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Article(id=1322607884249190840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322607837742747790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738771200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793263892470, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793263892470, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793263892470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793263892470, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322607837742747790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='20', pageStart='3649', pageEnd='3840', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761321600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793263881383, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793264238791, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322609336933794638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322607837742747790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322609336933794639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322607837742747790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3705, endPage=3711, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322607885545230778, articleId=1322607884249190840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Content characteristics and health risk assessment of main heavy metals in the diet of Hubei Huanggang residents, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the main dietary heavy metal pollution situation of Huanggang residents, and to analyze the sources of pollution, and evaluate the health risks of heavy metal intake through dietary pathways.

Methods

From 2019 to 2023, a total of 1 402 samples from 11 major categories and 30 subcategories were collected and detected in ten counties and districts of Huanggang City. The Nemerow contamination index method, Spearman rank correlation test, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis were usedto comprehensively evaluate the food contamination situation and possible sources. Evaluate the non carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks of the population using the total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) and total target carcinogenic risk (TTCR).

Results

The average content of heavy metals(Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr) in food was 0.007-0.217 mg/kg, 0.001-0.632 mg/kg, 0.001-0.012 mg/kg, 0.003-0.103 mg/kg, and 0.005-0.376 mg/kg, respectively. The detection rate of heavy metals was 0.0%-100.0%, and the exceedance rate was 0.0%-31.7%. Except for Hg, there were statistically significant differences in the content, detection rate, and exceedance rate of heavy metals in different types of food (P<0.001). The detection rate and exceedance rate of heavy metals in edible fungi were relatively high. Region, season, stage, processing level, moisture content, and packaging level were all influencing factors of heavy metal content in food. The two possible sources of heavy metals in edible fungi were industrial emissions and traffic exhaust. Except for bamboo fungus and shiitake mushrooms, which were heavily and mildly contaminated respectively, all other foods were safe. The TTHQ of different populations was between 1 and 10, and the TTCR was greater than 1×10-4. Children had higher TTHQ than adults, and females had higher TTCR than males. The main sources of heavy metals for TTHQ and TTCR in the population were total As and Cd.

Conclusion

The overall degree of heavy metal pollution in the main diets of Huanggang City is still within a controllable range. There may be certain cumulative health risks of heavy metals for residents through dietary intake, and special attention should be paid to the health risks of children.

, authors=Xue-qin LIU, Yi ZHENG, Chi-hua WANG, Hong-liang WANG, Fen WANG, authorsList=Xue-qin LIU, Yi ZHENG, Chi-hua WANG, Hong-liang WANG, Fen WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hong-liang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322607890477732306, articleId=1322607884249190840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=湖北省黄冈市居民膳食主要重金属含量特征及健康风险评价, columnId=1228016573034721597, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=营养与食品卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解黄冈居民膳食主要重金属污染情况，分析污染来源，评估人群经膳食途径摄入重金属的健康风险，为食品安全监管提供科学依据。

方法

2019—2023年，在黄冈市10县区4环节采集11大类30小类共1 402份样品，检测重金属含量。采用内梅罗污染指数法、Spearman秩相关检验、聚类分析、主成分分析综合评估食品污染情况及可能来源。以总目标危害系数（total target hazard quotient，TTHQ）、总目标致癌风险（total target cancer risk，TTCR）评估人群非致癌和致癌健康风险。

结果

食品重金属Pb、Cd、总Hg、总As、Cr平均含量分别为0.007~0.217 mg/kg、0.001~0.632 mg/kg、0.001~0.012 mg/kg、0.003~0.103 mg/kg、0.005~0.376 mg/kg，重金属检出率为0.0%~100.0%，超标率为0.0%~31.7%。除Hg外，不同种类食品重金属含量、检出率、超标率差异均有统计学意义（P<0.001），食用菌类重金属检出率及超标率均较高。地区、季节、采样环节均是食品重金属含量的影响因素。食用菌类重金属两个可能来源为工业排放、交通尾气。除竹荪、香菇分别为重度、轻度污染外，其余食品均安全。不同人群TTHQ均处于1~10之间，TTCR均大于1×10-4，儿童高于成人，女性高于男性。人群TTHQ、TTCR主要重金属来源为总As、Cd。

结论

黄冈市主要膳食总体重金属污染程度尚在可控范围内，居民经膳食途径摄入重金属可能存在一定的重金属累积健康风险，需要重点关注儿童健康风险。

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刘雪芹与郑懿为共同第一作者。

刘雪芹（1984—），女，硕士，主管技师，研究方向：食品安全及理化检验；

郑懿（1996—），男，硕士，技师，研究方向：食品安全及理化检验

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王红亮，E-mail:
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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Determination and health risk analysis of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic content in cultivated edible fungi in Qingdao, Shandong Province, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322607898975392270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, awardId=鄂卫通2021-40号, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省公共卫生青年拔尖人才项目(鄂卫通2021-40号), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322607890960077267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322607890989437396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, companyId=1322607890960077267, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Huanggang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huanggang, Hubei 438000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322607891027186133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, companyId=1322607890960077267, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=黄冈市疾病预防控制中心，湖北　黄冈　438000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322607895296987644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of five heavy metal contents in food in Huanggang City, figureFileSmall=45SskulLG5UC8WopHT/DuA==, figureFileBig=6Hzj9G6/J197T/c3IuTl0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322607895372485117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=CN, label=图1, caption=黄冈市食品五种重金属含量分布, figureFileSmall=45SskulLG5UC8WopHT/DuA==, figureFileBig=6Hzj9G6/J197T/c3IuTl0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322607895615754750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Average content of heavy metals in different types of food in Huanggang City, figureFileSmall=4/ojPHW71kE4w6Dh6qkpVg==, figureFileBig=qc/PuR8L9wKN49RtX5IMpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322607895678669311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=CN, label=图2, caption=黄冈市不同类型食品重金属平均含量, figureFileSmall=4/ojPHW71kE4w6Dh6qkpVg==, figureFileBig=qc/PuR8L9wKN49RtX5IMpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322607895955493376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Cluster analysis of heavy metal systems in food in Huanggang City, figureFileSmall=NUxkparGBRPqw4/f+xlR6A==, figureFileBig=8L/V0GRN/dbPI0vU6c2ocg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322607896018407937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=CN, label=图3, caption=黄冈市食品重金属系统聚类分析, figureFileSmall=NUxkparGBRPqw4/f+xlR6A==, figureFileBig=8L/V0GRN/dbPI0vU6c2ocg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322607896077128194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Huanggang City food heavy metal pollution index, figureFileSmall=n1zTNs8WMT0oa2ZCEA08fQ==, figureFileBig=tlVB+k3oFujxKFGjGUz38Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322607896320397827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=CN, label=图4, caption=黄冈市食品重金属污染指数, figureFileSmall=n1zTNs8WMT0oa2ZCEA08fQ==, figureFileBig=tlVB+k3oFujxKFGjGUz38Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322607896391700996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Values of Parameters for Heavy Metal Health Risk Assessment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数中英文名称单位取值
ADI可接受日摄入量，acceptable daily intakemg·(kg·d)-1各参数取值后按照公式（1）计算可得
C各重金属含量，concentrationmg/kg中位数
IR经口日均摄入量，intake rateg/d儿童：豆类48.5、坚果类23.56、食用菌类44.7、谷类336.0、蛋类30.2、水果类101.0、肉类102.9、蔬菜类272.4、乳类56.0、水产类37.3、特殊膳食3.28[16]
成人：豆类61.54、坚果类23.56、食用菌类57.77、谷类434.32、蛋类33.99、水果类33.64、肉类70.33、蔬菜类521.44、乳类22.7、水产类60.6[16]
EF年暴露频率，exposure frequencyd/year365[17]
ED暴露持续时间，duration of exposureyear非致癌风险30，致癌风险70[17]
BW体重，body weightkg男66.2、女57.3、儿童25.6[18]
AT暴露时间，exposure timed非致癌风险10 950、致癌风险25 550[17]
Rfd经口摄入参考剂量，reference dosemg·(kg·d)-1Pb（0.001 4）、Cd（0.000 5）、Hg（0.000 3）、As（0.000 3）、Cr（0.003）[6]
SF致癌斜率因子，cancer slope factorkg·d·mg-1Pb（0.008 5）、As（1.5）、Cr（0.5）[6]
), ArticleFig(id=1322607896475587077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

重金属健康风险评价各参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数中英文名称单位取值
ADI可接受日摄入量，acceptable daily intakemg·(kg·d)-1各参数取值后按照公式（1）计算可得
C各重金属含量，concentrationmg/kg中位数
IR经口日均摄入量，intake rateg/d儿童：豆类48.5、坚果类23.56、食用菌类44.7、谷类336.0、蛋类30.2、水果类101.0、肉类102.9、蔬菜类272.4、乳类56.0、水产类37.3、特殊膳食3.28[16]
成人：豆类61.54、坚果类23.56、食用菌类57.77、谷类434.32、蛋类33.99、水果类33.64、肉类70.33、蔬菜类521.44、乳类22.7、水产类60.6[16]
EF年暴露频率，exposure frequencyd/year365[17]
ED暴露持续时间，duration of exposureyear非致癌风险30，致癌风险70[17]
BW体重，body weightkg男66.2、女57.3、儿童25.6[18]
AT暴露时间，exposure timed非致癌风险10 950、致癌风险25 550[17]
Rfd经口摄入参考剂量，reference dosemg·(kg·d)-1Pb（0.001 4）、Cd（0.000 5）、Hg（0.000 3）、As（0.000 3）、Cr（0.003）[6]
SF致癌斜率因子，cancer slope factorkg·d·mg-1Pb（0.008 5）、As（1.5）、Cr（0.5）[6]
), ArticleFig(id=1322607896739828230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detection rates and exceedance rates of five heavy metals in different types of food

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型检出率（%）超标率（%）
PbCd总Hg总AsCrPbCd总Hg总AsCr
豆类40.871.812.756.389.60.00.0//7.0
坚果类65.681.711.863.0100.03.30.0///
食用菌类79.772.931.959.493.520.330.50.05.1/
谷类13.735.730.419.08.31.22.40.00.00.0
茶类58.691.457.182.9100.01.4////
蛋类20.80.025.070.00.00.00.00.0//
水果类16.97.712.30.010.90.00.0///
肉类8.381.142.259.82.90.026.51.01.00.0
蔬菜类33.334.921.554.468.83.13.10.00.00.0
水产类35.724.359.147.821.30.06.10.00.94.3
特殊膳食4.978.647.60.09.90.04.80.00.0/
合计32.948.329.544.946.33.65.20.20.40.7
统计量χ2260.986408.688148.525316.651870.083206.729173.20616.43134.89847.082
P值<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.0010.126<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322607896823714311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同种类食品五种重金属检出率及超标率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型检出率（%）超标率（%）
PbCd总Hg总AsCrPbCd总Hg总AsCr
豆类40.871.812.756.389.60.00.0//7.0
坚果类65.681.711.863.0100.03.30.0///
食用菌类79.772.931.959.493.520.330.50.05.1/
谷类13.735.730.419.08.31.22.40.00.00.0
茶类58.691.457.182.9100.01.4////
蛋类20.80.025.070.00.00.00.00.0//
水果类16.97.712.30.010.90.00.0///
肉类8.381.142.259.82.90.026.51.01.00.0
蔬菜类33.334.921.554.468.83.13.10.00.00.0
水产类35.724.359.147.821.30.06.10.00.94.3
特殊膳食4.978.647.60.09.90.04.80.00.0/
合计32.948.329.544.946.33.65.20.20.40.7
统计量χ2260.986408.688148.525316.651870.083206.729173.20616.43134.89847.082
P值<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.0010.126<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322607896899211784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Spearman correlation analysis of heavy metal content in food in Huanggang City (r)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属PbCd总Hg总AsCr
Cd0.344
总Hg0.3840.371
总As0.516b0.4940.841a
Cr0.3540.582b0.1840.4171.000
), ArticleFig(id=1322607896953737737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

黄冈市食品重金属含量Spearman相关性分析（r）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属PbCd总Hg总AsCr
Cd0.344
总Hg0.3840.371
总As0.516b0.4940.841a
Cr0.3540.582b0.1840.4171.000
), ArticleFig(id=1322607897037623818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of principal component analysis of heavy metals in edible fungi in Huanggang City

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分初始特征值重金属各项因子载荷
特征值贡献率/%累计贡献率/%PC1PC2
PC12.49049.80649.806Cr0.765
PC21.08121.61871.424Cd0.810
PC30.64212.84084.264Pb0.961
PC40.4839.66393.927总As0.856
PC50.3046.073100.000总Hg0.712
), ArticleFig(id=1322607897096344075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607884249190840, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

黄冈市食用菌类食品重金属主成分分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分初始特征值重金属各项因子载荷
特征值贡献率/%累计贡献率/%PC1PC2
PC12.49049.80649.806Cr0.765
PC21.08121.61871.424Cd0.810
PC30.64212.84084.264Pb0.961
PC40.4839.66393.927总As0.856
PC50.3046.073100.000总Hg0.712
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Health Risks of Heavy Metal Exposure in Huanggang Population

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不同人群THQTTHQTCRTTCR
PbCd总Hg总AsCrPb总AsCr
儿童0.7563.0580.4472.7940.6577.7129.01×10-61.26×10-39.85×10-42.25×10-3
成人
男0.3761.4750.2131.2680.3233.6544.48×10-65.70×10-44.84×10-41.06×10-3
女0.4341.7040.2461.4650.3734.2225.17×10-66.59×10-45.59×10-41.22×10-3
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黄冈不同人群重金属暴露健康风险

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不同人群THQTTHQTCRTTCR
PbCd总Hg总AsCrPb总AsCr
儿童0.7563.0580.4472.7940.6577.7129.01×10-61.26×10-39.85×10-42.25×10-3
成人
男0.3761.4750.2131.2680.3233.6544.48×10-65.70×10-44.84×10-41.06×10-3
女0.4341.7040.2461.4650.3734.2225.17×10-66.59×10-45.59×10-41.22×10-3
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湖北省黄冈市居民膳食主要重金属含量特征及健康风险评价
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刘雪芹 , 郑懿 , 王赤华 , 王红亮 , 王芬
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2025,52(20): 3705-3711
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现代预防医学 |营养与食品卫生 2025 , 52 (20) : 3705 -3711
湖北省黄冈市居民膳食主要重金属含量特征及健康风险评价
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刘雪芹, 郑懿, 王赤华, 王红亮 , 王芬
作者信息
  • 黄冈市疾病预防控制中心，湖北　黄冈　438000
通讯作者:
王红亮，E-mail:
作者简介:

刘雪芹与郑懿为共同第一作者。

刘雪芹（1984—），女，硕士，主管技师，研究方向：食品安全及理化检验；

郑懿（1996—），男，硕士，技师，研究方向：食品安全及理化检验

Content characteristics and health risk assessment of main heavy metals in the diet of Hubei Huanggang residents
Xue-qin LIU, Yi ZHENG, Chi-hua WANG, Hong-liang WANG , Fen WANG
Affiliations
  • Huanggang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huanggang, Hubei 438000, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502027
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摘要
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目的

了解黄冈居民膳食主要重金属污染情况，分析污染来源，评估人群经膳食途径摄入重金属的健康风险，为食品安全监管提供科学依据。

方法

2019—2023年，在黄冈市10县区4环节采集11大类30小类共1 402份样品，检测重金属含量。采用内梅罗污染指数法、Spearman秩相关检验、聚类分析、主成分分析综合评估食品污染情况及可能来源。以总目标危害系数（total target hazard quotient，TTHQ）、总目标致癌风险（total target cancer risk，TTCR）评估人群非致癌和致癌健康风险。

结果

食品重金属Pb、Cd、总Hg、总As、Cr平均含量分别为0.007~0.217 mg/kg、0.001~0.632 mg/kg、0.001~0.012 mg/kg、0.003~0.103 mg/kg、0.005~0.376 mg/kg，重金属检出率为0.0%~100.0%，超标率为0.0%~31.7%。除Hg外，不同种类食品重金属含量、检出率、超标率差异均有统计学意义（P<0.001），食用菌类重金属检出率及超标率均较高。地区、季节、采样环节均是食品重金属含量的影响因素。食用菌类重金属两个可能来源为工业排放、交通尾气。除竹荪、香菇分别为重度、轻度污染外，其余食品均安全。不同人群TTHQ均处于1~10之间，TTCR均大于1×10-4，儿童高于成人，女性高于男性。人群TTHQ、TTCR主要重金属来源为总As、Cd。

结论

黄冈市主要膳食总体重金属污染程度尚在可控范围内，居民经膳食途径摄入重金属可能存在一定的重金属累积健康风险，需要重点关注儿童健康风险。

黄冈  /  食品  /  重金属污染  /  主成分分析  /  健康风险评价
Objective

To understand the main dietary heavy metal pollution situation of Huanggang residents, and to analyze the sources of pollution, and evaluate the health risks of heavy metal intake through dietary pathways.

Methods

From 2019 to 2023, a total of 1 402 samples from 11 major categories and 30 subcategories were collected and detected in ten counties and districts of Huanggang City. The Nemerow contamination index method, Spearman rank correlation test, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis were usedto comprehensively evaluate the food contamination situation and possible sources. Evaluate the non carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks of the population using the total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) and total target carcinogenic risk (TTCR).

Results

The average content of heavy metals(Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr) in food was 0.007-0.217 mg/kg, 0.001-0.632 mg/kg, 0.001-0.012 mg/kg, 0.003-0.103 mg/kg, and 0.005-0.376 mg/kg, respectively. The detection rate of heavy metals was 0.0%-100.0%, and the exceedance rate was 0.0%-31.7%. Except for Hg, there were statistically significant differences in the content, detection rate, and exceedance rate of heavy metals in different types of food (P<0.001). The detection rate and exceedance rate of heavy metals in edible fungi were relatively high. Region, season, stage, processing level, moisture content, and packaging level were all influencing factors of heavy metal content in food. The two possible sources of heavy metals in edible fungi were industrial emissions and traffic exhaust. Except for bamboo fungus and shiitake mushrooms, which were heavily and mildly contaminated respectively, all other foods were safe. The TTHQ of different populations was between 1 and 10, and the TTCR was greater than 1×10-4. Children had higher TTHQ than adults, and females had higher TTCR than males. The main sources of heavy metals for TTHQ and TTCR in the population were total As and Cd.

Conclusion

The overall degree of heavy metal pollution in the main diets of Huanggang City is still within a controllable range. There may be certain cumulative health risks of heavy metals for residents through dietary intake, and special attention should be paid to the health risks of children.

Huanggang  /  Food  /  Heavy metal pollution  /  Principal component analysis  /  Health risk assessment
刘雪芹, 郑懿, 王赤华, 王红亮, 王芬. 湖北省黄冈市居民膳食主要重金属含量特征及健康风险评价. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (20) : 3705 -3711 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502027
Xue-qin LIU, Yi ZHENG, Chi-hua WANG, Hong-liang WANG, Fen WANG. Content characteristics and health risk assessment of main heavy metals in the diet of Hubei Huanggang residents[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (20) : 3705 -3711 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502027
正文
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随着工业化建设逐步加深，人类活动和工业生产过程产生的重金属污染愈发严重[1]。铅、镉、汞、砷、铬是常见的5种环境重金属污染物，广泛存在于水体、土壤、空气等环境介质中[2]。食品在生长、加工等过程均易受重金属污染，并随着食物链逐步富集到人体[3]。食品是非职业人群重金属暴露最主要途径，在重金属来源中占比60%~99%[4]。人体过量暴露于重金属后会引起如高血压、皮肤损害、内分泌及代谢紊乱、器官病变等危害[5-7]。目前，兰州[6]、北京[8]、无锡[9]、陕西[10]等研究分析了当地谷物、蔬菜等食品重金属含量特征及健康风险，结果表明，分析主要膳食多种重金属污染情况，可以更全面掌握本地区人群膳食总体暴露风险。
黄冈市位居华中地区，为鄂东重要的农作物种植基地和交通枢纽，拥有较多的化工企业[11]。既往研究表明，黄冈市沿江区域及部分县土壤存在中等程度的重金属污染，食品可能具有潜在的污染风险，而关于黄冈市食品重金属污染情况的研究较少，且大多关注于某一类食品或某一种重金属[12-13]。本研究依托黄冈市食品安全风险监测工作，结合本市人群饮食特点，调查2019—2023年黄冈市售食品重金属污染特征，评估人群总体健康风险，为扩充本地食品安全数据库提供科学依据，指导居民选择安全饮食。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　样本来源
依托黄冈市食品安全风险监测工作，结合居民膳食习惯及消费数据，确定采样的地点、对象及数量。采样地点覆盖黄冈全市（2市7县1区），采样环节涵盖种植、商超、农贸、网购四环节，采样对象为2019—2023年黄冈市市售11大类30小类（豆类、坚果类、食用菌类、谷类、茶类、蛋类、水果类、肉类、蔬菜类、水产类、特殊膳食类）共1 402份样品。
1.2　检测方法
按照GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准　食品中多元素的测定》，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer，ICP-MS）对1 402份样品进行检测与复核。食品中重金属限值参照GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》。
1.3　质量控制
实验室每年参加并通过国家食品安全风险评估中心、湖北省疾病预防控制中心等举办的食品中多元素检测能力验证。每批次样品均使用质控品进行质量控制，随机抽取10%样品复测。
1.4　研究方法
1.4.1　重金属含量影响因素分析
以采样区域、时间、地点对食品分类如下[6]：（1）地区因素为农村、城市；（2）季节因素为、春季（3月—5月）、夏季（6月—8月）、秋季（9月—11月）、冬季（12月—2月）；（3）采样环节为种植环节、流通环节（商贸、农贸、网购）。
1.4.2　聚类分析
聚类分析是研究分类问题的一种多元统计方法，通过数据间关系将相似对象集合分组，组内对象相关。对指标分类为R型分析，对样品分析为Q型分析，本研究中聚类方法均为组间连接，测量区间为平方欧氏距离[14]。
1.4.3　主成分分析
主成分分析是一种多变量数据分析方法，可通过几个主成分代替原始数据绝大部分信息。在主成分分析中，需先对数据库进行Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin（KMO）检验和Bartlett球形度检验，检验结果同时满足KMO>0.50和Bartlett<0.05时，表明原始数据适合进行主成分分析。利用SPSS 24.0软件对重金属指标数据进行因子分析后，计算出特征值、方差贡献率、累计贡献率[14-15]。
1.4.4　污染程度评价
采用内梅罗污染指数法评价食品重金属污染程度[6]。单因子污染指数: Pi=Ci/Si，其中Ci为某元素的实测值，mg/kg；Si为此元素限值，mg/kg，Pi为污染指数。综合因子污染指数: ，其中为所评价重金属单项污染指数的平均值，Pmax为所评价重金属单项污染指数的最大值。污染程度评价标准为：Pi或PM≤0.7，安全；0.7<Pi或PM≤1.0，警戒；1.0<Pi或PM≤2.0，轻度污染；2.0<Pi或PM≤3.0，中度污染；Pi或PM>3.0，重度污染。
1.4.5　健康风险评价
根据美国国家环境保护署推荐的健康风险评价模型[8]，以目标危害系数（target hazard quotient，THQ）、目标致癌风险（target cancer risk，TCR）评估非致癌风险、致癌风险，以总目标危害系数（total target hazard quotient，TTHQ）、总目标致癌风险（total target cancer risk，TTCR）评估重金属累计非致癌和致癌健康风险，计算公式如下，式中各参数含义及取值见表1。
THQ或TTHQ<1没有明显健康风险；THQ或TTHQ为1~10可能存在一定健康风险；THQ 或TTHQ>10存在较明显健康风险。TCR或TTCR<10-6致癌风险较低；TCR或TTCR为1×10-6~1×10-4可能存在值得关注的致癌风险；TCR或TTCR>1×10-4，有较高的致癌风险。
1.5　统计分析
采用 Excel 2016、SPSS 24.0软件进行数据统计、分析，Origin 2021绘图。低于检出限的数据均以检出限的1/2参与统计。对率或构成比的计数资料进行比较采用χ2检验，对重金属含量两组间差异比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验，多组间差异比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验。采用Spearman秩相关检验分析重金属间相关性，聚类分析、主成分分析法分析重金属可能来源。双侧检验，检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果与分析
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2.1　食品重金属含量分布、检出率及超标率
重金属含量分布见图1，检出率及超标率见表2。不同种类食品五种重金属（Pb、Cd、总Hg、总As、Cr）平均含量分别为0.007~0.217 mg/kg、0.001~0.632 mg/kg、0.001~0.012 mg/kg、0.003~0.103 mg/kg、0.005~0.376 mg/kg，含量差异均具有统计学意义（H=185.944、291.310、75.598、182.445、441.768，P均<0.001）。茶类和食用菌类的重金属含量与贡献比高于其他食品。
食品重金属总体检出率、超标率分别为0.0%~100.0%、0.0%~31.7%。不同种类食品重金属检出率差异均具有统计学意义（P均<0.001），Cd检出率最高（48.3%）。不同种类食品除Hg外的重金属超标率差异均具有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。食用菌类Pb、Cd超标样本较多，超标率分别为20.3%、30.5%。
2.2　食品重金属影响因素
食品因生长环境及加工过程不同，对重金属的富集程度会受到如地区、季节等影响[19]，黄冈市不同类型食品重金属平均含量见图2。地区、季节因素主要影响除Pb外的四种重金属，城市食品重金属Cd平均含量高于农村，而总Hg、总As、Cr则低于农村；夏冬季食品重金属平均含量高于春秋季节，且夏季高于冬季。不同采样环节对五种重金属含量均有影响，种植环节食品总As、Cr平均含量较高，网购环节Pb、Cd、总Hg平均含量较高。
2.3　食品重金属来源分析
2.3.1　食品重金属相关性分析与聚类分析
黄冈市食品重金属间Spearman相关性分析结果见表3。总Hg与总As表现出最强的相关性（r=0.841，P<0.001），Pb与总As也具有一定的相关性（r=0.516，P=0.039），Cd、Cr间具有较高的相关性（r=0.582，P=0.031）。这表明，Pb-总Hg-总As可能是同一来源，而Cd-Cr可能是另一来源。
系统聚类分析结果见图3。食品可分为3类，即食用菌类、茶类-坚果类、其他食品，这表明食用菌类污染情况与其他食品差异较大；重金属可分为2类，即Pb-Hg-As、Cd-Cr，聚类分析结果与相关性分析一致。
2.3.2　食用菌类重金属主成分分析
经KMO-Bartlett检验，KMO统计量为0.708大于0.5，巴特利特球形检验P<0.001，表明食用菌类重金属含量适合进行主成分分析。前两个主成分的总方差贡献率71.424%，且前两个主成分特征值均大于1，可以用两个主成分来解释原始数据的大部分信息。PC1方差贡献率为49.806%，对总Hg、总As、Cd、Cr均有较高的负载。Hg、As常与工业废水、煤炭燃烧等有关，Cd、Cr与冶金、电镀等有关[20]。因此，PC1可能为与工业活动污染相关的环境因素。PC2方差贡献率为21.618%，对Pb有较高负载（0.961），Pb主要与汽车尾气排放有关[20]，因此PC2可能为与废气相关的环境因素，结果见表4。
2.4　食品重金属污染评价
食品重金属污染指数见图4。大部分食品污染指数处于安全线内，仅食用菌类（香菇、竹荪）存着一定程度的污染。香菇Pi（Cd）指数为1.388，PM为1.089，为轻度污染；竹荪Pi（Pb）、Pi（Cd）、Pi（总As）、PM分别为2.173、14.25、2.000、10.600，为重度污染。
2.5　健康风险评价
不同人群健康风险评估结果如表5所示，不同人群TTHQ均处于1~10之间，TTCR均大于1×10-4，TTHQ比较，儿童（7.712）>成人女性（4.222）>成人男性（3.654）；TTCR比较，儿童（2.25×10-3）>成人女性（1.22×10-3）>成人男性（1.06×10-3）。不同人群THQ中Cd、总As均高于1，不同人群TCR中总As均大于1×10-4。表明黄冈市居民经膳食途径摄入重金属可能存在需引起关注的非致癌及致癌健康风险，其中儿童健康风险高于成人，女性高于男性。
3　讨论
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监测表明，黄冈市食品主要富集Pb、Cd、Cr等重金属，检出率及超标率均较高。Pb、Cd主要富集于茶类和食用菌类，Cr主要富集于大豆类，与北京[6]、南宁[2]等地调查结果基本一致。重金属含量较高的食品普遍有夏冬季节、来源于农村地区的特点，这可能与农村地区种植环节食品较多，更容易从土壤富集重金属有关[8]；食品夏季生长吸收快，冬季低代谢，也有利于富集重金属[19]。
食用菌类尤其是竹荪严重污染，其重金属间相关性不同于其他膳食，主要来源为工业排放、尾气等，这可能与地域经济特点有关。黄冈市化工企业较多，同时黄冈市受武汉都市圈发展影响，工业物流、人群流动频繁，重金属可能会通过水体、土壤污染或大气沉降等多途径污染食品[21]。因此，需要根据不同地区食用菌类重金属污染的不同来源，采取针对性的监管措施。
黄冈市儿童膳食健康风险高于成人，主要与儿童生长发育较快，单位体重的食品摄入量高于成人有关。不同人群主要风险来源基本一致，主要为Cd、总As，其中总As对不同人群的非致癌健康风险和致癌健康风险均高于推荐值，这提示有关部门需重视黄冈市售食品中的总As污染风险，开展全方面的健康风险评估。
本研究也存在一些局限性，膳食消费数据依赖于湖北省人群平均值，未开展本地人群相关调查，计算参数可能与实际消费量存着偏差；食用菌类样本量略少，代表性不够强，需要增加采样数量以准确追踪污染源。蔬菜的清洗方式、烹饪方式也会影响重金属的残留，因此本研究的健康风险可能高于实际，需要谨慎解读。
综上所述，黄冈市食品整体污染程度尚在可控范围内，但在累积效应影响下，人群经膳食途径摄入重金属可能存在一定程度的致癌和非致癌健康风险，在后续食品安全监管工作中需要重点关注儿童经膳食途径摄入总As、Cd所致的健康风险。
基金
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  • 湖北省公共卫生青年拔尖人才项目(鄂卫通2021-40号)
文献
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2025年第52卷第20期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502027
  • 接收时间：2025-02-06
  • 首发时间：2026-10-29
  • 出版时间：2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-06
基金
湖北省公共卫生青年拔尖人才项目(鄂卫通2021-40号)
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    黄冈市疾病预防控制中心，湖北　黄冈　438000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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