Article(id=1322590051003908808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322589954702688372, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406130, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717948800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793259640694, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1736438400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793259640694, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793259640694, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793259640694, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322589954702688372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1736438400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793259617734, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260023378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322591656147276425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322589954702688372, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322591656147276426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1322589954702688372, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=27, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322590051196846793, articleId=1322590051003908808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Trend analysis of the burden of thalassemia in China from 1990 to 2019, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the trends in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disease burden of thalassemia in China from 1990 to 2019, providing a reference for further disease prevention and control.

Methods

Data related to the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) of thalassemia in China were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019 database. The Join point regression model was utilized to analyze the annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) of the age-standardized incidence rate, prevalence rate, mortality rate, and DALYs rate.

Results

From 1990 to 2019, the number of new thalassemia cases in China decreased from 100 686 to 60 132, with the age-standardized incidence rate declining by 3.88% (AAPC=-0.60%). The number of deaths fell from 6 776 per year to 2 191 per year, leading to a 69.68% reduction in the age-standardized mortality rate (AAPC=-4.04%). DALYs decreased from 541 696 per year to 141 284 per year, with a 71.10% reduction in the age-standardized DALYs rate (AAPC=-4.90%, P < 0.05). The number of individuals with thalassemia decreased from 684 066 to 642 042, although the age-standardized prevalence rate increased by 19.15%(AAPC=0.58%, P < 0.05). Between 1990 and 2019, the disease burden of thalassemia for both males and females showed a declining trend, but the incidence and prevalence rates remained consistently higher in females compared to males, with the male-to-female ratios for age-standardized incidence rate, prevalence rate, DALYs rate, and mortality rate ranging from 0.76 to 0.78, 0.77 to 0.80, 0.94 to 1.07, and 0.97 to 1.12, respectively. The highest mortality and DALYs rates for thalassemia were observed in the age group under 5 years with a notable decline in the 5-to-9-year age group followed by stabilization. Over the last two decades, the mortality and DALYs rates gradually shifted towards older age groups.

Conclusion

The burden of thalassemia in China has alleviated from 1990 to 2019, exhibiting gender and age disparities, along with a trend towards an aging population.

, authors=Mei-zhi CEN1, Lu GAO2, Xu-hui XIA2, Jia-li FU2, Ming-qiang REN2, authorsList=Mei-zhi CEN, Lu GAO, Xu-hui XIA, Jia-li FU, Ming-qiang REN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ming-qiang REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322590053562434254, articleId=1322590051003908808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=1990—2019年中国地中海贫血疾病负担趋势分析, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析1990—2019年中国地中海贫血发病、患病、死亡、疾病负担的变化趋势,以期为疾病进一步防控作参考依据。

方法

提取全球疾病负担研究(GBD)2019数据库中国地中海贫血发病、患病、死亡和DALYs等有关的疾病负担指标,使用joinpoint回归模型分析标化发病率、标化患病率、标化死亡率和标化DALYs率的年度变化百分比(APC)和平均年度变化百分比(AAPC)。

结果

1990—2019年,中国地中海贫血发病人数从100 686例降至60 132例,标化发病率降低了3.88%(AAPC=-0.60%),死亡人数从6 776人年降至2 191人年,标化死亡率降低了69.68%(AAPC= -4.04%),DALYs从541 696人年降至141 284人年,标化DALYs率降低了71.10%(AAPC=-4.90%,P<0.05)。地中海贫血患病人数从684 066例降至642 042例,但标化患病率增加了19.15%(AAPC=0.58%,P<0.05)。1990—2019年,中国男性女性疾病负担均呈下降趋势,但女性发病率、患病率持续高于男性,标化发病率、标化患病率、标化DALYs率和标化死亡率男女性别比范围分别为0.76~0.78、0.77~0.80、0.94~1.07、0.97~1.12。小于5岁年龄组地中海贫血死亡率、DALYs率最高,5~9岁组明显下降后趋于平缓。随着年份推移,近20年来人群的死亡率、DALYs率逐渐呈现年龄后移化。

结论

1990—2019年中国地中海贫血疾病负担有所缓解,存在性别和年龄差异,且有年长化趋势。

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岑美芝(1994—),女,硕士,主治医师,研究方向:血液系统疾病的防治

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任明强,E-mail:
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Analysis of 29742 premarital examination results[J]. China Practical Medicine, 2020, 15(23): 156-158.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of 29742 premarital examination results, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322590064694117158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=60, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Wang WD, Hu F, Zhou DH, journalName=Blood Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang WD, Hu F, Zhou DH, et al. Thalassaemia in China[J]. Blood Reviews, 2023, 60: 101074., articleTitle=Thalassaemia in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322590064769614631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=83, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Shafique F, Ali S, Almansouri T, journalName=Brazilian Journal of Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shafique F, Ali S, Almansouri T, et al. Thalassemia, a human blood disorder[J]. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2021, 83: e246062., articleTitle=Thalassemia, a human blood disorder, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322590064836723496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=80, issue=11, pageStart=1053, pageEnd=1063, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Motta I, Bou-Fakhredin R, Taher AT, journalName=Drugs, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Motta I, Bou-Fakhredin R, Taher AT, et al. Beta thalassemia:new therapeutic options beyond transfusion and Iron chelation[J]. Drugs, 2020, 80(11): 1053-1063., articleTitle=Beta thalassemia:new therapeutic options beyond transfusion and Iron chelation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322590059564483329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, awardId=gzwkj2022-069, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省卫健委联合基金(gzwkj2022-069), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322590053814092495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322590053822481104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, companyId=1322590053814092495, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Kaili City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaili, Guizhou 556000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322590054019613393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, companyId=1322590053814092495, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.凯里市疾病预防控制中心,贵州 凯里 556000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322590054116082386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322590054124470995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, companyId=1322590054116082386, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.遵义医科大学附属医院血液内科,贵州 遵义 563000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322590057802875639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Trends in the burden of thalassemia by gender in China from 1990 to 2019, figureFileSmall=82LvEtb5nI7wvU3torKj8Q==, figureFileBig=9+0WFqQ1kkoHb6TkxcECtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322590057882567416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1990—2019年中国地中海贫血不同性别负担变化趋势

注:A为男性、女性及总人群标化发病率趋势;B为标化患病率趋势;C为标化死亡率趋势;D为标化DALYs率趋势。

, figureFileSmall=82LvEtb5nI7wvU3torKj8Q==, figureFileBig=9+0WFqQ1kkoHb6TkxcECtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322590058213917433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Trends of thalassemia burden among different age groups by gender in China from 1990 to 2019, figureFileSmall=IlC+A5S9rAeBC6fJC36eOQ==, figureFileBig=ovDIYoXToEmgL8NOVaBRkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322590058289414906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1990—2019年中国地中海贫血分年龄别疾病负担状况

注:A为地贫不同年份发病率状况;B为不同年份分年龄别患病率状况;C为不同年份分年龄别死亡率状况;D为不同年份分年龄别DALYs率状况。

, figureFileSmall=IlC+A5S9rAeBC6fJC36eOQ==, figureFileBig=ovDIYoXToEmgL8NOVaBRkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322590058411049723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes in thalassemia burden in China from 1990 to 2019

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目发病例数患病例数死亡例数DALYs
1990年
(人年)
2019年
(人年)
变化率
(%)
1990年
(人年)
2019年
(人年)
变化率
(%)
1990年
(人年)
2019年
(人年)
变化率
(%)
1990年
(人年)
2019年
(人年)
变化率
(%)
全人群100 68660 132-40.28684 066642 042-6.146 7762 191-67.67541 696141 284-73.92
男性40 67323 903-41.23289 115267 215-7.573 1841 054-66.90250 16365 780-73.71
女性60 01336 229-39.63394 950374 827-5.103 5921 138-68.32291 53375 504-74.10
), ArticleFig(id=1322590058524295932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990—2019年中国地中海贫血疾病负担状况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目发病例数患病例数死亡例数DALYs
1990年
(人年)
2019年
(人年)
变化率
(%)
1990年
(人年)
2019年
(人年)
变化率
(%)
1990年
(人年)
2019年
(人年)
变化率
(%)
1990年
(人年)
2019年
(人年)
变化率
(%)
全人群100 68660 132-40.28684 066642 042-6.146 7762 191-67.67541 696141 284-73.92
男性40 67323 903-41.23289 115267 215-7.573 1841 054-66.90250 16365 780-73.71
女性60 01336 229-39.63394 950374 827-5.103 5921 138-68.32291 53375 504-74.10
), ArticleFig(id=1322590058742399741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes in thalassemia burden in China from 1990 to 2019 (standardized rate)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目标化发病率标化患病率标化死亡率标化DALYs
1990年
(1/10万)
2019年
(1/10万)
变化率
(%)
1990年
(1/10万)
2019年
(1/10万)
变化率
(%)
1990年
(1/10万)
2019年
(1/10万)
变化率
(%)
1990年
(1/10万)
2019年
(1/10万)
变化率
(%)
全人群8.748.4-3.8855.7866.4619.150.570.17-69.6845.713.21-71.10
男性7.527.24-3.7249.2257.9617.770.570.17-69.8044.3812.83-71.10
女性9.819.39-4.3261.7973.8619.550.580.18-69.5846.8913.54-71.11
), ArticleFig(id=1322590059056972542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1990—2019年中国地中海贫血疾病负担标化状况(标化率)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目标化发病率标化患病率标化死亡率标化DALYs
1990年
(1/10万)
2019年
(1/10万)
变化率
(%)
1990年
(1/10万)
2019年
(1/10万)
变化率
(%)
1990年
(1/10万)
2019年
(1/10万)
变化率
(%)
1990年
(1/10万)
2019年
(1/10万)
变化率
(%)
全人群8.748.4-3.8855.7866.4619.150.570.17-69.6845.713.21-71.10
男性7.527.24-3.7249.2257.9617.770.570.17-69.8044.3812.83-71.10
女性9.819.39-4.3261.7973.8619.550.580.18-69.5846.8913.54-71.11
), ArticleFig(id=1322590059170218751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Trends of thalassemia burden by joinpoint regression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目全人群男性女性
年份(年)变化值(95%CI)(%)年份(年)变化值(95%CI)(%)年份(年)变化值(95%CI)(%)
标化DALYs率
APC1990—19961.89(2.27~1.44)a1990—20002.09(2.40~1.70)a1990—19952.61(2.94~2.18)a
1996—20014.49(4.85~4.04)a2000—20039.37(9.93~7.74)a1995—20004.35(4.68~3.99)a
2001—20047.33(7.64~6.88)a2003—20075.29(6.07~4.77)a2000—20045.80(6.24~5.50)a
2004—20094.08(4.27~3.82)a2007—20103.49(4.07~3.10)a2004—20093.89(4.03~3.63)a
2009—20154.92(5.23~4.77)a2010—20155.22(5.83~5.00)a2009—20125.69(5.90~5.25)a
2015—20193.83(4.13~3.35)a2015—20193.88(4.41~2.72)a2012—20194.03(4.15~3.87)a
AAPC1990—20194.19(4.23~4.13)a
标化死亡率
APC1990—19961.90(2.26~1.44)a1990—20001.97(2.37~1.50)a1990—19952.68(3.01~2.24)a
1996—20014.31(4.65~3.87)a2000—20039.08(9.65~2.27)a1995—20014.42(4.60~4.08)a
2001—20046.91(7.20~6.46)a2003—20074.84(8.14~4.34)a2001—20045.41(5.64~5.01)a
2004—20093.65(3.84~3.46)a2007—20103.28(3.98~2.87)a2004—20093.43(3.57~3.24)a
2009—20145.04(5.31~4.84)a2010—20155.22(5.85~4.96)a2009—20125.86(6.07~5.60)a
2014—20193.91(4.13~3.61)a2015—20193.85(4.43~2.55)a2012—20193.87(3.99~3.75)a
AAPC1990—20194.04(4.08~3.98)a
标化发病率
APC1990—19941.38(0.25~3.44)a1990—19941.56(0.37~3.67)a1990—19941.14(0.00~3.21)a
1994—20130.67(1.06~0.55)a1994—20130.73(1.06~0.60)a1994—20130.64(1.40~0.53)a
2013—20190.43(0.22~2.11)2013—20190.59(0.12~2.30)2013—20190.38(0.26~2.08)
AAPC1990—20190.16(0.27~0.03)a
标化患病率
APC1990—19934.60(4.25~5.00)a1990—19934.16(3.58~4.74)a1990—19935.02(4.77~5.31)a
1993—19961.65(1.13~1.92)a1993—19971.14(0.71~1.69)a1993—19961.56(1.25~1.75)a
1996—20190.07(0.09~0.05)a1997—20190.05(0.09~0.02)a1996—20140.07(0.11~0.04)a
2014—20170.54(0.74~0.02)a
AAPC1990—20190.58(0.560.61)a2017—20190.44(0.20~0.81)
), ArticleFig(id=1322590059337990912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1322590051003908808, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中国地贫疾病负担变化趋势的joinpoint回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目全人群男性女性
年份(年)变化值(95%CI)(%)年份(年)变化值(95%CI)(%)年份(年)变化值(95%CI)(%)
标化DALYs率
APC1990—19961.89(2.27~1.44)a1990—20002.09(2.40~1.70)a1990—19952.61(2.94~2.18)a
1996—20014.49(4.85~4.04)a2000—20039.37(9.93~7.74)a1995—20004.35(4.68~3.99)a
2001—20047.33(7.64~6.88)a2003—20075.29(6.07~4.77)a2000—20045.80(6.24~5.50)a
2004—20094.08(4.27~3.82)a2007—20103.49(4.07~3.10)a2004—20093.89(4.03~3.63)a
2009—20154.92(5.23~4.77)a2010—20155.22(5.83~5.00)a2009—20125.69(5.90~5.25)a
2015—20193.83(4.13~3.35)a2015—20193.88(4.41~2.72)a2012—20194.03(4.15~3.87)a
AAPC1990—20194.19(4.23~4.13)a
标化死亡率
APC1990—19961.90(2.26~1.44)a1990—20001.97(2.37~1.50)a1990—19952.68(3.01~2.24)a
1996—20014.31(4.65~3.87)a2000—20039.08(9.65~2.27)a1995—20014.42(4.60~4.08)a
2001—20046.91(7.20~6.46)a2003—20074.84(8.14~4.34)a2001—20045.41(5.64~5.01)a
2004—20093.65(3.84~3.46)a2007—20103.28(3.98~2.87)a2004—20093.43(3.57~3.24)a
2009—20145.04(5.31~4.84)a2010—20155.22(5.85~4.96)a2009—20125.86(6.07~5.60)a
2014—20193.91(4.13~3.61)a2015—20193.85(4.43~2.55)a2012—20193.87(3.99~3.75)a
AAPC1990—20194.04(4.08~3.98)a
标化发病率
APC1990—19941.38(0.25~3.44)a1990—19941.56(0.37~3.67)a1990—19941.14(0.00~3.21)a
1994—20130.67(1.06~0.55)a1994—20130.73(1.06~0.60)a1994—20130.64(1.40~0.53)a
2013—20190.43(0.22~2.11)2013—20190.59(0.12~2.30)2013—20190.38(0.26~2.08)
AAPC1990—20190.16(0.27~0.03)a
标化患病率
APC1990—19934.60(4.25~5.00)a1990—19934.16(3.58~4.74)a1990—19935.02(4.77~5.31)a
1993—19961.65(1.13~1.92)a1993—19971.14(0.71~1.69)a1993—19961.56(1.25~1.75)a
1996—20190.07(0.09~0.05)a1997—20190.05(0.09~0.02)a1996—20140.07(0.11~0.04)a
2014—20170.54(0.74~0.02)a
AAPC1990—20190.58(0.560.61)a2017—20190.44(0.20~0.81)
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1990—2019年中国地中海贫血疾病负担趋势分析
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岑美芝 1 , 高陆 2 , 夏戌慧 2 , 付佳丽 2 , 任明强 2
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(1): 27-32
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2025 , 52 (1) : 27 -32
1990—2019年中国地中海贫血疾病负担趋势分析
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岑美芝1, 高陆2, 夏戌慧2, 付佳丽2, 任明强2
作者信息
  • 1.凯里市疾病预防控制中心,贵州 凯里 556000
  • 2.遵义医科大学附属医院血液内科,贵州 遵义 563000
通讯作者:
任明强,E-mail:
作者简介:

岑美芝(1994—),女,硕士,主治医师,研究方向:血液系统疾病的防治

Trend analysis of the burden of thalassemia in China from 1990 to 2019
Mei-zhi CEN1, Lu GAO2, Xu-hui XIA2, Jia-li FU2, Ming-qiang REN2
Affiliations
  • Kaili City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaili, Guizhou 556000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406130
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目的

分析1990—2019年中国地中海贫血发病、患病、死亡、疾病负担的变化趋势,以期为疾病进一步防控作参考依据。

方法

提取全球疾病负担研究(GBD)2019数据库中国地中海贫血发病、患病、死亡和DALYs等有关的疾病负担指标,使用joinpoint回归模型分析标化发病率、标化患病率、标化死亡率和标化DALYs率的年度变化百分比(APC)和平均年度变化百分比(AAPC)。

结果

1990—2019年,中国地中海贫血发病人数从100 686例降至60 132例,标化发病率降低了3.88%(AAPC=-0.60%),死亡人数从6 776人年降至2 191人年,标化死亡率降低了69.68%(AAPC= -4.04%),DALYs从541 696人年降至141 284人年,标化DALYs率降低了71.10%(AAPC=-4.90%,P<0.05)。地中海贫血患病人数从684 066例降至642 042例,但标化患病率增加了19.15%(AAPC=0.58%,P<0.05)。1990—2019年,中国男性女性疾病负担均呈下降趋势,但女性发病率、患病率持续高于男性,标化发病率、标化患病率、标化DALYs率和标化死亡率男女性别比范围分别为0.76~0.78、0.77~0.80、0.94~1.07、0.97~1.12。小于5岁年龄组地中海贫血死亡率、DALYs率最高,5~9岁组明显下降后趋于平缓。随着年份推移,近20年来人群的死亡率、DALYs率逐渐呈现年龄后移化。

结论

1990—2019年中国地中海贫血疾病负担有所缓解,存在性别和年龄差异,且有年长化趋势。

地中海贫血  /  发病率  /  患病率  /  死亡率  /  疾病负担
Objective

To analyze the trends in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disease burden of thalassemia in China from 1990 to 2019, providing a reference for further disease prevention and control.

Methods

Data related to the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) of thalassemia in China were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019 database. The Join point regression model was utilized to analyze the annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) of the age-standardized incidence rate, prevalence rate, mortality rate, and DALYs rate.

Results

From 1990 to 2019, the number of new thalassemia cases in China decreased from 100 686 to 60 132, with the age-standardized incidence rate declining by 3.88% (AAPC=-0.60%). The number of deaths fell from 6 776 per year to 2 191 per year, leading to a 69.68% reduction in the age-standardized mortality rate (AAPC=-4.04%). DALYs decreased from 541 696 per year to 141 284 per year, with a 71.10% reduction in the age-standardized DALYs rate (AAPC=-4.90%, P < 0.05). The number of individuals with thalassemia decreased from 684 066 to 642 042, although the age-standardized prevalence rate increased by 19.15%(AAPC=0.58%, P < 0.05). Between 1990 and 2019, the disease burden of thalassemia for both males and females showed a declining trend, but the incidence and prevalence rates remained consistently higher in females compared to males, with the male-to-female ratios for age-standardized incidence rate, prevalence rate, DALYs rate, and mortality rate ranging from 0.76 to 0.78, 0.77 to 0.80, 0.94 to 1.07, and 0.97 to 1.12, respectively. The highest mortality and DALYs rates for thalassemia were observed in the age group under 5 years with a notable decline in the 5-to-9-year age group followed by stabilization. Over the last two decades, the mortality and DALYs rates gradually shifted towards older age groups.

Conclusion

The burden of thalassemia in China has alleviated from 1990 to 2019, exhibiting gender and age disparities, along with a trend towards an aging population.

Thalassemia  /  Incidence  /  Prevalence  /  Mortality  /  Disease burden
岑美芝, 高陆, 夏戌慧, 付佳丽, 任明强. 1990—2019年中国地中海贫血疾病负担趋势分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (1) : 27 -32 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406130
Mei-zhi CEN, Lu GAO, Xu-hui XIA, Jia-li FU, Ming-qiang REN. Trend analysis of the burden of thalassemia in China from 1990 to 2019[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (1) : 27 -32 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406130
地中海贫血(thalassemia,简称地贫)又称海洋性贫血,是常见的可遗传溶血性单基因疾病,以溶血、无效红细胞生成及不同程度的小细胞低色素性贫血为特征[1]。地贫高发于热带、亚热带地区,全球共约有3.45亿地贫基因携带者,每年约有30万地贫患儿出生,是全球最常见的单基因疾病。在中国地贫高发区地贫基因的人群携带率高达20%~25%[2-4],同种类型地贫携带者之间的婚配有25%的风险孕育重型地贫患儿,该类患儿从3~6个月开始发病后,需要进行长期规范化输血和祛铁治疗,如果不治疗,患儿多于5岁前死亡[5-6]。随着国家经济水平提高、国家相关政策相继颁布,在政策扶持、医学知识不断普及的背景下,人民对疾病的认识进一步提高,逐渐形成了婚前、产前、新生儿地贫筛查,使地贫疾病负担得到了一定的缓解[7],但地贫仍是全球关注的公共卫生问题,并被中国作为“健康中国行2030”政策的监测指标之一[8]。本研究利用全球疾病负担研究(GBD)2019数据,对1990—2019年中国地贫的发病、患病、死亡及DALYs趋势进行分析,旨在了解中国地贫的流行特征,为制订地贫防治政策提供参考意见。
GBD 2019对1990—2019年369种疾病和伤害造成的健康损失进行了全面评估,涵盖了204个国家和地区。其中,中国相关数据来源于中国疾病预防控制中心疾病监测点系统和死因报告系统,数据质量可靠[9]。
从GBD 2019数据库中提取1990—2019年全球及中国地中海贫血疾病的发病、患病、死亡和伤残调整寿命年(DALYs)数据,包括发病人数、患病人数、死亡人数、DALYs人数、年龄别发病率、患病率、死亡率和DALYs率。GBD数据库依据世界标准人口计算年龄标化率[10]。
采用Excel 2016、SPSS 29.0对数据进行整理分析,1990—2019年地贫的发病、患病、死亡人数及DALYs人年数的变化百分比计算公式为:变化百分比(%)=(2019年数量-1990年数量)/1990年数量×100%[11]。
采用Joinpoint 4.9.1软件进行回归分析,按照年份、性别和年龄分析1990—2019年中国地贫的发病率、患病率、死亡率和DALYs率的年度变化百分比(APC)与平均年度变化百分比(AAPC)及其95%置信区间(CI),分析各年龄标准化率的变化趋势[12]。APC或AAPC及其95%CI>0表示该段时间内指标为上升趋势,APC或AAPC及其95%CI<0表示该段时间内指标为下降趋势,APC=AAPC表明在观察期内数据呈单调递增或单调递减趋势[13]。检验水准α=0.05。
1990—2019年,中国地贫的年龄标准化发病率(AAPC=-0.16%,95%CI:-0.27%~-0.03%)整体呈下降趋势,分别在1994和2013年呈现2个拐点;1990—1994年呈上升趋势,APC为1.38(P<0.05);在1994—2013年呈下降趋势,APC为-0.67(P<0.05。标化患病率(AAPC=0.58%,95%CI:0.56%~0.61%)呈上升趋势,分别在1993和1996年出现2个拐点;标化患病率在1990—1993年、1993—1996年呈上升趋势,APC分别为4.60%、1.65%(P<0.05);在1996—2019年呈缓慢下降趋势,APC为-0.07%(P<0.05)。1990—2019年,标化死亡率AAPC=-4.04%(95%CI:-4.08~-3.98%)和标化DALYs率AAPC= -4.19%(95%CI:-4.23~-4.13%)。见表1、2、3。
1990—2019年,中国男性、女性患者标化发病率为波动下降趋势,但女性持续高于男性;男性、女性患者患病率在1990—1998年为明显上升趋势,后保持相对稳定水平;男性、女性地贫疾病标化死亡率、标化DALYs率均为下降趋势。30年间,标化发病率、标化患病率、标化DALYs率和标化死亡率男女性别比范围分别为0.76~0.78、0.77~0.80、0.94~1.07、0.97~1.12。见图1。
1990—2019年地贫发病未进行年龄组分类,不同年龄组患病率随着年龄增长而呈下降趋势,1990—2008年,0~60岁患者患病率在1.00/10万范围内,2009—2019年年龄段扩增到0~70岁患者患病率在1.00/10万内,>70岁患者患病率低于1.00/10万。死亡率随着年龄组、年份的增长呈下降趋势,其中<5岁组至5~9岁组下降趋势最明显(2019年<5岁组疾病死亡率从1990年的3.10/10万降至0.51/10万,而5~9岁死亡率从1990年的0.63/10万降至0.21/10万),而后缓慢下降,在35~54岁阶段稍有上升趋势(2019年50~45岁组升至0.20/10万),后转为下降趋势。患者DALYs率随着年龄组、年份的增长呈下降趋势,在<5岁组时DALYs率最大,5~9岁组明显下降后(2019年<5岁组DALYs率从1990年的281.59/10万降至51.54/10万,而5~9岁组DALYs率从1990年的56.39/10万降至19.98/10万),随着年龄增长而呈缓慢下降趋势。见图2。
本研究结果显示,2019年中国地贫造成的标化DALYs、死亡数、发病人数和患病人数分别为141 284人年、2 191例、60 132例和642 042例。中国标化发病率从1999年的8.74/10万缓慢降至2019年的8.40/10万。缓慢下降的原因可能与国家层面政策相关,1994年,国家母婴保健法、婚前检查等政策相继颁布,有力促进了群众地贫疾病的筛查[14]。2003年,《婚姻登记条例》正式实施,“强制婚检”政策调整为“自愿婚检”,加之地贫知识普及率低[15]、监测覆盖面较局限[16]等因素,导致婚前地贫筛查频率降低[17]。婚前和产前检查是预防地中海贫血的有效手段。提示须加大政策支持力度,加强地贫防控健康教育,逐步扩大监测点覆盖面。
1990—2019年,地贫DALYs率、标化DALYs率和死亡率呈下降趋势,患病率在1990—1998年呈上升趋势,1999—2019年保持相对平稳水平,提示中国地贫的疾病负担有所改善,考虑可能受相关因素综合影响,分析其可能原因是多方面的。一方面,由于国家经济、教育水平的改善及国家政策的扶持,群众健康意识增强,提高了筛查率[18-19],地贫发病得到了一定的控制[7]。另一方面,随着国家医疗水平不断进步,疾病防控水平、诊断和治疗技术得到提高[20],早预防、早发现、早诊断、早治疗等理念得到践行,切实降低地贫带来的社会危害和疾病负担[21]。
1990—2019年,中国标化发病率、患病率女性均高于男性,2019年男女性标化发病率比例约为1∶1.30,男女患病率比例约为1∶1.27,分析其可能原因是由于女性在遗传病方面的健康素养高于男性,且女性自身一般需进行孕前检查,地贫的筛查机会多于男性,进而女性地贫患者相较于男性更易得到诊断及治疗[7,15,22]。本研究分析发现,中国地贫标化死亡率、DALYs率无明显性别差异,上世纪90年代地贫死亡率及DALYs率存在明显年龄分布差异,小于5岁年龄组死亡率、DALYs率为最高,5~9岁组明显下降后趋于平缓。总体来看,近20年来人群中死亡率、DALYs率逐渐呈现年龄后移化,这也可能得益于医疗技术不断提高以及与群众的健康意识逐渐增强有关[23]。具体来看,地贫治疗最初一般采取输血和使用铁螯合药物,以及目前最新的地贫治疗改良方案、可治愈性的造血干细胞移植以及备受关注的基因治疗,让地贫患者的寿命得到了延长[21,24-25];同时,国家健全的医保体系,有力减轻了群众就医负担,地贫治疗依从性进一步提高[23]。本研究还发现,地贫死亡率在35~54岁年龄组有升高趋势,考虑考虑该年龄段患者多为家庭责任的主要负担者,高强度劳作、心理压力导致疾病加重及死亡率增加。
综上所述,近年来中国地贫疾病负担有所缓解,但仍不容轻视。地贫作为一个“可防难治”的疾病,我们仍然需要继续坚持医防协同、医防融合一体化防治,一方面,国家层面应继续完善地中海疾病防控策略规划及行动计划,促进“婚前咨询-产前检测-新生儿检测”三级预防制度落到实处,并且重点提高一级预防的有效性,加强疾病宣传教育,提高群众健康素养,最终减少地贫患儿的出生;另一方面,已出生患儿的临床表型高度异质性是临床诊治的难点,需提高医务工作者的诊治能力,及时诊断和有效治疗以改善患者生存状态,减轻患者家庭和社会的经济负担。此外,在今后的地贫防治工作中,也应积极关注男性群体地贫的筛查,以及35~54岁年龄组地贫患者的防治,助力减轻地贫患者的疾病负担。
  • 贵州省卫健委联合基金(gzwkj2022-069)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406130
  • 接收时间:2024-06-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-10
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贵州省卫健委联合基金(gzwkj2022-069)
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    1.凯里市疾病预防控制中心,贵州 凯里 556000
    2.遵义医科大学附属医院血液内科,贵州 遵义 563000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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