Article(id=1311350522947396212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511351, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763740800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579928385, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579928385, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579928385, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579928385, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311350193946194882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579849945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588319569, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2805, endPage=2812, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350523287134837, articleId=1311350522947396212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The cost-effectiveness of the Mediterranean dietary pattern in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in Chinese patients: a simulation study based on the CORDIOPREV trial, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To evaluate the long-term cost-effectiveness of a Mediterranean diet compared with a conventional low-fat diet for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in China.

Methods

Based on the clinical data from the CORDIOPREV trial, we developed a decision-tree Markov model to estimate the total costs and quality-adjusted life years(QALYs) associated with two dietary interventions from a societal perspective. Finally, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER) and incremental net monetary benefit (INMB) were calculated. The willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold was set at 1-3 times China’s per capita GDP in 2024. Model robustness was tested with one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Results

Over 20 years, the Mediterranean diet group incurred a cumulative total cost of 534 194.73 yuan per patient and gained 9.89 QALYs, whereas the low-fat diet group incurred a total cost of 466 877.72 yuan per patient and gained 9.55 QALYs. The ICER was 196 360.67 yuan/QALY, between 1 and 3 times the per capita GDP. At a threshold of three times China’s per capita GDP, the INMB was 31 071.64, and probabilistic sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the Mediterranean diet had a 57.68%probability of being cost-effective.

Conclusion

The Mediterranean diet is more cost-effective than the low-fat diet for secondary prevention of CHD in China, supporting its inclusion in secondary prevention strategies for CHD in China.

, authors=Rui ZHANG1, 2, Fan YANG1, 2, Tian-shuai GAO1, 2, Yuan LUO1, 2, Ming LI1, 2, Dan-di CHEN1, 2, authorsList=Rui ZHANG, Fan YANG, Tian-shuai GAO, Yuan LUO, Ming LI, Dan-di CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dan-di CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350526126678658, articleId=1311350522947396212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=地中海膳食模式在中国冠心病患者二级预防中的成本效益——基于CORDIOPREV试验的模拟研究, columnId=1228016568014139551, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=卫生政策与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

评价地中海膳食对比低脂膳食在中国冠心病(coronary heart disease)患者中二级预防的经济性。

方法

基于CORDIOPREV试验的临床数据,构建决策树-马尔可夫模型,从全社会角度模拟两种膳食干预下冠心病患者的总成本与质量调整生命年(quality-adjusted life years, QALYs),计算增量成本效益比(incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, ICER)和增量净货币利益(incremental net monetary benefit, INMB),以2024年中国1~3倍人均国内生产总值(gross domestic product,GDP)为支付意愿阈值(willingness-to-pay thresholds, WTP),通过单因素和概率敏感性分析验证结果稳健性。

结果

地中海膳食组每例患者20年累积总成本为534 194.73元,获得9.89个QALYs;低脂膳食组总成本为466 877.72元,获得9.55个QALYs,ICER为196 360.67元/QALY,在1~3倍人均GDP之间。在3倍人均GDP阈值下,INMB为31 071.64,概率敏感性分析显示地中海膳食具有经济性的概率为57.68%。

结论

在中国冠心病人群的二级预防中,地中海膳食较低脂膳食更具经济学优势,建议将其纳入我国冠心病二级预防策略。

, authors=张锐1, 2, 杨梵1, 2, 高天帅1, 2, 罗苑1, 2, 李鸣1, 2, 陈丹镝1, 2, authorsList=张锐, 杨梵, 高天帅, 罗苑, 李鸣, 陈丹镝, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈丹镝, authorNote=

张锐(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生经济学评价

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陈丹镝,E-mail:
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BMC Public Health, 2022, 22(1): 58., articleTitle=Assessment of the cost of the Mediterranean Diet in a Low-Income region:adherence and relationship with available incomes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311350531088540352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, awardId=82073550, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(82073550), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311350526332199555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350526340588164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, companyId=1311350526332199555, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350526348976773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, companyId=1311350526332199555, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350526407697030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350526416085639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, companyId=1311350526407697030, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.四川大学华西-协和陈志潜卫生健康研究院姑息医学研究中心,四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350528425157300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Decision-analytic markov model structure, figureFileSmall=OF9g+0jTiDc+x7+HS9NzGw==, figureFileBig=qHp5RFStCfUfdJeipUqGdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350528530014901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, language=CN, label=图1, caption=决策树-马尔可夫模型结构, figureFileSmall=OF9g+0jTiDc+x7+HS9NzGw==, figureFileBig=qHp5RFStCfUfdJeipUqGdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350528710369974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Tornado diagram, figureFileSmall=PHUIZX9AqyZS76lVaqHF4g==, figureFileBig=cFn5HA63cN2sR0to7/avJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350528798450359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, language=CN, label=图2, caption=龙卷风图

注:灰色和黑色条形分别表示每个变量的上限和下限。

, figureFileSmall=PHUIZX9AqyZS76lVaqHF4g==, figureFileBig=cFn5HA63cN2sR0to7/avJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350528873947832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve, figureFileSmall=vgrPV/a4AvPgrrwqaMF3WQ==, figureFileBig=EO8Amqcjdm46r78IP+eUzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350530497143481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, language=CN, label=图3, caption=成本效益可接受性曲线, figureFileSmall=vgrPV/a4AvPgrrwqaMF3WQ==, figureFileBig=EO8Amqcjdm46r78IP+eUzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350530576835258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Scatter plot, figureFileSmall=RLTUrqfulZVw3SsJ7yzcRw==, figureFileBig=dm8VwKil6K/ZuU08UArzsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350530664915643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, language=CN, label=图4, caption=散点图, figureFileSmall=RLTUrqfulZVw3SsJ7yzcRw==, figureFileBig=dm8VwKil6K/ZuU08UArzsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350530736218812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Food supply costs of Mediterranean diet and low-fat diet ()

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食物种类食物平均价格
(元/份)
低脂膳食地中海膳食
食物构成(份/d)膳食供应成本(元/d)食物构成(份/d)膳食供应成本(元/d)
特级初榨橄榄油(1份=10g)1.52.15±0.063.234.78±0.057.19
大豆油(1份=10g)0.230.46±0.030.110.005±0.0020.001
蔬菜(1份=150g)1.992.89±0.045.763.29±0.046.56
水果(1份=150g)3.392.87±0.069.723.21±0.0610.87
红肉(1份=150g)11.350.79±0.028.970.72±0.028.17
脂肪涂抹酱(1份=12g)0.890.08±0.010.070.015±0.0030.02
甜味/碳酸饮料(1份=200cc)1.650.32±0.030.530.28±0.030.46
豆类(1份=60g)3.240.40±0.011.30.45±0.011.46
鱼类或海鲜(1份=150g)19.610.66±0.0112.940.81±0.0115.88
富脂鱼类(1份=150g)30.180.30±0.019.050.46±0.0113.88
烘焙食品(1份=50g)2.110.42±0.020.880.34±0.020.72
树坚果(1份=30g)4.420.17±0.010.750.55±0.022.43
葡萄酒(1份=100cc)25.040.54±0.0413.520.62±0.0415.52
禽肉(1份=150g)5.420.37±0.012.010.40±0.012.17
蛋类(1份=60g)1.220.39±0.010.480.38±0.010.46
乳制品(1份=200g)2.912.04±0.065.942.00±0.055.83
谷物(1份=60g)1.611.98±0.053.191.93±0.043.11
全谷物(1份=60g)0.730.64±0.040.470.64±0.040.47
土豆(1份=150g)1.270.27±0.010.340.27±0.010.34
合计(日成本)——79.26—95.54
), ArticleFig(id=1311350530828493501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地中海膳食和低脂膳食的食物供应成本()

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食物种类食物平均价格
(元/份)
低脂膳食地中海膳食
食物构成(份/d)膳食供应成本(元/d)食物构成(份/d)膳食供应成本(元/d)
特级初榨橄榄油(1份=10g)1.52.15±0.063.234.78±0.057.19
大豆油(1份=10g)0.230.46±0.030.110.005±0.0020.001
蔬菜(1份=150g)1.992.89±0.045.763.29±0.046.56
水果(1份=150g)3.392.87±0.069.723.21±0.0610.87
红肉(1份=150g)11.350.79±0.028.970.72±0.028.17
脂肪涂抹酱(1份=12g)0.890.08±0.010.070.015±0.0030.02
甜味/碳酸饮料(1份=200cc)1.650.32±0.030.530.28±0.030.46
豆类(1份=60g)3.240.40±0.011.30.45±0.011.46
鱼类或海鲜(1份=150g)19.610.66±0.0112.940.81±0.0115.88
富脂鱼类(1份=150g)30.180.30±0.019.050.46±0.0113.88
烘焙食品(1份=50g)2.110.42±0.020.880.34±0.020.72
树坚果(1份=30g)4.420.17±0.010.750.55±0.022.43
葡萄酒(1份=100cc)25.040.54±0.0413.520.62±0.0415.52
禽肉(1份=150g)5.420.37±0.012.010.40±0.012.17
蛋类(1份=60g)1.220.39±0.010.480.38±0.010.46
乳制品(1份=200g)2.912.04±0.065.942.00±0.055.83
谷物(1份=60g)1.611.98±0.053.191.93±0.043.11
全谷物(1份=60g)0.730.64±0.040.470.64±0.040.47
土豆(1份=150g)1.270.27±0.010.340.27±0.010.34
合计(日成本)——79.26—95.54
), ArticleFig(id=1311350530908185278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Baseline values and ranges for model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数基础值敏感性分析范围分布文献来源
年转移概率
低脂膳食组
冠心病转移为非致死性心肌梗死0.007 50.006 8~0.008 3Beta[14]
冠心病发生血运重建事件0.025 50.023 0~0.028 0Beta[14]
冠心病转移为缺血性卒中0.004 70.004 2~0.005 2Beta[14]
冠心病转移为外周动脉疾病0.005 30.004 8~0.005 8Beta[14]
冠心病转移为死亡概率0.013 50.012 2~0.014 8Beta[14]
地中海膳食组
冠心病转移为非致死性心肌梗死0.005 70.005 1~0.006 3Beta[14]
冠心病发生血运重建事件0.020 30.018 3~0.021 4Beta[14]
冠心病转移为缺血性卒中0.002 40.002 2~0.002 6Beta[14]
冠心病转移为外周动脉疾病0.003 30.003 0~0.003 6Beta[14]
冠心病转移为死亡概率0.009 80.008 8~0.010 8Beta[14]
并发症后期转移概率
非致死性心肌梗死转移为缺血性卒中0.005 40.004 9~0.005 9Beta[17]
非致死性心肌梗死转移为死亡0.016 10.014 5~0.017 7Beta[17]
外周动脉疾病转移为死亡0.032 70.029 0~0.035 4Beta[18]
缺血性卒中转移为死亡0.035 70.032 1~0.039 2Beta[19]
膳食干预执行成本(元/年)
个性化面对面访谈(2次/年)647.04517.63~776.45NA[12]
小组会议(4次/年)85.7668.61~102.91NA[12]
电话随访(6次/年)974.48779.58~1169.38NA[12]
膳食干预的直接非医疗和间接成本(元/年)493.79395.03~592.55NAGDP
情景分析(元/年)
低脂膳食供应成本28 928.57—NA Market
低脂膳食增量供应成本21 524.37—NAMarket
地中海膳食供应成本34 871.46—NAMarket
地中海膳食增量供应成本t27 467.26—NAMarket
直接医疗成本(元/年)
冠心病9 261.667 409.33~11 114.00Log-Normal[20]
非致死性心肌梗死12 233.009 786.40~14 679.60Log-Normal[21]
血运重建57 900.0046 320.00~69 480.00Log-Normal[22]
缺血性卒中26 612.6721 290.14~31 935.20Log-Normal[23]
外周动脉疾病76 469.4061 175.52~91 763.28Log-Normal[24]
直接非医疗成本(元/年)
冠心病4 318.523 454.82~5 182.23Log-Normal[25]
非致死性心肌梗死515.00412.00~618.00Log-Normal[21]
缺血性卒中2 787.562 230.05~3 345.07Log-Normal[23]
外周动脉疾病10 713.808 571.04~12 856.56Log-Normal—
间接成本(元/年)
冠心病1 056.79845.43~1 268.15Log-Normal[25]
非致死性心肌梗死587.00469.60~704.40Log-Normal[21]
缺血性卒中28 167.2522 533.80~33 800.70Log-Normal[23]
外周动脉疾病2 622.322 097.86~3 146.79Log-Normal—
效用值
冠心病0.850.77~0.94Beta[26]
非致死性心肌梗死0.840.76~0.92Beta[27]
缺血性卒中0.750.68~0.82Beta[28]
外周动脉疾病0.750.68~0.82Beta[29]
死亡0—NA—
), ArticleFig(id=1311350530996265663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350522947396212, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型参数基础值及变化范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数基础值敏感性分析范围分布文献来源
年转移概率
低脂膳食组
冠心病转移为非致死性心肌梗死0.007 50.006 8~0.008 3Beta[14]
冠心病发生血运重建事件0.025 50.023 0~0.028 0Beta[14]
冠心病转移为缺血性卒中0.004 70.004 2~0.005 2Beta[14]
冠心病转移为外周动脉疾病0.005 30.004 8~0.005 8Beta[14]
冠心病转移为死亡概率0.013 50.012 2~0.014 8Beta[14]
地中海膳食组
冠心病转移为非致死性心肌梗死0.005 70.005 1~0.006 3Beta[14]
冠心病发生血运重建事件0.020 30.018 3~0.021 4Beta[14]
冠心病转移为缺血性卒中0.002 40.002 2~0.002 6Beta[14]
冠心病转移为外周动脉疾病0.003 30.003 0~0.003 6Beta[14]
冠心病转移为死亡概率0.009 80.008 8~0.010 8Beta[14]
并发症后期转移概率
非致死性心肌梗死转移为缺血性卒中0.005 40.004 9~0.005 9Beta[17]
非致死性心肌梗死转移为死亡0.016 10.014 5~0.017 7Beta[17]
外周动脉疾病转移为死亡0.032 70.029 0~0.035 4Beta[18]
缺血性卒中转移为死亡0.035 70.032 1~0.039 2Beta[19]
膳食干预执行成本(元/年)
个性化面对面访谈(2次/年)647.04517.63~776.45NA[12]
小组会议(4次/年)85.7668.61~102.91NA[12]
电话随访(6次/年)974.48779.58~1169.38NA[12]
膳食干预的直接非医疗和间接成本(元/年)493.79395.03~592.55NAGDP
情景分析(元/年)
低脂膳食供应成本28 928.57—NA Market
低脂膳食增量供应成本21 524.37—NAMarket
地中海膳食供应成本34 871.46—NAMarket
地中海膳食增量供应成本t27 467.26—NAMarket
直接医疗成本(元/年)
冠心病9 261.667 409.33~11 114.00Log-Normal[20]
非致死性心肌梗死12 233.009 786.40~14 679.60Log-Normal[21]
血运重建57 900.0046 320.00~69 480.00Log-Normal[22]
缺血性卒中26 612.6721 290.14~31 935.20Log-Normal[23]
外周动脉疾病76 469.4061 175.52~91 763.28Log-Normal[24]
直接非医疗成本(元/年)
冠心病4 318.523 454.82~5 182.23Log-Normal[25]
非致死性心肌梗死515.00412.00~618.00Log-Normal[21]
缺血性卒中2 787.562 230.05~3 345.07Log-Normal[23]
外周动脉疾病10 713.808 571.04~12 856.56Log-Normal—
间接成本(元/年)
冠心病1 056.79845.43~1 268.15Log-Normal[25]
非致死性心肌梗死587.00469.60~704.40Log-Normal[21]
缺血性卒中28 167.2522 533.80~33 800.70Log-Normal[23]
外周动脉疾病2 622.322 097.86~3 146.79Log-Normal—
效用值
冠心病0.850.77~0.94Beta[26]
非致死性心肌梗死0.840.76~0.92Beta[27]
缺血性卒中0.750.68~0.82Beta[28]
外周动脉疾病0.750.68~0.82Beta[29]
死亡0—NA—
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地中海膳食模式在中国冠心病患者二级预防中的成本效益——基于CORDIOPREV试验的模拟研究
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张锐 1, 2 , 杨梵 1, 2 , 高天帅 1, 2 , 罗苑 1, 2 , 李鸣 1, 2 , 陈丹镝 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2026,53(15): 2805-2812
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现代预防医学 |卫生政策与管理 2026 , 53 (15) : 2805 -2812
地中海膳食模式在中国冠心病患者二级预防中的成本效益——基于CORDIOPREV试验的模拟研究
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2.四川大学华西-协和陈志潜卫生健康研究院姑息医学研究中心,四川 成都 610041, bio={"content":"

张锐(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生经济学评价

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张锐(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生经济学评价

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张锐1, 2, 杨梵1, 2, 高天帅1, 2, 罗苑1, 2, 李鸣1, 2, 陈丹镝1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.四川大学华西-协和陈志潜卫生健康研究院姑息医学研究中心,四川 成都 610041
通讯作者:
陈丹镝,E-mail:
作者简介:

张锐(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生经济学评价

The cost-effectiveness of the Mediterranean dietary pattern in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in Chinese patients: a simulation study based on the CORDIOPREV trial
Rui ZHANG1, 2, Fan YANG1, 2, Tian-shuai GAO1, 2, Yuan LUO1, 2, Ming LI1, 2, Dan-di CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511351
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目的

评价地中海膳食对比低脂膳食在中国冠心病(coronary heart disease)患者中二级预防的经济性。

方法

基于CORDIOPREV试验的临床数据,构建决策树-马尔可夫模型,从全社会角度模拟两种膳食干预下冠心病患者的总成本与质量调整生命年(quality-adjusted life years, QALYs),计算增量成本效益比(incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, ICER)和增量净货币利益(incremental net monetary benefit, INMB),以2024年中国1~3倍人均国内生产总值(gross domestic product,GDP)为支付意愿阈值(willingness-to-pay thresholds, WTP),通过单因素和概率敏感性分析验证结果稳健性。

结果

地中海膳食组每例患者20年累积总成本为534 194.73元,获得9.89个QALYs;低脂膳食组总成本为466 877.72元,获得9.55个QALYs,ICER为196 360.67元/QALY,在1~3倍人均GDP之间。在3倍人均GDP阈值下,INMB为31 071.64,概率敏感性分析显示地中海膳食具有经济性的概率为57.68%。

结论

在中国冠心病人群的二级预防中,地中海膳食较低脂膳食更具经济学优势,建议将其纳入我国冠心病二级预防策略。

地中海膳食  /  冠心病  /  二级预防  /  成本效益分析
Objective

To evaluate the long-term cost-effectiveness of a Mediterranean diet compared with a conventional low-fat diet for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in China.

Methods

Based on the clinical data from the CORDIOPREV trial, we developed a decision-tree Markov model to estimate the total costs and quality-adjusted life years(QALYs) associated with two dietary interventions from a societal perspective. Finally, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER) and incremental net monetary benefit (INMB) were calculated. The willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold was set at 1-3 times China’s per capita GDP in 2024. Model robustness was tested with one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Results

Over 20 years, the Mediterranean diet group incurred a cumulative total cost of 534 194.73 yuan per patient and gained 9.89 QALYs, whereas the low-fat diet group incurred a total cost of 466 877.72 yuan per patient and gained 9.55 QALYs. The ICER was 196 360.67 yuan/QALY, between 1 and 3 times the per capita GDP. At a threshold of three times China’s per capita GDP, the INMB was 31 071.64, and probabilistic sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the Mediterranean diet had a 57.68%probability of being cost-effective.

Conclusion

The Mediterranean diet is more cost-effective than the low-fat diet for secondary prevention of CHD in China, supporting its inclusion in secondary prevention strategies for CHD in China.

Mediterranean diet  /  Coronary heart disease  /  Secondary prevention  /  Cost-effectiveness analysis
张锐, 杨梵, 高天帅, 罗苑, 李鸣, 陈丹镝. 地中海膳食模式在中国冠心病患者二级预防中的成本效益——基于CORDIOPREV试验的模拟研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2805 -2812 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511351
Rui ZHANG, Fan YANG, Tian-shuai GAO, Yuan LUO, Ming LI, Dan-di CHEN. The cost-effectiveness of the Mediterranean dietary pattern in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in Chinese patients: a simulation study based on the CORDIOPREV trial[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2805 -2812 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511351
冠心病的复发率和心血管不良事件发生率高[1]。我国约有1 139万冠心病患者,住院总费用超930亿元[2]。国际指南推荐生活方式干预管理慢性冠脉疾病[3-4],其中膳食干预尤为重要,可降低死亡率和心血管事件[5]。我国相关指南建议将冠心病患者的饱和脂肪摄入控制在总能量10%以下,推荐低脂膳食进行干预[6]。
目前多项研究表明[7-9],地中海膳食能显著降低主要心血管不良事件。与低脂膳食不同,地中海膳食的总脂肪含量较高,主要脂肪来源为特级初榨橄榄油、坚果和鱼类等。价值医疗理念正日益受到重视,除了追求临床疗效外,政策制定者致力于以最低成本实现最佳患者疗效[10]。Jones等[11]发现,坚持地中海膳食可减少心血管事件医疗费用,但该研究未考虑膳食本身成本,可能高估净效益[11]。Bonekamp等[12]发现地中海膳食联合身体活动干预具有良好经济效益,但未单独评估该膳食价值。Dalziel等[13]研究表明首次心肌梗死患者进行地中海膳食较谨慎西方膳食更具成本效益。但该研究较早,疾病谱和管理策略可能已发生变化,其脂肪来源也非标准橄榄油,可能影响结论的现实适用性。
然而国内目前缺乏地中海膳食与低脂膳食的成本效益研究以及相关的长期临床干预数据。西班牙CORDIOPREV试验[14]是一项中位随访7年的大型随机对照试验,结果表明地中海膳食在预防主要心血管事件方面优于低脂膳食(HR=0.719, 95%CI: 0.541~0.957),提供了可靠临床依据。因此,本研究基于该试验的公开数据,构建决策树-马尔可夫模型,探讨两种膳食模式在中国冠心病患者二级预防中的经济性。
本模拟研究的目标人群为我国冠心病患者,假设进行1 000名冠心病患者的膳食干预。鉴于目前中国尚缺乏基于地中海膳食模式的大规模长期临床试验数据,本研究参考西班牙CORDIOPREV试验的公开随访数据,模拟人群的基线特征、纳入标准及排除标准等。对于研究中未汇报的基线数据,均引自公开发表的文献。本研究对文献选择遵循以下原则:优先选取基于中国大陆人群、近5年内发表和样本量较大的流行病学研究或随机对照试验;当同一参数存在多项中国研究时,优先选取研究设计质量较高的前瞻性队列研究、人群基线特征与本研究目标人群更接近者;当缺乏中国本土数据时,参考国际高质量研究。
将1 000例中国冠心病患者按1∶1比例随机分配到低脂膳食组和地中海膳食组。根据CORDIOPREV试验的膳食干预方案[15],该试验明确指出,其研究目的不是比较由特定营养素百分比定义的两种膳食,而是比较两种不同的膳食模式或食物金字塔。地中海膳食和低脂膳食的食物构成的数据见表1,并且已换算成国际通用的营养学量化单位。两组均接受同等强度的膳食干预,包括每半年由营养师开展个性化访谈、每季度一次的小组会议以及每年6次的电话随访。
基于冠心病自然病程及相关经济学评价研究,构建周期为1年、模拟时限为20周期的马尔可夫队列。起始年龄为60岁,模型在TreeAge Pro 2022中构建,成本采用5%年贴现率并进行半周期校正。支付意愿阈值(willingness-to-pay thresholds,WTP)设为1和3倍2024年中国人均国内生产总值(gross domestic product,GDP),分别为95 749与287 247元。本研究选定5个受膳食干预影响而改变转归的健康状态,状态转换路径如图1所示,具体包括冠心病、非致死性心肌梗死、缺血性卒中、外周动脉疾病及死亡。由于血运重建指通过经皮冠状动脉介入治疗或冠状动脉旁路移植术等方式恢复缺血心肌血流的治疗措施,不适宜作为独立健康状态,故在本研究中仅将其作为事件处理。
本研究模型基于以下假设:所有患者在进入马尔可夫模型前,均处于稳定期冠心病状态;模拟期间发生各事件的转移概率不变;患者在接受膳食干预后,其膳食模式在干预开始后1年内逐步建立并趋于稳定,随后在模拟期内膳食模式的依从性水平不变,该假设与CORDIOPREV试验中观察到的依从性变化规律一致。
本研究中转移概率分为两类:其中冠心病到心血管事件的转移概率是反映膳食干预的效果差异。由于中国目前尚无同类长期随机对照试验,采用CORDIOPREV试验数据。心血管事件发生后的后续事件转移概率反映疾病在常规治疗下的自然进展,包括心梗后缺血性卒中、心梗后死亡等,与膳食干预的关系有限,且CORDIOPREV试验的随访数据并未提供,所以优先采用基于中国人群的流行病学数据,当缺乏中国数据时,参考国际高质量研究。考虑到马尔可夫模型对转移概率的要求,事件率与模型转移概率的转换公式为P=1-e-rt,t为研究时间,P为马尔可夫模型中的事件发生概率,r为文献中报告的研究时间为t时的发生率,各转移概率的数据见表2。
研究从全社会角度考虑成本的计量,涵盖直接医疗成本、直接非医疗成本及间接成本,数据参考中国既往冠心病患者疾病负担文献研究。并根据居民消费价格指数调整至2024年水平。为避免重复计算,冠心病的直接医疗成本中已剔除血运重建费用。鉴于目前国内公开数据中关于外周动脉疾病的直接非医疗成本及间接成本数据较为缺乏,本研究参考已有文献中冠心病的成本构成的比例进行合理估算,以保证模型成本评估的完整性。
膳食干预成本包括膳食供应成本、膳食干预执行成本和干预相关间接成本及直接非医疗成本三部分。(1)膳食供应成本:本研究所采用的两种膳食的食物构成数据,源于CORDIOPREV试验强化干预后的实际摄入水平,能反映真实世界长期干预后的可达成膳食状态,作为两类膳食模式的代表性构成数据[16]。食物单价通过中国三家大型连锁超市食物零售价的平均值确定,再将各类食物的年摄入量与对应单价相乘后加总。(2)膳食干预执行成本:指为帮助患者建立并维持膳食模式所需的营养指导费用。(3)膳食干预的间接成本和直接非医疗成本:由于缺乏实际调查数据,采用人力资本法进行估算。根据CORDIOPREV试验的干预方案,每年需要6次线下完成的干预活动。假设每次干预活动占用患者半天时间,以2024年中国居民人均可支配收入41 314.00元,全年工作日251天计算,各项成本的具体取值及范围见表2。
本研究用质量调整生命年(quality-adjusted life year,QALY)作为效果指标。从既往发表的文献中获取EQ-5D量表测量的冠心病患者健康状态的健康效用值。见表2。
本研究计算了中国冠心病人群在地中海膳食和低脂膳食干预下20年内各自产生的总成本和QALY,并计算增量成本效益比(incremental cost-effectiveness ratio,ICER),以及在不同WTP下的增量净货币利益(incremental net monetary benefit,INMB)。当ICER<WTP或INMB>0时,认为干预方案具有经济性。
本研究采用敏感性分析探讨模型的不确定性。单因素敏感性分析得参数变化区间从文献或数据库中获得。对于文献中没有取值范围的参数设定成本数据分析范围为基线值的上下20%,转移概率和效用数据分析范围为基线值的上下10%。概率敏感性分析中转移概率和效用值使用β分布,成本使用Log-Normal分布,并进行100 000次蒙特卡罗模拟,计算在不同WTP下地中海膳食干预具有成本效益的概率。
本研究设置了两种膳食成本情景。情景1以中国常规膳食成本为基准,评估两种膳食相较中国常规膳食所产生的额外供应费用。2024年中国居民人均食品烟酒支出为8 411.00元,由于国家统计局未公布2024年分项明细,本文沿用2021年公布的结构比例,食品约占全国居民人均食品烟酒支出的88.03%,计算2024年人均纯食品支出为7 404.20元,以此代表中国常规膳食成本。计算地中海膳食和低脂膳食的增量供应成本分别为27 467.26元/年和21 524.37元/年。情景1为主要分析情景,是为明确居民是否可承受其经济负担。情景2不扣除常规膳食成本,直接比较两种干预膳食的绝对供应成本,地中海膳食为34 871.46元/年,低脂膳食为28 928.57元/年,可以为政府提供可直接纳入预算测算的年均基准费用。
模型的输入参数见表2。最终模型结果显示,每例患者20年累积总成本在地中海膳食组和低脂膳食组分别为534 194.73和466 877.72元,可分别获得9.89个QALYs和9.55个QALYs。与低脂膳食组相比,地中海膳食组的ICER为196 360.67元/QALY,在中国1~3倍人均GDP之间。在WTP为1倍人均GDP时,INMB为-34 610.21。而对于WTP的为3倍人均GDP时,INMB为31 071.64,说明地中海膳食为优势方案。
单因素敏感性分析表明,无论各参数在一定范围内如何变化,模型的ICER值仍然低于3倍WTP阈值。结果见图2。ICER对低脂膳食组冠心病死亡概率、冠心病患者效用值、地中海膳食组冠心病死亡概率和贴现率最为敏感,其余变量对ICER值影响较小。
概率敏感性分析结果显示,WTP越高,地中海膳食干预具有经济性的概率也会更高,后趋于稳定。当ICER阈值为287 247.00元/QALY时,地中海膳食干预具有经济性的概率为57.68%,为优势干预方案。见图3、4。
情景1如上述基本成本效益分析结果所示。情景2的结果显示每例患者20年累积的地中海膳食干预总成本和低脂膳食干预总成本分别为540 629.68和613 783.73元,ICER值为213 387.06元/QALY,仍在1~3倍人均GDP以内,说明在膳食绝对供应成本的情景下,地中海膳食干预仍然是优势方案。
本研究基于CORDIOPREV试验数据及主要来自我国的成本和效用数据,构建了决策树-马尔可夫模型。结果显示地中海膳食更具有成本效益优势。我们的研究结果与国外早期的一项研究相吻合,该研究证明地中海膳食更具有成本效益[13]。但我们研究结果的ICER更高,可能源于研究人群的差异。这项研究纳入的是急性心肌梗死后不久的患者,具有较高的短期复发风险。通过膳食干预所能实现的风险降低可能更为显著。而我们的模型模拟了更广泛的冠心病患者群体,这类人群的基线风险相对较低,导致干预措施带来的增量健康收益更为有限。荷兰一项研究显示,在心血管疾病人群中,地中海膳食与体育活动相结合的联合干预较与常规护理,其ICER为-626/QALY,这种综合策略可能更具经济效益[12]。一项综述研究指出鉴于地中海膳食的显著的健康效益,应考虑支持相关膳食干预措施[30]。
地中海膳食的经济学优势可能源于其显著的临床益处,富含维生素、多酚类化合物和不饱和脂肪酸,可通过抗炎、抗氧化、调节血脂谱及改善血管内皮功能等多重途径发挥心血管保护作用[31-32]。尽管地中海膳食的膳食供应成本高于低脂膳食,但其通过减少严重并发症、延缓疾病进展并维持更高生命质量,最终降低了住院事件、介入治疗及高值耗材等的使用,从而在长期视角下节约医疗资源并提升整体经济性。然而,将地中海膳食模式在中国大规模推广仍面临现实挑战。首先是经济与文化可接受性的问题。橄榄油、深海鱼和坚果等核心食材并非中国传统膳食的主流,且价格相对较高,进而影响该膳食模式的推广与应用。其次,地中海膳食与传统中式膳食有所差异,可能导致长期依从性不佳。建议采取有针对性的财政措施以降低地中海膳食的成本,例如引入税收激励措施以降低地中海膳食的食品价格。并在弱势的社会经济群体中,推广营养教育和改善健康食品的获取途径的政策[33-34]。同时探索中国本土化的替代方式来逐步过渡膳食习惯,可使用价格更低、单不饱和脂肪酸相近的双低菜籽油或山茶油部分替代特级初榨橄榄油,用同样富含Omega-3脂肪酸的淡水鱼如鲈鱼来部分代替深海鱼类等。并可与现有慢性病管理项目相结合,将地中海膳食纳入冠心病防控指南,以提升干预可及性和防控效率。
本研究仍存在一定局限:第一,本研究基于CORDIOPREV试验数据,虽然我们尽量采用了中国本土的成本和效用参数,但外推至中国人群时存在一定的不确定性,未来需结合基于中国人群的长期膳食干预数据来进一步验证结果的适用性;第二,本研究模型假设转移概率在模拟期内保持不变,未考虑医疗技术进步、疾病管理策略调整及患者年龄增长等因素对事件发生率的影响;第三,本研究仅聚焦于冠心病相关健康产出,未包含地中海膳食对其他慢性病的潜在益处,可能低估其整体价值。综上所述,地中海膳食很可能是冠心病二级预防的一种经济有效的策略,建议在推广过程中采取适应性措施以提高其文化接受度与经济可及性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82073550)
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2026年第53卷第15期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511351
  • 接收时间:2025-11-22
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-22
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国家自然科学基金项目(82073550)
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    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
    2.四川大学华西-协和陈志潜卫生健康研究院姑息医学研究中心,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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