Article(id=1322607852389257472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322607837742747790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793263884875, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793263884875, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793263884875, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793263884875, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322607837742747790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='20', pageStart='3649', pageEnd='3840', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761321600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793263881383, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793264238791, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322609336933794638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322607837742747790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322609336933794639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322607837742747790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3667, endPage=3673, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322607854121505025, articleId=1322607852389257472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=An empirical study on multimorbidity and disability among older adults in urban and rural China, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the prevalence of multimorbidity and disability among urban and rural elderly in China, exploretheir association, and inform policy optimization.

Methods

Using the 2020 CHARLS database, descriptive analysis, chi-square tests, and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used to depict the urban-rural differences. Cluster analysis identified multimorbidity patterns. Binary logistic regression (for BADL disability) and generalized ordered logistic regression (for IADL disability levels) were used to analyze the impact of multimorbidity patterns on disability.

Results

Chronic disease prevalence was 88.38%, and multimorbidity prevalence was 69.84%. Urban older adults had a higher multimorbidity rate (73.27%) than their rural counterparts (68.62%). Cluster analysis identified five comorbidity patterns, with Pattern 5 (complex multimorbidity pattern) being the most prevalent (urban:39.97%, rural:28.93%). Rural older adults exhibited significantly higher proportions of moderate and severe IADL disability (11.65%, 8.04%) compared to urban residents (7.83%, 6.94%). Regression analyses demonstrated a significant association between multimorbidity and higher disability prevalence, with Pattern 5 having the strongest impact on both BADL (OR=2.87, 95% CI:2.22-3.71) and IADL (moderate disability: OR=3.16, 95% CI:2.60-3.84; severe disability: OR=2.62, 95% CI:1.98-3.47).

Conclusion

Multimorbidity is highly prevalent and significantly associated with disability among older adults in both urban and rural China, with the complex multimorbidity pattern (Pattern 5) showing the strongest association. Urban older adults experience more complex multimorbidity patterns, while rural older adults face more severe disability. Policy development should address urban-rural disparities through targeted health management strategies and interventions.

, authors=Xue PU1, Tie-min ZHAI2, authorsList=Xue PU, Tie-min ZHAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tie-min ZHAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322607854960365830, articleId=1322607852389257472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=我国城乡老年人慢性病共病与失能问题的实证研究, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析我国城乡老年人慢性病共病及失能情况,探讨二者关联,为政策优化提供依据。

方法

基于2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据,采用描述性分析、卡方检验及Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较城乡差异,运用聚类分析法识别共病模式,通过二元logistic回归(BADL)和广义有序logistic回归(IADL)分析共病模式对失能的影响。

结果

老年人慢性病患病率88.38%,共病率69.84%,城市老年人共病率(73.27%)高于农村(68.62%)。聚类得到5类共病模式,模式5(复杂慢性病共病模式)占比最高(城市39.97%,农村28.93%)。农村老年人IADL中、重度失能比例(11.65%,8.04%)显著高于城市(7.83%,6.94%)。回归分析表明,慢性病共病与更高失能比例显著相关,模式5对BADL(OR=2.87, 95% CI: 2.22~3.71)和IADL(中度失能OR=3.16, 95% CI: 2.60~3.84;重度失能OR=2.62, 95% CI: 1.98~3.47)的影响最大。

结论

城乡老年人慢性病共病普遍存在且与失能显著相关,以复杂共病模式的关联强度最强。城市老年人的共病情况更复杂,但农村老年人失能更严重。政策制定需关注城乡差异,实施针对性的健康管理策略和干预措施。

, authors=浦雪1, 翟铁民2, authorsList=浦雪, 翟铁民, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=翟铁民, authorNote=

浦雪(1990—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:卫生事业管理

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翟铁民,研究员;E-mail:
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浦雪(1990—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:卫生事业管理

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the changing trends of multimorbidity patterns and their influencing factors in the middle-aged and elderly population in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322607859859312942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, awardId=TJWJ2024QN066, language=CN, fundingSource=天津市卫生健康委科技计划项目(TJWJ2024QN066), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322607855220412679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322607855228801288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, companyId=1322607855220412679, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Science and Education Department, Chest Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300222, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322607855237189897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, companyId=1322607855220412679, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.天津大学胸科医院科教科,天津 300222)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322607855300104458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322607855308493067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, companyId=1322607855300104458, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.国家卫生健康委卫生发展研究中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322607856721973536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flowchart of Participant Screening, figureFileSmall=DooW8ELw5G9YSVFaMg2+bw==, figureFileBig=s2+LzkJNVBJrV9a/NOV4jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322607858399695137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=CN, label=图1, caption=参与者的筛选流程图, figureFileSmall=DooW8ELw5G9YSVFaMg2+bw==, figureFileBig=s2+LzkJNVBJrV9a/NOV4jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322607858651353378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of chronic disease comorbidity among urban and rural elderly [n (%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市农村
共病非共病χ2/H值P值共病非共病χ2/H值P值
性别5.3520.02132.288<0.001
女992(75.21)327(24.79)2 560(71.71)1 010(28.29)
男834(71.10)339(28.90)2 236(65.40)1 183(34.60)
年龄(岁)23.549<0.00125.221<0.001
60~64540(67.16)264(32.84)1 372(64.90)742(35.10)
65~69567(76.73)172(23.27)1 438(69.23)639(30.77)
70~74370(74.60)126(25.40)1 124(72.56)425(27.44)
≥75349(77.04)104(22.96)862(69.02)387(30.98)
文化程度8.0980.0888.4140.078
文盲278(72.58)105(27.42)1 825(68.76)829(31.24)
小学629(73.57)226(26.43)2 208(69.37)975(30.63)
初中454(72.76)170(27.24)537(65.25)286(34.75)
高中217(68.89)98(31.11)166(66.14)85(33.86)
中专及以上248(78.73)67(21.27)60(76.92)18(23.08)
婚姻状态1.5290.2162.9620.085
有配偶1 405(72.68)528(27.32)3 625(68.09)1 699(31.91)
无配偶421(75.31)138(24.69)1 171(70.33)494(29.67)
吸烟9.5840.00289.900<0.001
是334(67.75)159(32.25)1 100(59.82)739(40.18)
否1 492(74.64)507(25.36)3 696(71.77)1 454(28.23)
饮酒26.083<0.00166.204<0.001
是278(63.47)160(36.53)807(59.43)551(40.57)
否1 548(75.37)506(24.63)3 989(70.84)1 642(29.16)
睡眠时长(小时)39.538<0.001109.460<0.001
<6765(80.27)188(19.73)2 059(75.81)657(24.19)
6~<8726(68.49)334(31.51)1 505(65.01)810(34.99)
≥8299(69.37)132(30.63)1 093(62.53)655(37.47)
午睡3.0920.0794.9400.026
是1 264(74.27)438(25.73)2 943(69.67)1 281(30.33)
否535(70.86)220(29.14)1 761(67.11)863(32.89)
锻炼0.7960.37216.618<0.001
是1 157(73.88)409(26.12)2 079(71.30)837(28.70)
否669(72.25)257(27.75)2 717(66.71)1 356(33.29)
参与社交活动0.2050.6515.8810.015
是908(72.87)338(27.13)2 024(70.23)858(29.77)
否918(73.68)328(26.32)2 772(67.49)1 335(32.51)
合计1 826(73.27)666(26.73)4 796(68.62)2 193(31.38)
总体
共病非共病χ2/H值P值
性别37.788<0.001
女3 552(72.65)1 337(27.35)
男3 070(66.86)1 522(33.14)
年龄(岁)39.712<0.001
60~641 912(65.52)1 006(34.48)
65~692 005(71.20)811(28.80)
70~741 494(73.06)551(26.94)
≥751 211(71.15)491(28.85)
文化程度16.9510.002
文盲2 103(69.25)934(30.75)
小学2 837(70.26)1 201(29.74)
初中991(68.49)456(31.51)
高中383(67.67)183(32.33)
中专及以上308(78.37)85(21.63)
婚姻状态4.1660.041
有配偶5 030(69.31)2 227(30.69)
无配偶1 592(71.58)632(28.42)
吸烟102.446<0.001
是1 434(61.49)898(38.51)
否5 188(72.57)1 961(27.43)
饮酒93.608<0.001
是1 085(60.41)711(39.59)
否5 537(72.05)2 148(27.95)
睡眠时长(小时)147.768<0.001
<62 824(76.97)845(23.03)
6~<82 231(66.10)1 144(33.90)
≥81 392(63.88)787(36.12)
午睡9.4700.002
是4 207(70.99)1 083(20.47)
否2 296(57.19)1 719(42.81)
锻炼22.383<0.001
是3 236(72.20)1 246(27.80)
否3 386(67.73)1 613(32.27)
参与社交活动4.8510.028
是2 932(71.03)1 196(28.97)
否3 690(68.93)1 663(31.07)
合计6 622(69.84)2 859(30.16)18.878<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322607858743628067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

城乡老年人慢性病共病基本情况[n (%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市农村
共病非共病χ2/H值P值共病非共病χ2/H值P值
性别5.3520.02132.288<0.001
女992(75.21)327(24.79)2 560(71.71)1 010(28.29)
男834(71.10)339(28.90)2 236(65.40)1 183(34.60)
年龄(岁)23.549<0.00125.221<0.001
60~64540(67.16)264(32.84)1 372(64.90)742(35.10)
65~69567(76.73)172(23.27)1 438(69.23)639(30.77)
70~74370(74.60)126(25.40)1 124(72.56)425(27.44)
≥75349(77.04)104(22.96)862(69.02)387(30.98)
文化程度8.0980.0888.4140.078
文盲278(72.58)105(27.42)1 825(68.76)829(31.24)
小学629(73.57)226(26.43)2 208(69.37)975(30.63)
初中454(72.76)170(27.24)537(65.25)286(34.75)
高中217(68.89)98(31.11)166(66.14)85(33.86)
中专及以上248(78.73)67(21.27)60(76.92)18(23.08)
婚姻状态1.5290.2162.9620.085
有配偶1 405(72.68)528(27.32)3 625(68.09)1 699(31.91)
无配偶421(75.31)138(24.69)1 171(70.33)494(29.67)
吸烟9.5840.00289.900<0.001
是334(67.75)159(32.25)1 100(59.82)739(40.18)
否1 492(74.64)507(25.36)3 696(71.77)1 454(28.23)
饮酒26.083<0.00166.204<0.001
是278(63.47)160(36.53)807(59.43)551(40.57)
否1 548(75.37)506(24.63)3 989(70.84)1 642(29.16)
睡眠时长(小时)39.538<0.001109.460<0.001
<6765(80.27)188(19.73)2 059(75.81)657(24.19)
6~<8726(68.49)334(31.51)1 505(65.01)810(34.99)
≥8299(69.37)132(30.63)1 093(62.53)655(37.47)
午睡3.0920.0794.9400.026
是1 264(74.27)438(25.73)2 943(69.67)1 281(30.33)
否535(70.86)220(29.14)1 761(67.11)863(32.89)
锻炼0.7960.37216.618<0.001
是1 157(73.88)409(26.12)2 079(71.30)837(28.70)
否669(72.25)257(27.75)2 717(66.71)1 356(33.29)
参与社交活动0.2050.6515.8810.015
是908(72.87)338(27.13)2 024(70.23)858(29.77)
否918(73.68)328(26.32)2 772(67.49)1 335(32.51)
合计1 826(73.27)666(26.73)4 796(68.62)2 193(31.38)
总体
共病非共病χ2/H值P值
性别37.788<0.001
女3 552(72.65)1 337(27.35)
男3 070(66.86)1 522(33.14)
年龄(岁)39.712<0.001
60~641 912(65.52)1 006(34.48)
65~692 005(71.20)811(28.80)
70~741 494(73.06)551(26.94)
≥751 211(71.15)491(28.85)
文化程度16.9510.002
文盲2 103(69.25)934(30.75)
小学2 837(70.26)1 201(29.74)
初中991(68.49)456(31.51)
高中383(67.67)183(32.33)
中专及以上308(78.37)85(21.63)
婚姻状态4.1660.041
有配偶5 030(69.31)2 227(30.69)
无配偶1 592(71.58)632(28.42)
吸烟102.446<0.001
是1 434(61.49)898(38.51)
否5 188(72.57)1 961(27.43)
饮酒93.608<0.001
是1 085(60.41)711(39.59)
否5 537(72.05)2 148(27.95)
睡眠时长(小时)147.768<0.001
<62 824(76.97)845(23.03)
6~<82 231(66.10)1 144(33.90)
≥81 392(63.88)787(36.12)
午睡9.4700.002
是4 207(70.99)1 083(20.47)
否2 296(57.19)1 719(42.81)
锻炼22.383<0.001
是3 236(72.20)1 246(27.80)
否3 386(67.73)1 613(32.27)
参与社交活动4.8510.028
是2 932(71.03)1 196(28.97)
否3 690(68.93)1 663(31.07)
合计6 622(69.84)2 859(30.16)18.878<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322607858844291364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Prevalence and comorbidity patterns of chronic diseases among urban and rural elderly

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市(n=2 492例)农村(n=6 989例)
患病人数患病率(%)共病人数共病率(%)慢性病共病患者占比(%)患病人数患病率(%)共病人数共病率(%)慢性病共病患者占比(%)
高血压病1 26150.61 16163.5892.073 48849.93 07964.2088.27
血脂异常1 00440.396352.7495.921 86726.71 80237.5796.52
糖尿病或血糖升高60624.358532.0496.531 11916.01 07522.4196.07
癌症等恶性肿瘤1084.3995.4291.671772.51613.3690.96
慢性肺部疾患47719.146125.2596.651 39119.91 31027.3194.18
肝脏疾病27010.826014.2496.305718.255611.5997.37
心脏病86034.584146.0697.791 75025.01 70135.4797.20
中风32513.031417.2096.6278211.275815.8096.93
肾脏疾病38715.537420.4896.6487812.685017.7296.81
消化系统疾病79431.974340.6993.582 45035.12 26547.2392.45
情感及精神问题853.4834.5597.652503.62394.9895.60
与记忆有关的疾病1967.918910.3596.433865.53767.8497.41
帕金森症1365.51287.0194.121772.51713.5796.61
关节炎或风湿病97639.288848.6390.983 40548.72 99062.3487.81
哮喘2078.320611.2899.526269.062413.0199.68
), ArticleFig(id=1322607858944954661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

城乡老年人各类慢性病患病、共病情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市(n=2 492例)农村(n=6 989例)
患病人数患病率(%)共病人数共病率(%)慢性病共病患者占比(%)患病人数患病率(%)共病人数共病率(%)慢性病共病患者占比(%)
高血压病1 26150.61 16163.5892.073 48849.93 07964.2088.27
血脂异常1 00440.396352.7495.921 86726.71 80237.5796.52
糖尿病或血糖升高60624.358532.0496.531 11916.01 07522.4196.07
癌症等恶性肿瘤1084.3995.4291.671772.51613.3690.96
慢性肺部疾患47719.146125.2596.651 39119.91 31027.3194.18
肝脏疾病27010.826014.2496.305718.255611.5997.37
心脏病86034.584146.0697.791 75025.01 70135.4797.20
中风32513.031417.2096.6278211.275815.8096.93
肾脏疾病38715.537420.4896.6487812.685017.7296.81
消化系统疾病79431.974340.6993.582 45035.12 26547.2392.45
情感及精神问题853.4834.5597.652503.62394.9895.60
与记忆有关的疾病1967.918910.3596.433865.53767.8497.41
帕金森症1365.51287.0194.121772.51713.5796.61
关节炎或风湿病97639.288848.6390.983 40548.72 99062.3487.81
哮喘2078.320611.2899.526269.062413.0199.68
), ArticleFig(id=1322607859049812262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Clustering results of chronic disease comorbidity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
共病模式人数(%)包含慢性病
高血压病血脂异常糖尿病或血糖升高癌症等恶性肿瘤慢性肺部疾患肝脏疾病心脏病中风
模式11 502(15.84)479105583122491109130
模式21 557(16.42)1 5572301195021586223195
模式31 835(19.35)015291482206411970
模式41 569(16.55)2451596152362160235103
模式53 018(31.83)2 4682 2251 3961048474401 924609
合计9 4814 7492 8711 7252851 8688412 6101 107
共病模式包含慢性病平均共病种数(,种)
肾脏疾病消化系统疾病情感及精神问题与记忆有关的疾病帕金森症关节炎或风湿病哮喘
模式113403248411 502952.05±1.03
模式21142113876340922.08±1.02
模式39202844350730.56±0.82
模式42281 5696061481 0261402.87±1.37
模式56971 4641773531551 8534335.02±1.81
合计1 2653 2443355823134 3818332.85±2.13
), ArticleFig(id=1322607859129504039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

慢性病共病聚类结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
共病模式人数(%)包含慢性病
高血压病血脂异常糖尿病或血糖升高癌症等恶性肿瘤慢性肺部疾患肝脏疾病心脏病中风
模式11 502(15.84)479105583122491109130
模式21 557(16.42)1 5572301195021586223195
模式31 835(19.35)015291482206411970
模式41 569(16.55)2451596152362160235103
模式53 018(31.83)2 4682 2251 3961048474401 924609
合计9 4814 7492 8711 7252851 8688412 6101 107
共病模式包含慢性病平均共病种数(,种)
肾脏疾病消化系统疾病情感及精神问题与记忆有关的疾病帕金森症关节炎或风湿病哮喘
模式113403248411 502952.05±1.03
模式21142113876340922.08±1.02
模式39202844350730.56±0.82
模式42281 5696061481 0261402.87±1.37
模式56971 4641773531551 8534335.02±1.81
合计1 2653 2443355823134 3818332.85±2.13
), ArticleFig(id=1322607859200807208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Clustering and disability status of chronic disease comorbidities among urban and rural elderly [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚类/失能情况城市农村χ2/H值P值
聚类结果146.621<0.001
模式1289(11.60)1 213(17.36)
模式2399(16.01)1 158(16.57)
模式3501(20.10)1 334(19.09)
模式4307(12.32)1 262(18.06)
模式5996(39.97)2 022(28.93)
BADL0.5680.451
正常2 252(90.37)6 279(89.84)
失能240(9.63)710(10.16)
IADL27.234<0.001
正常/轻度失能2 124(85.23)5 613(80.31)
中度195(7.83)814(11.65)
重度173(6.94)562(8.04)
合计2 4926 989
), ArticleFig(id=1322607859309859113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

城乡老年人慢性病共病聚类情况及失能情况[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚类/失能情况城市农村χ2/H值P值
聚类结果146.621<0.001
模式1289(11.60)1 213(17.36)
模式2399(16.01)1 158(16.57)
模式3501(20.10)1 334(19.09)
模式4307(12.32)1 262(18.06)
模式5996(39.97)2 022(28.93)
BADL0.5680.451
正常2 252(90.37)6 279(89.84)
失能240(9.63)710(10.16)
IADL27.234<0.001
正常/轻度失能2 124(85.23)5 613(80.31)
中度195(7.83)814(11.65)
重度173(6.94)562(8.04)
合计2 4926 989
), ArticleFig(id=1322607859423105322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Multivariate logistic regression analysis on the relationship between chronic disease comorbidity and BADL in the elderly

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量OR(95% CI)SEZ值P值
聚类分组(以模式3为参照)
模式11.55(1.15~2.10)0.242.850.004
模式21.99(1.49~2.65)0.294.70<0.001
模式41.65(1.23~2.23)0.253.300.001
模式52.87(2.22~3.71)0.388.03<0.001
年龄(以60~64岁为参照)
65~691.25(1.00~1.57)0.141.970.049
70~741.70(1.35~2.14)0.204.47<0.001
≥753.83(3.06~4.79)0.4411.73<0.001
性别(以男性为参照)0.85(0.71~1.02)0.08-1.730.083
学历(以文盲为参照)
小学0.75(0.63~0.89)0.07-3.220.001
初中0.75(0.58~0.97)0.10-2.190.028
高中0.81(0.55~1.19)0.16-1.060.289
中专及以上0.69(0.46~1.04)0.14-1.770.077
婚姻状况(以未婚为参照)0.94(0.79~1.11)0.08-0.760.449
吸烟0.63(0.51~0.79)0.07-4.09<0.001
饮酒0.61(0.50~0.74)0.06-5.00<0.001
睡眠时长(以<6 h为参照)
6~<80.57(0.47~0.68)0.05-6.20<0.001
≥80.79(0.65~0.94)0.07-2.570.010
午睡1.41(1.21~1.66)0.114.26<0.001
锻炼0.64(0.55~0.75)0.05-5.72<0.001
参与社交活动0.50(0.42~0.59)0.04-8.37<0.001
常数项0.08(0.06~0.17)0.02-10.45<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322607859532157227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

老年人慢性病共病与BADL关系的多因素logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量OR(95% CI)SEZ值P值
聚类分组(以模式3为参照)
模式11.55(1.15~2.10)0.242.850.004
模式21.99(1.49~2.65)0.294.70<0.001
模式41.65(1.23~2.23)0.253.300.001
模式52.87(2.22~3.71)0.388.03<0.001
年龄(以60~64岁为参照)
65~691.25(1.00~1.57)0.141.970.049
70~741.70(1.35~2.14)0.204.47<0.001
≥753.83(3.06~4.79)0.4411.73<0.001
性别(以男性为参照)0.85(0.71~1.02)0.08-1.730.083
学历(以文盲为参照)
小学0.75(0.63~0.89)0.07-3.220.001
初中0.75(0.58~0.97)0.10-2.190.028
高中0.81(0.55~1.19)0.16-1.060.289
中专及以上0.69(0.46~1.04)0.14-1.770.077
婚姻状况(以未婚为参照)0.94(0.79~1.11)0.08-0.760.449
吸烟0.63(0.51~0.79)0.07-4.09<0.001
饮酒0.61(0.50~0.74)0.06-5.00<0.001
睡眠时长(以<6 h为参照)
6~<80.57(0.47~0.68)0.05-6.20<0.001
≥80.79(0.65~0.94)0.07-2.570.010
午睡1.41(1.21~1.66)0.114.26<0.001
锻炼0.64(0.55~0.75)0.05-5.72<0.001
参与社交活动0.50(0.42~0.59)0.04-8.37<0.001
常数项0.08(0.06~0.17)0.02-10.45<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322607859616043308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Generalized ordinal logistic regression analysis on the relationship between chronic disease comorbidity and IADL in the elderly

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量中度失能相较于正常及轻度失能重度失能相较于正常及轻度失能
OR(95% CI)P值OR(95% CI)P值
聚类分组(以模式3为参照)
模式11.94(1.55~2.43)<0.0011.78(1.28~2.47)0.001
模式21.79(1.43~2.23)<0.0012.07(1.51~2.85)<0.001
模式41.77(1.41~2.21)<0.0011.36(0.97~1.90)0.079
模式53.16(2.60~3.84)<0.0012.62(1.98~3.47)<0.001
年龄(以60~64岁为参照)
65~691.26(1.07~1.48)0.0061.48(1.14~1.93)0.003
70~741.75(1.47~2.08)<0.0011.70(1.29~2.24)<0.001
≥753.69(3.11~4.39)<0.0014.48(3.46~5.80)<0.001
性别(以男性为参照)1.09(0.94~1.26)0.2570.93(0.76~1.13)0.455
学历(以文盲为参照)
小学0.79(0.68~0.92)0.0020.72(0.57~0.90)0.004
初中1.52(0.73~3.18)0.2671.22(0.46~3.25)0.689
高中0.67(0.57~0.79)<0.0010.66(0.52~0.83)0.001
中专及以上0.62(0.51~0.75)<0.0010.67(0.50~0.90)0.007
婚姻状况(以未婚为参照)0.93(0.82~1.07)0.3320.92(0.76~1.11)0.392
吸烟0.78(0.66~0.92)0.0040.54(0.42~0.71)<0.001
饮酒0.63(0.54~0.73)<0.0010.56(0.45~0.70)<0.001
睡眠时长(以<6 h为参照)
6~<80.51(0.45~0.59)<0.0010.48(0.39~0.59)<0.001
≥80.70(0.61~0.81)<0.0010.82(0.67~1.00)0.052
午睡1.16(1.02~1.31)0.0201.30(1.09~1.55)0.003
锻炼0.74(0.66~0.84)<0.0010.65(0.54~0.77)<0.001
参与社交活动0.54(0.48~0.61)<0.0010.33(0.27~0.41)<0.001
常数项0.15(0.10~0.23)<0.0010.08(0.04~0.13)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322607859704123693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322607852389257472, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

老年人慢性病共病与IADL关系的广义有序logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量中度失能相较于正常及轻度失能重度失能相较于正常及轻度失能
OR(95% CI)P值OR(95% CI)P值
聚类分组(以模式3为参照)
模式11.94(1.55~2.43)<0.0011.78(1.28~2.47)0.001
模式21.79(1.43~2.23)<0.0012.07(1.51~2.85)<0.001
模式41.77(1.41~2.21)<0.0011.36(0.97~1.90)0.079
模式53.16(2.60~3.84)<0.0012.62(1.98~3.47)<0.001
年龄(以60~64岁为参照)
65~691.26(1.07~1.48)0.0061.48(1.14~1.93)0.003
70~741.75(1.47~2.08)<0.0011.70(1.29~2.24)<0.001
≥753.69(3.11~4.39)<0.0014.48(3.46~5.80)<0.001
性别(以男性为参照)1.09(0.94~1.26)0.2570.93(0.76~1.13)0.455
学历(以文盲为参照)
小学0.79(0.68~0.92)0.0020.72(0.57~0.90)0.004
初中1.52(0.73~3.18)0.2671.22(0.46~3.25)0.689
高中0.67(0.57~0.79)<0.0010.66(0.52~0.83)0.001
中专及以上0.62(0.51~0.75)<0.0010.67(0.50~0.90)0.007
婚姻状况(以未婚为参照)0.93(0.82~1.07)0.3320.92(0.76~1.11)0.392
吸烟0.78(0.66~0.92)0.0040.54(0.42~0.71)<0.001
饮酒0.63(0.54~0.73)<0.0010.56(0.45~0.70)<0.001
睡眠时长(以<6 h为参照)
6~<80.51(0.45~0.59)<0.0010.48(0.39~0.59)<0.001
≥80.70(0.61~0.81)<0.0010.82(0.67~1.00)0.052
午睡1.16(1.02~1.31)0.0201.30(1.09~1.55)0.003
锻炼0.74(0.66~0.84)<0.0010.65(0.54~0.77)<0.001
参与社交活动0.54(0.48~0.61)<0.0010.33(0.27~0.41)<0.001
常数项0.15(0.10~0.23)<0.0010.08(0.04~0.13)<0.001
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我国城乡老年人慢性病共病与失能问题的实证研究
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浦雪 1 , 翟铁民 2
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(20): 3667-3673
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2025 , 52 (20) : 3667 -3673
我国城乡老年人慢性病共病与失能问题的实证研究
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浦雪1, 翟铁民2
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学胸科医院科教科,天津 300222
  • 2.国家卫生健康委卫生发展研究中心
通讯作者:
翟铁民,研究员;E-mail:
作者简介:

浦雪(1990—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:卫生事业管理

An empirical study on multimorbidity and disability among older adults in urban and rural China
Xue PU1, Tie-min ZHAI2
Affiliations
  • Science and Education Department, Chest Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300222, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504019
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目的

分析我国城乡老年人慢性病共病及失能情况,探讨二者关联,为政策优化提供依据。

方法

基于2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据,采用描述性分析、卡方检验及Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较城乡差异,运用聚类分析法识别共病模式,通过二元logistic回归(BADL)和广义有序logistic回归(IADL)分析共病模式对失能的影响。

结果

老年人慢性病患病率88.38%,共病率69.84%,城市老年人共病率(73.27%)高于农村(68.62%)。聚类得到5类共病模式,模式5(复杂慢性病共病模式)占比最高(城市39.97%,农村28.93%)。农村老年人IADL中、重度失能比例(11.65%,8.04%)显著高于城市(7.83%,6.94%)。回归分析表明,慢性病共病与更高失能比例显著相关,模式5对BADL(OR=2.87, 95% CI: 2.22~3.71)和IADL(中度失能OR=3.16, 95% CI: 2.60~3.84;重度失能OR=2.62, 95% CI: 1.98~3.47)的影响最大。

结论

城乡老年人慢性病共病普遍存在且与失能显著相关,以复杂共病模式的关联强度最强。城市老年人的共病情况更复杂,但农村老年人失能更严重。政策制定需关注城乡差异,实施针对性的健康管理策略和干预措施。

CHARLS  /  老年人  /  慢性病共病  /  失能  /  聚类分析
Objective

To analyze the prevalence of multimorbidity and disability among urban and rural elderly in China, exploretheir association, and inform policy optimization.

Methods

Using the 2020 CHARLS database, descriptive analysis, chi-square tests, and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used to depict the urban-rural differences. Cluster analysis identified multimorbidity patterns. Binary logistic regression (for BADL disability) and generalized ordered logistic regression (for IADL disability levels) were used to analyze the impact of multimorbidity patterns on disability.

Results

Chronic disease prevalence was 88.38%, and multimorbidity prevalence was 69.84%. Urban older adults had a higher multimorbidity rate (73.27%) than their rural counterparts (68.62%). Cluster analysis identified five comorbidity patterns, with Pattern 5 (complex multimorbidity pattern) being the most prevalent (urban:39.97%, rural:28.93%). Rural older adults exhibited significantly higher proportions of moderate and severe IADL disability (11.65%, 8.04%) compared to urban residents (7.83%, 6.94%). Regression analyses demonstrated a significant association between multimorbidity and higher disability prevalence, with Pattern 5 having the strongest impact on both BADL (OR=2.87, 95% CI:2.22-3.71) and IADL (moderate disability: OR=3.16, 95% CI:2.60-3.84; severe disability: OR=2.62, 95% CI:1.98-3.47).

Conclusion

Multimorbidity is highly prevalent and significantly associated with disability among older adults in both urban and rural China, with the complex multimorbidity pattern (Pattern 5) showing the strongest association. Urban older adults experience more complex multimorbidity patterns, while rural older adults face more severe disability. Policy development should address urban-rural disparities through targeted health management strategies and interventions.

CHARLS  /  Elderly People  /  Multimorbidity  /  Disability  /  Cluster analysis
浦雪, 翟铁民. 我国城乡老年人慢性病共病与失能问题的实证研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (20) : 3667 -3673 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504019
Xue PU, Tie-min ZHAI. An empirical study on multimorbidity and disability among older adults in urban and rural China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (20) : 3667 -3673 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504019
中国老龄化程度持续加深,2023年末60岁及以上老年人口达2.97亿(占21.1%),65岁及以上2.17亿(占15.4%)[1]。同时,中国社会人口正经历着少子化的变化[2],进一步加剧老年人健康管理压力[3]。慢性病病程长、进展缓慢、病因复杂、多病共存,影响生活质量且经济负担重[4-6],对照顾者的生活也产生负面影响[7-9]。城市患有慢性病老年人的健康相关生命质量高于农村老年人,而是否患有慢性病共病是关键影响因素[10-13]。然而,针对慢性病共病如何影响失能,尤其是城乡差异的探讨尚显不足。基于此,该研究旨在分析我国城乡老年人慢性病共病与失能情况,探讨二者的关联,为慢性病防控救治等相关政策的优化提供依据。
研究采用2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)数据,它覆盖我国150个县区,调查对象为45岁及以上人群,调查内容包含个人信息、健康状况等多方面信息。
纳入标准:年龄≥60岁;排除标准:主要变量(如慢性病患病、失能等)缺失者。最终纳入样本9 481例,其中慢性病共病者6 622例。筛选流程见图1。
个体同时患有两种及以上慢性病的为慢性病共病。从基础性日常生活活动(basic activities of daily living,BADL)和工具性日常生活活动(instrumental activity of daily living,IADL)方面对共病老年人的失能情况进行分析[14]。BADL包含穿衣、洗澡、吃饭、上下床、上厕所、大小便等6个方面,任意一项回答“我有困难,需要帮助”或“我做不到”则视为BADL受损[15]。IADL是评估老年人在社区独立生活能力的一种工具,采用Lawton IADL量表测量,总分0~12分,10~12分为正常及轻度失能,6~9分为中度失能,0~5分为重度失能。
吸烟:正在吸烟赋值为1,反之为0;饮酒:过去一年曾饮酒赋值为1,否则为0;睡眠时长:按<6小时、6~<8小时、≥8小时三个类别划分;午睡:10分钟以为有效午睡;体育锻炼:每周参加体育锻炼赋值为1,不参加为0;社交活动:过去一个月参加了社交活动赋值为1,反之为0。
采用描述性分析、卡方检验以及Kruskal-Wallis H检验描述城乡老年人共病与失能状况的分布特征。运用聚类分析方法,以Jaccard距离为基础实施k-medoids聚类,形成不同慢性病共病组合。采用二元logistic回归分析慢性病共病聚类与BADL失能(二分类:正常=0,失能=1)的关联,采用广义有序logistic回归分析其与IADL失能程度(有序三分类:正常/轻度=1,中度=2,重度=3)的关联;自变量均为慢性病共病聚类分组,并控制性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状态、吸烟、饮酒、睡眠时长、午睡、体育锻炼、社交活动等变量。检验水准α=0.05。
老年人的慢性病患病率88.38%(8 379/9 481),共病率69.84%(6 622/9 481)。城市共病率(73.27%)高于农村(68.62%),P<0.05。女性共病率(72.65%)高于男性(66.86%),≥65岁者均达70%以上。文化程度组间差异显著(P=0.002),但城乡内部无统计学差异。有配偶者共病率(69.31%)低于无配偶者(71.58%)。吸烟者(61.49%)、饮酒者(60.41%)共病率显著较低(P<0.001)。睡眠<6小时者共病率最高(76.97%);有午睡、锻炼及社交活动者共病率更高(农村地区差异尤其明显)。见表1。
城市老年人患病率前三的慢性病是高血压(50.6%)、血脂异常(40.3%)和关节炎或风湿病(39.2%),农村为高血压(49.9%)、关节炎或风湿病(48.7%)和消化系统疾病(35.1%)。城市老年人共病率前三的是高血压共病(63.58%)、血脂异常共病(52.74%)和心脏病共病(48.63%),农村为高血压共病(64.20%)、关节炎或风湿病共病(62.34%)、消化系统疾病共病(47.23%)。见表2。
对慢性病进行聚类,共聚为5种模式,平均共病种数为2.85±2.13种。模式1,1 502例,占15.84 %,其中患有“关节炎或风湿病”的1 502例,是以“关节炎或风湿病”为主的慢性病共病模式。模式2,1 557例,占16.42%,其中患有高血压的1 557例,是以“高血压”为主的慢性病共病模式。模式3,1 835例,占19.35%,平均共病种数0.56±0.82种,为“低共病负担模式”。模式4,1 569例,占16.55%,其中患有“消化系统疾病”的1 569例,以“消化系统疾病”为主的慢性病共病模式。模式5,3 018例,占31.83%,各种类慢性病均有涉及且患病人数均较多,平均共病种数5.02±1.81种,是“复杂慢性病共病模式”。见表3。
城乡老年人在慢性病共病模式上存在显著差异。城市老年人中模式5占比最高,达39.97%,其次是模式3和模式2。农村老年人中模式5占比最高,达28.93%,其次是模式3和模式4。城乡老年人在BADL方面差异不显著。在IADL方面,农村老年人的失能情况更为严重,城市中度和重度失能的老年人占比为7.83%和6.94%,农村分别为11.65%和8.04%,P<0.05。见表4。
模式1、2、4、5相对于模式3均增加了BADL受损的比例(P<0.05)。其中,模式5老年人BADL受限的关联强度最高(OR=2.87,95% CI:2.22~3.71),其次是模式2(OR=1.99,95% CI:1.49~2.65)、模式4(OR=1.65,95% CI:1.23~2.23)、模式1(OR=1.55,95% CI:1.15~2.10)。
年龄与BADL受限比例增加相关,75岁及以上组关联最高(OR=3.83)。在生活方式方面:睡眠6~<8小时(OR=0.57)、体育锻炼(OR=0.64)、参与社交活动(OR=0.50)、吸烟(OR=0.63)和饮酒(OR=0.61,)均与BADL受损比例较低显著相关,其中参与社交活动的关联强度最大;有午睡习惯与较高的BADL受损比例相关(OR=1.41, P<0.001)。小学和初中学历者BADL受损比例低于文盲(OR均为0.75),高中及以上学历无显著关联。性别和婚姻状况与BADL受损关联无统计学意义。见表5。
慢性病共病、年龄、教育水平及生活方式与老年人IADL失能程度存在显著关联。中度失能相较于正常及轻度失能,模式5的限制最强(OR=3.16),其次是模式1(OR=1.94)、模式2(OR=1.79)、模式4(OR=1.77)。重度失能相较于正常及轻度失能,模式5的限制最强(OR=2.62),其次是模式2(OR=2.07)、模式1(OR=1.78),模式4关联不显著(P=0.079)。模式1的中度失能OR值(1.94)高于重度失能OR值(1.78),提示其影响更集中于中度失能阶段;模式2重度失能OR值(2.07)高于中度失能OR值(1.79),提示其影响更集中于重度失能阶段;模式4在中度失能的影响显著高于模式3(OR=1.77,P<0.05),在重度失能方面却与模式3无显著差异(P=0.079)。
年龄增长与失能比例增加显著相关,≥75岁OR值最高;教育水平上,小学、高中和中专及以上学历者中度和重度失能比例显著低于文盲,初中学历无显著关联;生活方式上,睡眠6~<8小时者中度和重度失能OR值为0.51、0.48,睡眠≥8小时者中度失能OR值为0.70,重度失能无统计学意义;有午睡习惯者中度和重度失能OR值为1.16、1.30;体育锻炼者中度和重度失能OR值为0.74、0.65;社交活动参与者中度和重度失能OR值为0.54、0.33。吸烟、饮酒者中度和重度失能比例显著较低。性别、婚姻状况与IADL无显著关联。见表6。
慢性病共病普遍,共病率达69.84%,且城市高于农村。城市老年人的共病模式更多为代谢性疾病(如高血压、血脂异常)与其他慢性病(如心脏病)等与现代生活方式相关的慢性病。农村老年人的共病模式则以高血压与关节炎或风湿病的组合为主,同时消化系统疾病的共病率较高。这可能与城乡老年人的劳动、饮食习惯以及居住环境相关。
聚类分析出5种慢性病共病模式。模式5(复杂慢性病共病模式)占比最高,且城市比例(39.97%)显著高于农村(28.93%),城市老年人的复杂慢性病负担较农村重。而在IADL方面城市慢性病共病的老年人多表现为中轻度失能,农村地区的老年人重度失能比例相对较高。这可能与农村医疗资源相对匮乏、老年人自我管理能力不足以及生活条件较差等因素有关[16-19]。
慢性病共病与更高的功能限制水平显著相关,不同共病模式对BADL与IADL的损害呈现特异性分层,模式5对BADL和IADL的负面影响最大。BADL方面,限制强度呈现阶梯式分布(模式5>模式2>模式4>模式1);IADL方面,模式5也呈现出最强的功能限制作用,模式1对中度功能障碍的关联强度高于重度功能障碍,提示该模式主要影响老年人早中期的社区生活能力。模式2与重度失能的关联更强,提示该模式可能随时间进展功能限制逐渐加重。模式4主要与中度IADL失能相关,提示其在疾病早中期对功能影响显著,而重度失能可能由其他并发症主导。基于此,针对模式4的共病患者,在疾病早中期进行干预或可延缓IADL恶化。研究还发现,高龄、低学历、午睡等行为与较高的功能障碍发生比例相关,而吸烟、饮酒、睡眠时长、体育锻炼、社交活动等与较低的功能障碍发生比例相关,这种负向关联可能是因为健康选择效应、幸存者偏差、失能限制等共同作用的结果,而非行为本身具有保护作用[20-21]。
研究的局限性:该研究为横断面调查研究,无法推断因果关系。此外,研究数据来源于问卷调查,可能存在信息偏倚。
综上所述,该研究揭示了我国城乡老年人慢性病共病与失能问题的现状及其影响因素,强调了慢性病共病对老年人日常生活能力的显著影响,为制定针对性的健康干预策略提供了依据。未来健康政策制定需要更加关注地区差异和人群特征,制定差异化的健康管理策略和干预措施。
  • 天津市卫生健康委科技计划项目(TJWJ2024QN066)
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2025年第52卷第20期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504019
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
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    1.天津大学胸科医院科教科,天津 300222
    2.国家卫生健康委卫生发展研究中心

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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