Article(id=1322590056682992284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322589954702688372, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407208, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720713600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793259642047, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1736438400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793259642047, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793259642047, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793259642047, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322589954702688372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1736438400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793259617734, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260023378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322591656147276425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322589954702688372, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322591656147276426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322589954702688372, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=51, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322590058020975261, articleId=1322590056682992284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Distribution characteristics of organophosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust and progress in population exposure research, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Organophosphorus flame retardants have been widely used in indoor living environments as alternatives to brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Their potential health hazards to humans cannot be overlooked. This article provides a comprehensive review of existing literature, summarizing the types, characteristics, distribution patterns, and health impacts of organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust. It also offers recommendations for future research, aiming to provide a scientific basis for promoting indoor health.

, authors=Feng-jing SONG1, 2, Xiao-tong ZHANG1, 2, Wen-ying ZHANG2, Ting-ting LIU2, Cheng-yu CHEN2, Lin-lin JIANG2, Xiao-min XIE2, Xian-liang WANG1, 2, authorsList=Feng-jing SONG, Xiao-tong ZHANG, Wen-ying ZHANG, Ting-ting LIU, Cheng-yu CHEN, Lin-lin JIANG, Xiao-min XIE, Xian-liang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xian-liang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322590059681919648, articleId=1322590056682992284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=室内积尘中有机磷阻燃剂的分布特征及人群暴露研究进展, columnId=1228016571273113811, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=环境与职业卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

有机磷阻燃剂作为多溴联苯醚等溴代阻燃剂的替代品被广泛应用于室内居住环境。其对人体的健康危害效应不容忽视。本文通过对既往文献进行全面综述,总结了室内积尘中有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂的种类、特性、分布特征以及健康影响并为未来研究提出建议,以望为促进室内健康提供科学依据。

, authors=宋风景1, 2, 张晓彤1, 2, 张文颖2, 刘婷婷2, 陈城宇2, 蒋林霖2, 解晓敏2, 王先良1, 2, authorsList=宋风景, 张晓彤, 张文颖, 刘婷婷, 陈城宇, 蒋林霖, 解晓敏, 王先良, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王先良, authorNote=

宋风景(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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王先良,E-mail:
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Chemosphere, 2021, 263: 127703., articleTitle=Organophosphate ester flame retardants have antiandrogenic potential and affect other endocrine related endpoints in vitro and in silico, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322590068817113823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590056682992284, awardId=2022YFC3702800, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划专项(2022YFC3702800), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322590068892611296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590056682992284, awardId=21976169, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(21976169), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322590060151681697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590056682992284, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322590060160070306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590056682992284, companyId=1322590060151681697, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322590060168458915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590056682992284, companyId=1322590060151681697, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,江苏 南京 211166)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322590060453671588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590056682992284, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322590060466254501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590056682992284, companyId=1322590060453671588, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室 中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,北京 100021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322590068380906203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590056682992284, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Proportion of multi-pathway daily intake of OPFRs in adults and children in different countries, figureFileSmall=1qiV44EfA04y1ReHvTLu+w==, figureFileBig=uTHc6JXM/BYJ9hsm91AkYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322590068452209372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590056682992284, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同国家成人与儿童多途径OPFRs日摄入量贡献占比[47-48,54-56], figureFileSmall=1qiV44EfA04y1ReHvTLu+w==, figureFileBig=uTHc6JXM/BYJ9hsm91AkYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322590068624175837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590056682992284, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Types and physicochemical properties of common OPFRs in indoor dust

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中文名称英文简写分类沸点熔点闪点分子量蒸汽压log Koalog Kow健康效应
磷酸三甲苯酯TCP芳基磷酸酯439772323683.00×10-28.605.11内分泌干扰性[15]
三苯基磷酸酯TPP芳基磷酸酯412472013261.00×10-23.702.67脏器毒性[16]
磷酸三(1,3-二甲基苯基)酯TPHP芳基磷酸酯370492203266.30×10-510.504.59生殖发育毒性[17],神经毒性[18]
磷酸三乙酯TEP烷基磷酸酯216-561161822.20×1016.600.80致突变性[19]
磷酸三正丁酯TNBP烷基磷酸酯289-791462661.50×10-19.204.00神经毒性[20]、脏器毒性[21]
三甲基磷酸酯TMP烷基磷酸酯197-461071405.60×10-35.90-0.06急性毒性[22]
三异丙基磷酸酯TPRP烷基磷酸酯295-461502662.90×10-26.402.40急性毒性[23]
磷酸三(2-乙基己基)酯TEHP烷基磷酸酯220872074341.10×10-515.004.59脏器毒性[24]
磷酸三(丁氧基乙基)酯TBOEP烷基磷酸酯215-701653981.64×10-413.103.65脏器毒性[25]、生殖发育毒性[26]
2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯EHDPP烷基磷酸酯412472223626.67×10-311.305.37脏器毒性[26]、生殖发育毒性[27]
磷酸三 (1-氯-2-丙基)酯TCIPP卤代烷基磷酸酯27040-2183271.40×10-38.502.59内分泌干扰性[28]
磷酸三(1,3-二氯丙基)酯TDCPP卤代烷基磷酸酯457-643684304.07×10-87.103.80生殖发育毒性[28]、内分泌干扰性[29]
磷酸(2-二氯乙基)磷酸酯TCEP卤代烷基磷酸酯351-552022501.14×10-37.401.44生殖发育毒性[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1322590068712256222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590056682992284, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

室内积尘中常见OPFRs种类与理化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中文名称英文简写分类沸点熔点闪点分子量蒸汽压log Koalog Kow健康效应
磷酸三甲苯酯TCP芳基磷酸酯439772323683.00×10-28.605.11内分泌干扰性[15]
三苯基磷酸酯TPP芳基磷酸酯412472013261.00×10-23.702.67脏器毒性[16]
磷酸三(1,3-二甲基苯基)酯TPHP芳基磷酸酯370492203266.30×10-510.504.59生殖发育毒性[17],神经毒性[18]
磷酸三乙酯TEP烷基磷酸酯216-561161822.20×1016.600.80致突变性[19]
磷酸三正丁酯TNBP烷基磷酸酯289-791462661.50×10-19.204.00神经毒性[20]、脏器毒性[21]
三甲基磷酸酯TMP烷基磷酸酯197-461071405.60×10-35.90-0.06急性毒性[22]
三异丙基磷酸酯TPRP烷基磷酸酯295-461502662.90×10-26.402.40急性毒性[23]
磷酸三(2-乙基己基)酯TEHP烷基磷酸酯220872074341.10×10-515.004.59脏器毒性[24]
磷酸三(丁氧基乙基)酯TBOEP烷基磷酸酯215-701653981.64×10-413.103.65脏器毒性[25]、生殖发育毒性[26]
2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯EHDPP烷基磷酸酯412472223626.67×10-311.305.37脏器毒性[26]、生殖发育毒性[27]
磷酸三 (1-氯-2-丙基)酯TCIPP卤代烷基磷酸酯27040-2183271.40×10-38.502.59内分泌干扰性[28]
磷酸三(1,3-二氯丙基)酯TDCPP卤代烷基磷酸酯457-643684304.07×10-87.103.80生殖发育毒性[28]、内分泌干扰性[29]
磷酸(2-二氯乙基)磷酸酯TCEP卤代烷基磷酸酯351-552022501.14×10-37.401.44生殖发育毒性[30]
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室内积尘中有机磷阻燃剂的分布特征及人群暴露研究进展
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宋风景 1, 2 , 张晓彤 1, 2 , 张文颖 2 , 刘婷婷 2 , 陈城宇 2 , 蒋林霖 2 , 解晓敏 2 , 王先良 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2025,52(1): 51-57
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现代预防医学 |环境与职业卫生 2025 , 52 (1) : 51 -57
室内积尘中有机磷阻燃剂的分布特征及人群暴露研究进展
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宋风景1, 2, 张晓彤1, 2, 张文颖2, 刘婷婷2, 陈城宇2, 蒋林霖2, 解晓敏2, 王先良1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,江苏 南京 211166
  • 2.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室 中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,北京 100021
通讯作者:
王先良,E-mail:
作者简介:

宋风景(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

Distribution characteristics of organophosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust and progress in population exposure research
Feng-jing SONG1, 2, Xiao-tong ZHANG1, 2, Wen-ying ZHANG2, Ting-ting LIU2, Cheng-yu CHEN2, Lin-lin JIANG2, Xiao-min XIE2, Xian-liang WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
出版时间: 2025-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407208
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有机磷阻燃剂作为多溴联苯醚等溴代阻燃剂的替代品被广泛应用于室内居住环境。其对人体的健康危害效应不容忽视。本文通过对既往文献进行全面综述,总结了室内积尘中有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂的种类、特性、分布特征以及健康影响并为未来研究提出建议,以望为促进室内健康提供科学依据。

有机磷阻燃剂  /  室内积尘  /  分布特征  /  人群暴露  /  健康危害

Organophosphorus flame retardants have been widely used in indoor living environments as alternatives to brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Their potential health hazards to humans cannot be overlooked. This article provides a comprehensive review of existing literature, summarizing the types, characteristics, distribution patterns, and health impacts of organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust. It also offers recommendations for future research, aiming to provide a scientific basis for promoting indoor health.

Organophosphorus flame retardants  /  Indoor dust  /  Distribution characteristics  /  Population exposure  /  Health hazards
宋风景, 张晓彤, 张文颖, 刘婷婷, 陈城宇, 蒋林霖, 解晓敏, 王先良. 室内积尘中有机磷阻燃剂的分布特征及人群暴露研究进展. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (1) : 51 -57 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407208
Feng-jing SONG, Xiao-tong ZHANG, Wen-ying ZHANG, Ting-ting LIU, Cheng-yu CHEN, Lin-lin JIANG, Xiao-min XIE, Xian-liang WANG. Distribution characteristics of organophosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust and progress in population exposure research[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (1) : 51 -57 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407208
随着塑料等易燃物品的广泛使用,有机阻燃剂逐渐引起公众关注。这些阻燃剂主要指添加到易燃材料中的化学物质,通过减少可燃气体的供应和提供防火屏障来降低火灾风险。根据取代基的不同,阻燃剂一般分为卤系、氮系、磷系等几类。卤系阻燃剂中的多溴联苯醚曾是应用最广泛、效果最好的一类,但由于对人体健康和环境的不良影响,如存在致癌风险[1],逐渐被淘汰,有机磷阻燃剂(organophosphate flame retardants, OPFRs)开始逐步替代溴化阻燃剂[2]。自1960年以来,OPFRs已经成为世界第一大阻燃剂,有报道称2019年全球阻燃剂消费量为239万吨,其中有机磷基阻燃剂占比18%,高于溴基阻燃剂占比[3]。OPFRs通常以物理方式添加进物品中,由于不是与聚合物基质共价键合,因此它们很容易通过磨损和挥发释放到室内环境中[4]。环境中的OPFRs可通过多种环境介质(如空气[5]、积尘[6])进入人体,并出现在血液、尿液等人体代谢物质中[7]。研究发现OPFRs具有致癌性[8]、神经毒性[9]以及生育和生殖损害[10]。室内作为人群活动的主要场所,人群的大部分时间都在室内环境中度过,据估计成人每天有近20 h待在室内,儿童更是达到了每天21~22 h[11],因此室内OPFRs暴露逐渐被人们所重视。现有综述多针对室内空气中OPFRs进行总结,少数针对积尘中OPFRs的综述也存在研究亚类较少的问题。而本文主要针对于室内积尘中存在的OPFRs进行总结,涉及种类超13种,通过对其来源、分布特征以及健康影响等方面进行综述,以期为提高室内环境质量、完善有机磷阻燃剂使用标准提供科学依据。
OPFRs由一个磷酸根骨架和3个取代基团构成,根据官能团的不同,较为常见的OPFRs被分成三大类,即芳基磷酸酯、卤代烷基磷酸酯、烷基磷酸酯,共计22种,依据理化性质的不同,OPFRs被广泛的应用于多种物质中,目前研究表明家具[12]、电器[13]、建材[14]等都是室内OPFRs常见的释放源。见表1。
地区、来源以及成分等原因造成室内积尘粒径间的差距,近年来陆续有研究发现粒径是影响积尘中污染物分布的关键因素[31],多数研究表明通常灰尘粒径越小,其中所含有的污染物浓度越高,但也有学者有不同看法。南京的学者发现OPFRs浓度通常随着颗粒尺寸减小而增加[32]。这与一些溴代阻燃剂与积尘粒径大小的变化趋势一致[33]。而来自沙特阿拉伯的一项研究则发现OPFRs与灰尘粒径间的负相关关系仅出现在某些特定场合,例如停车场[34]。在德国的一项研究发现在家庭中有超过85%的OPFRs分布在<150 nm的积尘中,在建材市场中,该比例更是超过了90%,同时本研究中还发现单独的OPFRs的浓度并不会随积尘粒径分布发生变化[35]。也有研究认为积尘中的OPFRs更多集中在<50 nm的积尘中[36]。目前对于积尘中OPFRs的分布与积尘粒径间联系的解释各不相同。有研究致力于探索其与积尘中总有机碳含量的关系,认为粉尘中总碳含量的减少,其中所含有的半挥发性污染物增加[34]。也有学者致力于探索OPFRs理化特性在其中发挥的作用,他们认为化学污染物常以悬浮与沉降两种方式存在环境中,物质的辛醇-空气分配系数则会影响此两者间的平衡关系,通常辛醇-空气分配系数较大的污染物更容易沉积[34]。除此之外物质的挥发性及其蒸汽压的大小也会影响其沉积[37]。此外室内环境条件、采样方法、空气交换率、家庭居住人数等也可能会影响OPFRs在不同粒径级分中的分布[35]。
目前全球范围内关于积尘中OPFRs的研究存在许多,住宅以及办公场所都属于研究热点,综合多项研究来看,目前各个国家间室内积尘中的OPFRs浓度差异较大,并且多数国家呈现办公场所积尘中OPFRs浓度大于住宅。在目前对家庭积尘OPFRs的研究中,日本家庭积尘中的总OPFRs较高,其浓度范围为9 300~11 000 000 ng/g间;平均值更是高达266 543 ng/g[38];而菲律宾家庭中检测出的总OPFRs则处于一个较低的水平[39]。在中国,不同城市家庭积尘中的总OPFRs间存在一定差距,哈尔滨居室积尘中总OPFRs可达82 500 ng/g[40],而上海该值仅为19 800ng/g[41]。对于成年人来说,办公室是比家更重要的室内空间。通勤者每天在办公室待的时间达到或超过8 h,因此,接触办公室积尘中的OPFRs也值得关注[42]。在目前对室内办公室积尘中OPFRs的研究中,瑞典办公室积尘中的OPFRs浓度可达1 600 000 ng/g[43];而埃及艾斯尤特[44]和亚历山大[12]办公室积尘中OPFRs浓度却低至550和460 ng/g,被认为是迄今为止的最低值。中国办公场所室内OPFRs也处于一种较高水平的状态,Cao[45]发现北京办公室内OPFRs浓度可达140 000 ng/g。同时也有学者发现相同地区内,居室积尘中的OPFRs浓度低于办公场所的测量[46-47]。产生这种不同地区积尘浓度差异的原因主要集中在以下几个方面。首先是各地的消防法规之间存在差异,不同的消防法规对OPFRs在室内消费材料中使用程度具有重要的影响。其次是不同地区在家具材料与电子产品的使用量上的差异,例如TBOEP是瑞典积尘样本中主要的OPFRs,这是由于瑞典通常使用木质地板较多,而TBOEP又经常被用作地板抛光剂来保护地板[14]。最后同一地区不同建筑之间的差异主要是由于在大多数国家,公共建筑的消防安全法规比住宅建筑更严格[48]。
目前研究表明室内积尘中的OPFRs具有明显的季节分布特征,多数研究发现这种季节分布特征表现为冬春季高于夏秋季,并且这种关系还与微环境间差别存在关系。国内有学者通过在台湾抽取60个家庭,在2018—2020年收集并检测室内积尘中OPFRs的种类与含量,并按照样品收集时间将其分为暖季(4—9月)与冷季(10月—次年3月),结果发现就房屋积尘而言,TiBP(P=0.045)与TCIPP(P=0.004)的浓度在寒冷季节较高[49]。在中国北京的一项针对办公室积尘中OPFRs的研究发现OPFRs浓度在冬末春初最高,呈现一种与温度变化相反的趋势[50]。然而也有学者有不同的发现,同样位于北京的一项研究分析了办公室、宿舍和住宅三种生活场所的积尘样本,结果显示与冬季相比,宿舍夏季积尘中的OPFRs浓度显著降低(P<0.050),但这种季节差异在办公室中并未显现[45]。甚至有学者发现这种季节特征仅会出现在办公室中,而在住宅中则表现出一种完全相反的趋势,即夏秋季高于冬春季[47]。目前关于这种季节分布特征的解释主要集中在两个方面。一方面是受温度的影响,温度较低时OPFRs更倾向于保留在积尘颗粒,而温度较高时OPFRs的降解速度很快,一些分析物会蒸发,从而导致研究结果出现冷季室内OPFRs的浓度高于夏季的情况[51]。另一方面是受居住者或使用者季节性行为变化的影响,例如季节的变化会影响到室内通风时间的变化,此外地板和家具的清洁也是影响因素[52]。
目前的研究认为,皮肤接触、直接摄入以及吸入是人体接触室内积尘中OPFRs的主要途径。值得注意的是,与成人相比,儿童通过直接摄入方式摄取OPFRs的比例较高,见图1。中国乌鲁木齐的一项研究发现儿童和成人通过直接摄入和皮肤接触产生的OPFRs日摄入量比吸入接触高4~5个数量级,这说明直接摄入和皮肤接触是人体摄入积尘OPFRs的主要途径[53]。尼泊尔的一项针对不同功能区的研究发现儿童和成人接触OPFRs的主要途径是皮肤吸收[中位值分别为45.20和16.80 ng/(kg bw·d)][54]。同样的研究结果也曾出现在埃及的一项研究中[12]。然而澳大利亚的一项针对四种不同场景共计85个积尘样品的分析则发现,人体通过吸入这种方式产生的每天摄入量[7 900 pg/(kg bw·d)]大于通过摄入和皮肤接触产生的每天摄入量[5 900 pg/(kg bw·d)],这说明与摄入和皮肤接触相比,吸入是澳大利亚人群接触积尘中OPFRs的主要途径。对于此研究结果,该作者认为在研究的场所中TCIPP在室内空气中的浓度很高,因此通过吸入产生的较大贡献可能归因于空气中的高浓度TCIPP。同时此研究还发现由于幼儿经常在地板表面玩耍以及具有舔舐物品等习惯,摄入可能是幼儿接触OPFRs的主要途径[55]。结合现有研究结果,无法确定何种方式是成人摄入积尘中OPFRs的主要方式,但可以明确的是受幼儿的生活习惯的影响,摄入可能是他们的主要吸收途径。鉴于目前对主要吸收途径的不确定性,在未来的研究中应当继续重视此问题,以便制定更为经济有效的防控措施。
在物质的人群暴露评估中,每日摄入量、致癌风险与非致癌风险是常用几种评估参数。现有的暴露积尘中OPFRs的风险评估中,多数研究表明积尘的OPFRs暴露风险较低,处于人群可接受水平内,但无论是针对每日摄入量或是致癌风险与非致癌风险的研究,均表现为幼儿暴露风险高于成人。
每日摄入量常被用做与参考摄入量进行比对,上文所提到的澳大利亚、挪威等地区的研究都利用到此种方法,当其低于参考剂量时被认为对人体的健康影响较低。来自印度的一项研究发现无论环境中的OPFRs处于低浓度或高浓度,人体通过吸入与摄入产生的每日摄入量均是低于参考剂量,由于儿童体重较轻,儿童的每日摄入量明显大于成人[57]。这样的研究结果同样出现在了韩国的一项研究中,同时该研究还指出相对于住宅,工作场所存在的OPFRs污染更为严重[58]。尽管现有研究均表明从每日摄入量的角度出发,接触积尘中OPFRs所带来的风险处于可接受水平,但考虑到包括食物摄入在内的其他来源的额外摄入量,人类(尤其是幼儿)接触OPFRs的风险可能仍然是一个问题[55]。
除每日摄入量外,暴露室内积尘中OPFRs所带来的致癌风险与非致癌风险也是目前研究的热点。越南一项针对住宅积尘中OPFRs的研究发现在中和高暴露情况下,幼儿和成人的所有非致癌风险值都远小于1,这表明通过室内空气和室内积尘暴露OPFRs的非致癌风险对成人和幼儿都可以忽略不计。对于致癌风险,在平均和高暴露情景下,成人和幼儿的致癌风险值都远低于其可接受水平(1.00×106)。但同时作者也提出随着消费品中溴化阻燃剂的限制性规定的颁布,OPFRs的消费量预计将在未来增加。因此,需要进一步开展样本量更大的研究,以更全面、准确地评估来自不同类型消费品和微环境的OPFRs暴露情况[56]。巴基斯坦的一项针对不同室内积尘中OPFRs的暴露情况研究发现,与世界范围内进行的其他研究相比,该地区的成人与幼儿对OPFRs的每日摄入量及其所带来的非致癌风险远低于与世界其他地区[51]。在中国也存在类似的研究,位于北京高校的一项研究发现所有OPFRs的非致癌风险均远低于1,这表明OPFRs对学生造成不良健康影响的风险非常低。但同时该研究也发现与其他溴化阻燃剂相比,OPFRs的危险商数相对较高,这意味着OPFRs可能对学生造成与溴化阻燃剂类似的健康风险[59]。来自哈尔滨的一项研究在对非致癌风险进行描述的同时,还对致癌风险进行了描述,发现即使在最坏的情况下,学生和成人室内积尘的不同OPFRs的致癌风险值都处于同一数量级,并且都在可接受的水平内[60]。来自中国青岛的一项在控制性别这一混杂因素影响后,仍然发现室内积尘中的OPFRs对人体的非致癌风险与致癌风险处于可接受水平[61]。但该作者也表示这里研究的OPFRs的每日摄入量、非致癌风险和致癌风险值被低估,因此室内积尘中OPFRs对人体的健康影响仍需被关注。
总体来说,室内积尘中OPFRs的每日摄入量小于参考摄入量,对人体的非致癌风险与致癌风险也同样处于可接受水平,但由于没有考虑通过其他暴露途径(例如空气吸入、室外积尘摄入和饮食)的摄入量,而且各类参数是根据动物实验结果计算的,在转移到人体的过程中可能存在不确定性,因此我们仍需关注室内积尘中OPFRs对人体的健康影响。
近年来有诸多流行病学与毒理学研究对接触OPFRs产生的健康危害进行探索,结果表明OPFRs具有各种毒性效应,长期接触会损害人体多种器官系统。
在流行病学研究中,生殖发育影响以及对器官功能的损害属于热点话题。国外研究发现长期暴露于OPFRs的女性成功受精的概率会有所降低(P<0.05)[62],而男性长期接触TPhP和TDCIPP则会导致精子数量减少和激素水平降[63]。同时对于青少年或青春期个体而言,接触OPFRs与某些性类固醇激素(即总睾酮、游离雄激素指数和雌二醇)的减少和性激素结合球蛋白的增加有关[64]。来自上海的一项病例对照研究发现产前暴露于OPFRs与不良妊娠结局相关;来自山东一项队列研究则发现产前暴露于OPFRs混合物会影响胎儿在粗大运动、适应性和社会领域等神经系统的发育[65]。对生殖系统影响外,其它器官系统遭受的损害也不容忽视,例如位于日本的一项现况研究发现接触OPFRs会增加儿童发生哮喘的风险[66],俄国研究则发现婴儿期暴露于OPFRs可能会增加儿童期不良呼吸结局的发生率[67],此外还有研究表明接触积尘中的OPFRs与老年人认知功能的损害密切相关[68]。
除流行病学研究,现有的毒理学研究也表明,短期和长期接触OPFR会导致各种健康危害的发生。在水生动物中发现斑马鱼暴露于TDCPP(45.81 μg/L和229.05 μg/L)后,肝脏中的抗氧化酶活性发生显著变化,氧化应激相关基因的mRNA水平发生改变,并且这种变化还与OPFRs的剂量以及斑马鱼的性别存在关系[69]。除此之外在早期发育过程中,暴露于TDCPP会导致斑马鱼胚胎异常[70]。另据报道,长期暴露于较低浓度的TDCIPP会对斑马鱼产生神经毒性,在雌性斑马鱼中这种毒性尤甚[71]。但同时也有实验表明,高剂量TDCIPP和TCEP对大鼠并没有潜在的神经毒性[72]。内分泌干扰作用也是大多数OPFRs的常见毒性之一,例如芳基OPFRs对雄激素受体有拮抗作用[73]。
综上所述,长期接触OPFRs会对人体的多个方面产生影响,但相对于毒理学研究,长期接触OPFRs的流行病学研究依然相对匮乏,并且目前的研究关注的OPFRs亚类也相对较少。在未来可考虑增加相关前瞻性队列研究并扩大研究范围,为估计人类长期接触OPFRs所产生健康影响提供更有力的证据。
本文通过对室内积尘中OPFRs进行综述,总结了其种类、分布特征以及健康风险等相关信息。可以发现室内积尘中OPFRs种类多,时间、空间等均是影响其在室内积尘中分布的因素,同时人体可通过多种方式吸收室内存在的OPFRs,并且由于体重较低和更频繁的手口接触,儿童的每日摄入量高于成人。风险评估表明,目前人类通过室内积尘接触OPFRs的情况不太可能构成健康风险。但随着溴化阻燃剂的逐步淘汰,OPFRs在市场中所占份额的增加,人群暴露风险仍需被关注。
总体来看目前关于室内OPFRs的研究仍然存在以下不足:(1)各项研究采集的积尘样本数量有限,不同研究中分析的OPFRs类型不同,积尘中OPFRs的生物利用度信息匮乏;(2)以往对积尘中OPFRs的研究主要来自欧洲,近期的研究主要来自亚洲,尤其是中国,而非洲、南美洲和大洋洲积尘中OPFRs的数据相对缺乏,目前存在的流行病学研究也相对匮乏;(3)研究中使用的积尘采样策略不同,使其研究结果的可比性受到阻碍。
针对以上问题,在未来可以考虑建立积尘采样尺寸选择的标准,提高不同研究结果的可比性,减少由于颗粒尺寸对评估室内积尘中阻燃剂暴露风险评估的影响;同时可在全球范围内鼓励室内积尘中OPFRs的研究,建立全球范围内的信息库,完善人群接触风险研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划专项(2022YFC3702800)
  • 国家自然科学基金(21976169)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407208
  • 接收时间:2024-07-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-12
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    1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,江苏 南京 211166
    2.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室 中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,北京 100021

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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属
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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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