rj，利用高斯方程赋予权重，然后将加权后的比率进行加和，得到人口格网i的就医空间可达性Ai：
式中：G (tij,t0)为距离衰减函数，Rj为格网需求点k搜索区内的供给点j的供需比，tij表示格网需求点i和供给点救治中心j之间的出行时间。根据各个区域Ai值的统计分布特征，使用自然间断法将Ai值划分为五个等级。
2　结果
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2.1　江苏省育龄妇女空间分布情况
江苏省育龄妇女（15~49岁）总数为1 884.11 万。见图1。苏南地区育龄妇女人口密度高值区域较多，采用空间统计中的局部空间自相关分析，结果显示江苏省育龄妇女人口密度具有明显空间集聚特征，其中“高－高”聚集区主要在南京、苏州、无锡等城市，且呈现多中心集群特征；“低－低”聚集区则集中于盐城、淮安、宿迁以及南通等苏北和苏中城市的远郊区域。
2.2　危重孕产妇救治资源配置状况
2024年，江苏省共设立127家危重孕产妇救治中心。从江苏省危重孕产妇救治资源层级分布特征来看，见表2，省级救治中心以19.7%的数量占比（25/127）配置了35.08%的床位和37.03%的医师资源。县级救治中心数量占比59.1%（75/127），但床位和医师占比均不足45%。根据《危重孕产妇救治中心服务能力基本要求》，各级救治中心需达到相应服务规模标准：省级/市级年分娩量≥4 000 例，县级≥2 000 例。省级救治中心平均年分娩量达标，为4 874.32 例。
通过育龄妇女人口密度分布与危重孕产妇救治中心空间分布叠加分析发现，见图2，救治中心多分布在育龄妇女人口高密度地区，92.91%（118/127）的救治中心位于育龄妇女人口密度前20%（阈值>186.06 人/km2）的热点区域。服务资源配置方面，见图3，产科医师数、产科床位数核密度分布图显示，救治中心服务资源空间分布密度不均衡，空间上呈现多点高密度分布，苏南地区核密度高值区域多于苏北及苏中区域，且呈现以救治中心向外递减的趋势。年分娩量高核密度值区域较少。
2.3　危重孕产妇救治资源空间可达性分析
2.3.1　基于最短距离法的空间可达性分析
基于交通通行时间的分析表明，全省育龄妇女到达最近救治中心的平均时间为18.74 min。如表3所示，15 min内，救治中心服务69.81%的育龄妇女，覆盖全省37.74%的居住地面积（排除无人居住网格），体现其在高人口密集区的可达性较好。而15至30 min范围内，尽管覆盖52.77%的居住地面积，却只服务27.40%的人口，表明这一时段主要集中于地广人稀的郊区或乡村。而30 min以上的低可达区虽占9.49%的居住地面积，却仅涵盖2.79%的育龄妇女。主要分布在江苏省边界及交通网络薄弱区域。具体见图4，如盐城市东台市、响水县等边缘地区，宿迁市洪泽湖周边区县以及苏北城市远郊等。
2.3.2　基于高斯两步移动搜索法的空间可达性分析
在服务能力评估方面，采用熵权法对危重孕产妇救治中心的评价指标进行客观赋权。结果显示：产科医师数0.144 4、床位数0.198 1、年分娩量0.200 1、机构层级0.457 4。基于此，构建综合服务能力指标作为服务供给能力的量化依据，通过高斯两步移动搜索法评估不同时间阈值下的服务可达性情况，见表3。
在15 min阈值下，大部分被覆盖人口的可达性处于低水平，较好或好可达性的人口比例仅为16.96%。该阈值下，可达性等级好与较好的区域呈现碎片化分布，面积占比较小；而可达性等级较低及以下（包括不可达）区域则相对集中，面积占比大，反映出15 min阈值下整体可达性水平偏低；30 min阈值内，较好或好的可达性的人口比例提升至24.42%，其中可达性等级好的人口比例由5.64%上升至7.65%。如图5所示，增加的高可达性区域主要分布在连云港市、徐州市等地；45 min阈值内，较好或好可达性人口比例增长至29.03%，增加的区域主要分布在连云港市周边。
3　讨论与建议
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3.1　讨论
3.1.1　江苏省危重孕产妇救治中心空间布局较为合理，基层服务能力稍显薄弱
江苏省育龄妇女呈显著区域集聚特征，南京、苏州、无锡等苏南地区城市构成了“高－高”聚集区，这与城区常住人口高值区域分布一致[11]。危重孕产妇救治中心在总体上与育龄妇女密集区域的空间重叠度较高，但资源在不同层级分布上存在明显差异。省级救治中心集中了大量资源，在承担高危救治任务的同时也在执行大量常规产科分娩工作，其平均年分娩量（4 874 例）远超市级（2 472 例）和县级（1 628 例），这反映出患者对高等级医院的依赖，这与Berhane A[12]等人研究一致。县级救治中心作为危重孕产妇救治网络的基层支撑点，承担着辖区孕产妇首诊筛查和基础救治的核心职能。目前已建成75家，覆盖了大部分地区，但其年分娩量仍与服务能力标准存在一定差距。这也印证了我国医疗资源的“倒三角”分布[13]特征，即存在高层级医疗机构资源过度集中与基层机构服务效率不足的问题。
3.1.2　救治资源空间可达性整体较好但仍存在资源密集区的公平性挑战
救治服务的及时性和充分性主要受救治资源空间分布和交通网络发达程度的影响[14]。江苏省的救治中心多分布在中心城区，97.21%的人群可在30 min内获得救治，但盐城东台市、响水县等省界地区及苏北远郊仍存在覆盖缺口。赵卓文等[15]指出，苏北的淮安、徐州、盐城等地因医疗机构密度低、地理阻隔（如洪泽湖水域导致泗洪县陆路绕行）及路网稀疏，形成空间可达性薄弱区。
在供需评估层面，多通过两步移动搜索法及其改进模型评估医疗服务的可达性水平[16-18]，因其综合了供需与距离关系[19]，能在一定程度上更为全面地评估医疗服务的空间可达性。相关可达性研究多聚焦于医疗资源总量评估或单一维度的可达性分析[20-21]，对于多维度医疗资源的空间可达性分布需确定其所占权重，如Qin Q[22]等通过专家咨询法确定医疗资源权重以评估南宁市妇幼保健的空间可及性。本研究结合熵权法多维度量化服务供给能力，发现全省孕产妇救治服务的空间可达性差异较大。尽管苏南地区如南京、苏州等市区时间可达性较好，但但“好”可达性区域分布仍较为稀少且呈碎片化特征。这与James O. Lloyd-Smith[20]等人研究一致，当资源集中且人口密度高时，个体获取资源的能力会受限于人均资源供应量。这表明，资源密集区的“量多质优”并未完全转化为公平可及性。而苏北地区如连云港市区因人口密度较低，成为该区域高可达性集中区。因此，在优化医疗资源布局时，需兼顾总量与人群需求，以实现真正意义上的公平可及。
此外，由于近年来生育率持续走低，且区域间人口结构差异明显，若仅以育龄妇女数量代表需求人群，可能存在高估实际服务压力的风险。同时，本研究基于2020年第七次人口普查数据与2015年WorldPop妊娠妇女人口栅格数据进行空间化估算，中间存在一定时间滞后，或将引入一定估计偏差。若后续研究能够获得各区县的生育率数据，可将育龄妇女数量与地区生育率相结合进行估计，以提升资源配置精准性。
3.2　建议
（1）提升医疗服务可达性：在无救治中心的区县（如南京建邺区、宿迁泗阳县）增设救治中心或急救站点；针对资源密集但育龄人口高密度的城区，建立动态资源调度机制，优化配置效率以缓解供需矛盾；（2）落实孕产妇“五色”分级管理，以县级救治中心为枢纽，统筹风险筛查、初步处置与上转协调职能，通过上下联动机制推动高危孕产妇向高层级中心有序转诊，实现早筛查早干预；（3）优化服务能力评价指标：弱化现行“年分娩量”总量等硬性指标（因层级差异、生育率波动及区域人口密度不均影响合理性），建立分级弹性标准，综合考量区域生育率、人口密度及资源分流等因素。
基金
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  • 江苏省科教能力提升工程(ZDXYS202210)
  • 江苏省卫健委医学科研项目重点项目(ZDB2020038)
  • 江苏省卫健委妇幼保健重点项目(F202104)
  • 江苏省卫生应急研究所开放课题(JSWSYJ-20230105)
  • 中国优生优育协会科研项目(2024K018)
  • 江苏医药职业学院基层卫生与健康治理研究院开放课题(202442001)
文献
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2025年第52卷第20期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504446
  • 接收时间：2025-04-24
  • 首发时间：2026-10-29
  • 出版时间：2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-04-24
基金
江苏省科教能力提升工程(ZDXYS202210)
江苏省卫健委医学科研项目重点项目(ZDB2020038)
江苏省卫健委妇幼保健重点项目(F202104)
江苏省卫生应急研究所开放课题(JSWSYJ-20230105)
中国优生优育协会科研项目(2024K018)
江苏医药职业学院基层卫生与健康治理研究院开放课题(202442001)
作者信息
    1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院，江苏　南京　210003
    2.徐州医科大学
    3.江苏省卫生健康发展研究中心
    4.国家卫生健康委避孕药具警戒与生育力监测重点实验室
    5.江苏省生育力保护与卫生技术评估重点实验室

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孙志明，E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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