Article(id=1311350483088924995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202603274, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1773936000000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579918881, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579918881, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579918881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579918881, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311350193946194882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579849945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588319569, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2840, endPage=2846, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350483378331972, articleId=1311350483088924995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Status and influencing factors of secondhand smoke exposure and hazard cognition among current non-smokers aged ≥15 years in Ningxia, 2024, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the status of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and hazard cognition among current non-smokers aged ≥15 years in Ningxia, analyze its main influencing factors, and provide scientific evidence for developing effective tobacco control intervention strategies and measures.

Methods

This study selected current non-smokers from the 2024 National Adult Tobacco Surveillance data for Ningxia as the study population. The National Adult Tobacco Surveillance employed a stratified, multistage sampling method with probability proportional to size (PPS). Between March and October 2024, the survey covered 5 districts (urban sites) and 5 counties/cities (rural sites), comprising 30 townships/subdistricts and 60 neighborhood committees/villages (sub-districts). Within each sub-district, 120 households were randomly selected, and one permanent resident aged 15 years or older was randomly selected from each household to participate in a face-to-face questionnaire survey. SPSS 27.0 software was used to perform descriptive analysis and statistical inference on the weighted data derived from the complex sampling design.

Results

A total of 7 200 questionnaires were completed during this survey. After data cleaning, 6 259 valid questionnaires remained, resulting in a valid response rate of 86.93%. This study included 4 821 current nonsmokers as study subjects. In 2024, the overall prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure among current nonsmokers aged ≥15 years in Ningxia was 47.1% (95% CI: 41.8-52.5). Among indoor venues, restaurants had the highest rate of secondhand smoke exposure at 53.2% (95% CI: 40.1-65.8). The overall level of comprehensive awareness regarding the hazards of secondhand smoke was 54.8% (95% CI: 43.1-66.0). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that regarding population exposure to secondhand smoke, urban residents (OR=0.733, P<0.05) had lower exposure rates than rural residents.Compared to the ≥65 age group, the 25~<45 age group (OR=1.905, P<0.01) and the 45~<64 age group (OR=1.864, P<0.001)had higher risks of exposure to secondhand smoke. Regarding the overall level of awareness of the hazards of secondhand smoke, men (OR=0.788, P<0.05) had lower awareness than women, and individuals with an education level of primary school or below (OR=0.338, P<0.001) had lower awareness than the reference group with a college degree or higher. Compared with those in other occupational groups, workers in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, and water conservancy (OR=0.556, P<0.01), employees in enterprises, commerce, and services (OR=0.672, P<0.05), and the unemployed (OR=0.715, P<0.01) had lower levels of comprehensive awareness of the hazards of secondhand smoke.

Conclusion

The SHS exposure rate among non-smokers in Ningxia is relatively high. Males, individuals with low education level, and specific occupational groups have insufficient cognition of SHS hazards. Tobacco control interventions should be strengthened in rural areas and among different occupational groups to reduce SHS exposure.

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目的

了解宁夏≥15岁现在非吸烟人群二手烟暴露现状及危害认知水平,分析其主要影响因素,为制定有效的控烟干预策略和措施提供科学依据。

方法

选取2024年全国成人烟草流行监测宁夏数据中的现在非吸烟者为研究对象。全国成人烟草流行监测采用分层多阶段与人口规模成比例(population-proportional sampling,PPS)的抽样方法,于2024年3—10月在宁夏抽取5个区(城市点)和5个县/市(农村点)共10个监测点,30个乡镇/街道,60个居委会/村(片区),在每个片区中随机抽取120户家庭,每户随机抽取1名≥15岁常住居民进行面对面问卷调查。采用SPSS 27.0软件,用基于复杂抽样设计的加权数据进行描述性分析和统计推断。

结果

本次监测共完成问卷7 200份,清理后有效问卷6 259份,有效率为86.93%。本研究共纳入4 821名现在非吸烟者为研究对象。2024年宁夏≥15岁现在非吸烟人群二手烟总体暴露率为47.1%(95%CI:41.8~52.5);室内场所中餐馆的二手烟暴露率最高,为53.2%(95%CI:40.1~65.8);二手烟危害综合认知水平为54.8%(95%CI:43.1~66.0)。多因素logistic回归分析显示:人群二手烟暴露方面,城市居民(OR=0.733,P<0.05)低于农村居民;以≥65岁年龄组为参照,25~<45岁组(OR=1.905,P<0.01)及45~<64岁组(OR=1.864,P<0.001)人群二手烟暴露风险较高。二手烟危害综合认知水平方面,男性(OR=0.788,P<0.05)低于女性;小学及以下文化程度人群(OR=0.338,P<0.001)低于大专及以上文化程度的参照组;与其他职业人群为参照,农林牧渔水利业生产人员(OR=0.556,P<0.01)、企业/商业/服务业工作人员(OR=0.672,P<0.05)及未就业人群(OR= 0.715,P<0.01)的二手烟危害综合认知水平较低。

结论

宁夏非吸烟人群二手烟暴露率较高,男性、低文化及特定职业人群对二手烟危害认知不足。应加强农村地区、不同职业人群控烟干预,降低二手烟暴露危害。

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Decision of the standing committee of the Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress on amending the regulations on smoking control in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone[N]. Shenzhen Special Economic Zone News, 2019-09-24(A08).(In Chinese), articleTitle=Decision of the standing committee of the Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress on amending the regulations on smoking control in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311350490101801333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年中央转移支付地方重大公共卫生服务项目, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311350485991383370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350485999771979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, companyId=1311350485991383370, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Health Promotion Section, Health Education Institute of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350486012354892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, companyId=1311350485991383370, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=宁夏回族自治区健康教育所健康促进科,宁夏 银川 750000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350487601996137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Demographic characteristics of the study participants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征/分类未加权样本量加权后
人口数
(千人)
构成比
[%,(95%CI)]
性别
男性1 6451 637.91537.9(35.5~40.2)
女性3 1762 688.15862.1(59.8~64.5)
居住地
城市2 3551 788.54341.3(19.1~67.9)
农村2 4662 537.52958.7(32.1~80.9)
年龄组(岁)
15~<25234748.96417.3(14.4~20.7)
25~<451 2541 636.35237.8(33.3~42.6)
45~<642 1311 384.41532.0(27.2~37.2)
≥651 202556.34112.9(10.0~16.4)
文化程度a
小学及以下1 8961 169.38727.1(19.6~36.2)
初中、高中/中专毕业2 0531 904.17244.2(39.9~48.5)
大专及以上毕业8671 236.19428.7(20.6~38.4)
职业b
农林牧渔水利业生产人员1 7421 010.12623.4(10.0~45.5)
政府/事业单位工作人员、教师及医务人员266452.18910.5(5.9~17.8)
企业/商业/服务业工作人员571617.31614.3(10.8~18.7)
在校学生159517.94112.0(9.6~14.9)
未就业619492.60711.4(6.7~18.8)
离退休人员742445.20410.3(6.3~16.4)
其他709784.68818.2(11.1~28.4)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350487660716394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究对象人口学特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征/分类未加权样本量加权后
人口数
(千人)
构成比
[%,(95%CI)]
性别
男性1 6451 637.91537.9(35.5~40.2)
女性3 1762 688.15862.1(59.8~64.5)
居住地
城市2 3551 788.54341.3(19.1~67.9)
农村2 4662 537.52958.7(32.1~80.9)
年龄组(岁)
15~<25234748.96417.3(14.4~20.7)
25~<451 2541 636.35237.8(33.3~42.6)
45~<642 1311 384.41532.0(27.2~37.2)
≥651 202556.34112.9(10.0~16.4)
文化程度a
小学及以下1 8961 169.38727.1(19.6~36.2)
初中、高中/中专毕业2 0531 904.17244.2(39.9~48.5)
大专及以上毕业8671 236.19428.7(20.6~38.4)
职业b
农林牧渔水利业生产人员1 7421 010.12623.4(10.0~45.5)
政府/事业单位工作人员、教师及医务人员266452.18910.5(5.9~17.8)
企业/商业/服务业工作人员571617.31614.3(10.8~18.7)
在校学生159517.94112.0(9.6~14.9)
未就业619492.60711.4(6.7~18.8)
离退休人员742445.20410.3(6.3~16.4)
其他709784.68818.2(11.1~28.4)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350487744602475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure among current non-smokers aged ≥15 years in Ningxia, 2024 [%, (95% CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征/分类暴露频次总体暴露率
几乎每天4~6 d/周1~3 d/周
总计16.9(12.8~22.0)7.1(5.9~8.5)23.1(20.6~25.9)47.1(41.8~52.5)
性别
男性15.0(11.6~19.2)8.5(5.8~12.3)25.2(20.9~30.1)48.7(43.7~56.6)
女性18.0(12.8~24.8)6.3(4.2~9.2)21.9(19.2~24.8)46.2(39.8~52.8)
χ2值1.4661.050
P值0.2570.336
居住地
城市14.0(9.5~20.1)8.2(7.8~8.7)23.9(20.0~28.3)46.2(42.9~49.4)
农村18.9(14.3~24.6)6.3(4.4~8.8)22.6(19.4~26.2)47.8(39.5~56.3)
χ2值1.5770.176
P值0.2360.686
年龄组(岁)
15~<2511.0(7.3~16.2)8.7(5.3~13.9)22.9(16.6~30.6)42.5(33.8~51.8)
25~<4518.4(11.4~28.2)8.0(6.1~10.4)27.7(22.8~33.2)54.1(48.4~59.6)
45~<6419.7(15.4~24.9)6.8(5.6~8.3)22.1(17.8~27.1)48.6(41.3~55.9)
≥6513.4(8.4~20.9)3.0(1.4~6.3)12.9(8.8~18.4)29.3(22.4~37.3)
χ2值5.57916.894
P值<0.01<0.001
文化程度
小学及以下16.3(11.5~22.5)4.6(3.4~6.3)16.6(12.7~21.5)37.5(29.6~46.1)
初中、高中/中专毕业18.1(13.3~24.0)7.9(6.2~10.0)23.1(20.2~26.2)49.0(42.5~55.6)
大专及以上毕业15.8(11.8~21.0)8.3(6.3~10.9)28.9(23.5~35.0)53.1(48.9~57.2)
χ2值7.05015.495
P值<0.01<0.01
职业
农林牧渔水利业生产人员16.8(12.7~22.0)6.6(3.8~11.2)19.3(11.9~29.6)42.7(28.7~58.0)
政府/事业单位工作人员、教师及医务人员11.6(8.3~16.2)12.6(7.5~20.5)32.4(25.0~40.9)56.7(50.1~63.1)
企业/商业/服务业工作人员24.9(15.3~37.7)9.1(7.2~11.6)25.7(16.5~37.6)59.7(55.6~63.6)
在校学生8.4(4.6~14.7)7.3(2.9~17.3)30.8(22.1~41.0)46.5(38.4~54.7)
未就业17.0(12.4~22.8)5.1(3.0~8.7)15.1(12.3~18.5)37.2(29.4~45.8)
离退休人员19.6(16.5~23.1)2.4(1.1~5.3)15.9(11.6~21.4)37.9(31.3~44.9)
其他17.8(10.4~28.7)6.8(3.3~13.5)25.1(20.3~30.7)49.7(45.3~54.1)
χ2值3.5205.044
P值<0.05<0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1311350487815905644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2024年宁夏≥15岁现在非吸烟人群二手烟暴露情况[%,(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征/分类暴露频次总体暴露率
几乎每天4~6 d/周1~3 d/周
总计16.9(12.8~22.0)7.1(5.9~8.5)23.1(20.6~25.9)47.1(41.8~52.5)
性别
男性15.0(11.6~19.2)8.5(5.8~12.3)25.2(20.9~30.1)48.7(43.7~56.6)
女性18.0(12.8~24.8)6.3(4.2~9.2)21.9(19.2~24.8)46.2(39.8~52.8)
χ2值1.4661.050
P值0.2570.336
居住地
城市14.0(9.5~20.1)8.2(7.8~8.7)23.9(20.0~28.3)46.2(42.9~49.4)
农村18.9(14.3~24.6)6.3(4.4~8.8)22.6(19.4~26.2)47.8(39.5~56.3)
χ2值1.5770.176
P值0.2360.686
年龄组(岁)
15~<2511.0(7.3~16.2)8.7(5.3~13.9)22.9(16.6~30.6)42.5(33.8~51.8)
25~<4518.4(11.4~28.2)8.0(6.1~10.4)27.7(22.8~33.2)54.1(48.4~59.6)
45~<6419.7(15.4~24.9)6.8(5.6~8.3)22.1(17.8~27.1)48.6(41.3~55.9)
≥6513.4(8.4~20.9)3.0(1.4~6.3)12.9(8.8~18.4)29.3(22.4~37.3)
χ2值5.57916.894
P值<0.01<0.001
文化程度
小学及以下16.3(11.5~22.5)4.6(3.4~6.3)16.6(12.7~21.5)37.5(29.6~46.1)
初中、高中/中专毕业18.1(13.3~24.0)7.9(6.2~10.0)23.1(20.2~26.2)49.0(42.5~55.6)
大专及以上毕业15.8(11.8~21.0)8.3(6.3~10.9)28.9(23.5~35.0)53.1(48.9~57.2)
χ2值7.05015.495
P值<0.01<0.01
职业
农林牧渔水利业生产人员16.8(12.7~22.0)6.6(3.8~11.2)19.3(11.9~29.6)42.7(28.7~58.0)
政府/事业单位工作人员、教师及医务人员11.6(8.3~16.2)12.6(7.5~20.5)32.4(25.0~40.9)56.7(50.1~63.1)
企业/商业/服务业工作人员24.9(15.3~37.7)9.1(7.2~11.6)25.7(16.5~37.6)59.7(55.6~63.6)
在校学生8.4(4.6~14.7)7.3(2.9~17.3)30.8(22.1~41.0)46.5(38.4~54.7)
未就业17.0(12.4~22.8)5.1(3.0~8.7)15.1(12.3~18.5)37.2(29.4~45.8)
离退休人员19.6(16.5~23.1)2.4(1.1~5.3)15.9(11.6~21.4)37.9(31.3~44.9)
其他17.8(10.4~28.7)6.8(3.3~13.5)25.1(20.3~30.7)49.7(45.3~54.1)
χ2值3.5205.044
P值<0.05<0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1311350487912374637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Secondhand smoke exposure in different settings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所过去30 d内去过该场所人数暴露人数暴露率[%,(95%CI)]
未加权样本量加权后人口数(千人)
家庭4 7864 268.7681 12324.5(20.5~29.1)
室内工作场所1 0451 443.90130227.3(22.2~33.0)
政府大楼(办公室)468523.2854510.4(7.2~14.8)
医疗卫生机构1 6991 440.4611548.4(5.4~12.7)
餐馆1 9812 160.83198753.2(40.1~65.8)
公共交通工具(不包括出租车)1 4131 423.79212010.1(5.6~17.5)
大学146198.2942719.7(13.7~27.7)
中、小学(包括中专,职高等)546613.4099916.2(12.9~20.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350488000455022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同场所二手烟暴露情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所过去30 d内去过该场所人数暴露人数暴露率[%,(95%CI)]
未加权样本量加权后人口数(千人)
家庭4 7864 268.7681 12324.5(20.5~29.1)
室内工作场所1 0451 443.90130227.3(22.2~33.0)
政府大楼(办公室)468523.2854510.4(7.2~14.8)
医疗卫生机构1 6991 440.4611548.4(5.4~12.7)
餐馆1 9812 160.83198753.2(40.1~65.8)
公共交通工具(不包括出租车)1 4131 423.79212010.1(5.6~17.5)
大学146198.2942719.7(13.7~27.7)
中、小学(包括中专,职高等)546613.4099916.2(12.9~20.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350488075952495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Awareness of secondhand smoke hazards among current non-smokers aged ≥15 years in Ningxia, 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征/分类二手烟危害认知水平[%,(95%CI)]
成人心脏疾病儿童肺部疾病成人肺癌知晓三种疾病
总计58.7(46.9~69.5)70.1(62.6~76.7)71.8(63.5~78.8)54.8(43.1~66.0)
性别
男性55.5(44.8~65.7)68.0(58.8~76.0)70.6(62.8~77.3)53.1(42.3~63.6)
女性60.6(48.0~71.9)71.5(63.8~78.1)72.5(63.2~80.1)55.9(43.4~67.6)
χ2值10.0771.5410.6912.675
P值<0.050.250.430.141
居住地
城市68.8(51.4~82.1)79.0(71.3~85.1)79.9(72.0~86.0)66.2(47.6~80.9)
农村51.5(37.5~65.3)63.9(54.3~72.4)66.0(54.6~75.9)46.8(34.7~59.3)
χ2值3.2979.3936.5774.124
P值0.107<0.05<0.050.077
年龄组(岁)
15~<2576.1(61.6~86.3)84.4(75.9~90.3)86.9(76.2~93.2)72.0(59.0~82.1)
25~<4560.0(47.6~71.3)76.5(70.0~82.0)76.8(70.0~82.4)57.7(44.7~69.7)
45~<6453.6(40.4~66.3)64.7(53.3~74.6)66.4(54.9~76.3)50.0(37.0~62.9)
≥6543.8(34.0~54.1)45.7(37.9~53.8)49.8(39.5~60.2)35.5(27.4~44.5)
χ2值17.12735.91527.62925.051
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
文化程度
小学及以下37.8(27.2~49.6)46.0(37.2~55.1)49.3(38.2~60.4)31.7(22.7~42.2)
初中、高中/中专毕业61.5(51.9~70.3)73.9(68.5~78.7)75.8(71.0~80.0)58.0(48.7~66.8)
大专及以上毕业74.4(58.3~85.8)87.6(82.9~91.1)87.3(81.7~91.5)72.1(55.6~84.2)
χ2值18.87574.38527.62925.051
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
职业
农林牧渔水利业生产人员38.0(26.5~51.1)54.2(41.4~66.5)56.6(41.3~70.6)34.2(23.6~46.8)
政府/事业单位工作人员、教师及医务人员79.6(64.5~89.4)91.8(86.3~95.3)91.5(86.8~94.6)79.4(63.8~89.4)
企业/商业/服务业工作人员56.9(48.6~64.8)75.6(68.7~81.4)75.4(69.5~80.5)55.0(47.8~62.0)
在校学生78.9(61.0~90.0)89.6(85.3~92.8)89.0(79.5~94.4)75.9(60.8~86.5)
未就业49.8(39.7~59.9)59.2(46.2~71.1)60.1(44.1~74.2)45.9(36.3~55.8)
离退休人员61.5(49.9~71.9)97.5(57.5~76.1)67.8(55.9~77.7)54.2(41.2~66.6)
其他65.5(51.7~77.1)69.7(53.5~82.2)75.5(64.9~83.8)59.4(41.5~75.1)
χ2值11.86111.91211.83911.656
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1311350488143061360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2024年宁夏≥15岁现在非吸烟人群二手烟危害认知情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征/分类二手烟危害认知水平[%,(95%CI)]
成人心脏疾病儿童肺部疾病成人肺癌知晓三种疾病
总计58.7(46.9~69.5)70.1(62.6~76.7)71.8(63.5~78.8)54.8(43.1~66.0)
性别
男性55.5(44.8~65.7)68.0(58.8~76.0)70.6(62.8~77.3)53.1(42.3~63.6)
女性60.6(48.0~71.9)71.5(63.8~78.1)72.5(63.2~80.1)55.9(43.4~67.6)
χ2值10.0771.5410.6912.675
P值<0.050.250.430.141
居住地
城市68.8(51.4~82.1)79.0(71.3~85.1)79.9(72.0~86.0)66.2(47.6~80.9)
农村51.5(37.5~65.3)63.9(54.3~72.4)66.0(54.6~75.9)46.8(34.7~59.3)
χ2值3.2979.3936.5774.124
P值0.107<0.05<0.050.077
年龄组(岁)
15~<2576.1(61.6~86.3)84.4(75.9~90.3)86.9(76.2~93.2)72.0(59.0~82.1)
25~<4560.0(47.6~71.3)76.5(70.0~82.0)76.8(70.0~82.4)57.7(44.7~69.7)
45~<6453.6(40.4~66.3)64.7(53.3~74.6)66.4(54.9~76.3)50.0(37.0~62.9)
≥6543.8(34.0~54.1)45.7(37.9~53.8)49.8(39.5~60.2)35.5(27.4~44.5)
χ2值17.12735.91527.62925.051
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
文化程度
小学及以下37.8(27.2~49.6)46.0(37.2~55.1)49.3(38.2~60.4)31.7(22.7~42.2)
初中、高中/中专毕业61.5(51.9~70.3)73.9(68.5~78.7)75.8(71.0~80.0)58.0(48.7~66.8)
大专及以上毕业74.4(58.3~85.8)87.6(82.9~91.1)87.3(81.7~91.5)72.1(55.6~84.2)
χ2值18.87574.38527.62925.051
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
职业
农林牧渔水利业生产人员38.0(26.5~51.1)54.2(41.4~66.5)56.6(41.3~70.6)34.2(23.6~46.8)
政府/事业单位工作人员、教师及医务人员79.6(64.5~89.4)91.8(86.3~95.3)91.5(86.8~94.6)79.4(63.8~89.4)
企业/商业/服务业工作人员56.9(48.6~64.8)75.6(68.7~81.4)75.4(69.5~80.5)55.0(47.8~62.0)
在校学生78.9(61.0~90.0)89.6(85.3~92.8)89.0(79.5~94.4)75.9(60.8~86.5)
未就业49.8(39.7~59.9)59.2(46.2~71.1)60.1(44.1~74.2)45.9(36.3~55.8)
离退休人员61.5(49.9~71.9)97.5(57.5~76.1)67.8(55.9~77.7)54.2(41.2~66.6)
其他65.5(51.7~77.1)69.7(53.5~82.2)75.5(64.9~83.8)59.4(41.5~75.1)
χ2值11.86111.91211.83911.656
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1311350488226947441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Variable coding for multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure and comprehensive awareness of its hazards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值
因变量二手烟暴露0=不暴露,1=暴露
二手烟危害综合认知0=不知晓,1=知晓
自变量性别1=男性,2=女性
居住地1=城市,2=农村
年龄组(岁)1=15~<25,2=25~<45,3=45~<64,4=≥65
文化程度1=小学及以下,2=初中、高中/中专毕业,3=大专及以上毕业
职业1=农林牧渔水利业生产人员,2=政府/事业单位工作人员、教师及医务人员,3=企业/商业/服务业工作人员,4=在校学生,5=未就业,6=离退休人员,7=其他
), ArticleFig(id=1311350489837560178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

二手烟暴露及危害综合认知影响因素的多因素logistic回归分析赋值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值
因变量二手烟暴露0=不暴露,1=暴露
二手烟危害综合认知0=不知晓,1=知晓
自变量性别1=男性,2=女性
居住地1=城市,2=农村
年龄组(岁)1=15~<25,2=25~<45,3=45~<64,4=≥65
文化程度1=小学及以下,2=初中、高中/中专毕业,3=大专及以上毕业
职业1=农林牧渔水利业生产人员,2=政府/事业单位工作人员、教师及医务人员,3=企业/商业/服务业工作人员,4=在校学生,5=未就业,6=离退休人员,7=其他
), ArticleFig(id=1311350489921446259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure and comprehensive awareness of its hazards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量/类别二手烟暴露(参考类别=不暴露)二手烟危害综合认知(参考类别=不知晓)
β()OR(95%CI)P值β()OR(95%CI)P值
性别
男性0.103(0.095)1.108(0.890~1.381)0.311-0.238(0.073)0.788(0.666~0.933)<0.05
女性(参照)1.0001.000
居住地
城市-0.310(0.103)0.733(0.578~0.931)<0.050.422(0.339)1.525(0.698~3.334)0.248
农村(参照)1.0001.000
年龄组(岁)
15~<25-0.250(0.357)0.779(0.342~1.776)0.5040.422(0.371)1.524(0.647~3.589)0.289
25~<450.644(0.135)1.905(1.396~2.599)<0.010.279(0.171)1.321(0.891~1.959)0.141
45~<640.623(0.079)1.864(1.553~2.238)<0.0010.334(0.113)1.396(1.077~1.810)<0.05
≥65(参照)1.0001.000
文化程度
小学及以下-0.379(0.057)0.684(0.600~0.780)<0.001-1.083(0.180)0.338(0.223~0.513)<0.001
初中、高中/中专毕业-0.030(0.081)0.970(0.804~1.171)0.721-0.349(0.199)0.705(0.446~1.116)0.117
大专及以上毕业(参照)1.0001.000
职业
农林牧渔水利业生产人员-0.339(0.315)0.712(0.344~1.474)0.314-0.587(0.134)0.556(0.408~0.757)<0.01
政府/事业单位工作人员、教师及医务人员0.151(0.137)1.163(0.849~1.594)0.3010.460(0.306)1.584(0.782~3.206)0.171
企业/商业/服务业工作人员0.192(0.107)1.212(0.946~1.553)0.111-0.398(0.152)0.672(0.473~0.954)<0.05
在校学生0.477(0.347)1.612(0.724~3.588)0.2060.473(0.559)1.606(0.442~5.826)0.422
未就业-0.450(0.220)0.637(0.384~1.058)0.074-0.336(0.062)0.715(0.620~0.824)<0.01
离退休人员-0.236(0.251)0.790(0.439~1.419)0.380-0.196(0.168)0.822(0.558~1.211)0.277
其他(参照)1.0001.000
), ArticleFig(id=1311350489988555124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350483088924995, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

二手烟暴露及危害综合认知影响因素的多因素logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量/类别二手烟暴露(参考类别=不暴露)二手烟危害综合认知(参考类别=不知晓)
β()OR(95%CI)P值β()OR(95%CI)P值
性别
男性0.103(0.095)1.108(0.890~1.381)0.311-0.238(0.073)0.788(0.666~0.933)<0.05
女性(参照)1.0001.000
居住地
城市-0.310(0.103)0.733(0.578~0.931)<0.050.422(0.339)1.525(0.698~3.334)0.248
农村(参照)1.0001.000
年龄组(岁)
15~<25-0.250(0.357)0.779(0.342~1.776)0.5040.422(0.371)1.524(0.647~3.589)0.289
25~<450.644(0.135)1.905(1.396~2.599)<0.010.279(0.171)1.321(0.891~1.959)0.141
45~<640.623(0.079)1.864(1.553~2.238)<0.0010.334(0.113)1.396(1.077~1.810)<0.05
≥65(参照)1.0001.000
文化程度
小学及以下-0.379(0.057)0.684(0.600~0.780)<0.001-1.083(0.180)0.338(0.223~0.513)<0.001
初中、高中/中专毕业-0.030(0.081)0.970(0.804~1.171)0.721-0.349(0.199)0.705(0.446~1.116)0.117
大专及以上毕业(参照)1.0001.000
职业
农林牧渔水利业生产人员-0.339(0.315)0.712(0.344~1.474)0.314-0.587(0.134)0.556(0.408~0.757)<0.01
政府/事业单位工作人员、教师及医务人员0.151(0.137)1.163(0.849~1.594)0.3010.460(0.306)1.584(0.782~3.206)0.171
企业/商业/服务业工作人员0.192(0.107)1.212(0.946~1.553)0.111-0.398(0.152)0.672(0.473~0.954)<0.05
在校学生0.477(0.347)1.612(0.724~3.588)0.2060.473(0.559)1.606(0.442~5.826)0.422
未就业-0.450(0.220)0.637(0.384~1.058)0.074-0.336(0.062)0.715(0.620~0.824)<0.01
离退休人员-0.236(0.251)0.790(0.439~1.419)0.380-0.196(0.168)0.822(0.558~1.211)0.277
其他(参照)1.0001.000
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2024年宁夏15岁及以上现在非吸烟人群二手烟暴露现状、危害认知水平及其影响因素分析
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贺宝福 , 唐文静 , 李艳妮 , 崔鹏
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2026,53(15): 2840-2846
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现代预防医学 |健康与社会行为 2026 , 53 (15) : 2840 -2846
2024年宁夏15岁及以上现在非吸烟人群二手烟暴露现状、危害认知水平及其影响因素分析
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贺宝福 , 唐文静, 李艳妮, 崔鹏
作者信息
  • 宁夏回族自治区健康教育所健康促进科,宁夏 银川 750000
通讯作者:
贺宝福,E-mail:
作者简介:

贺宝福(1981—),男,本科,副主任医师,研究方向:健康教育与健康促进、烟草控制工作

Status and influencing factors of secondhand smoke exposure and hazard cognition among current non-smokers aged ≥15 years in Ningxia, 2024
Bao-fu HE , Wen-jing TANG, Yan-ni LI, Peng CUI
Affiliations
  • Health Promotion Section, Health Education Institute of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750000, China
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202603274
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目的

了解宁夏≥15岁现在非吸烟人群二手烟暴露现状及危害认知水平,分析其主要影响因素,为制定有效的控烟干预策略和措施提供科学依据。

方法

选取2024年全国成人烟草流行监测宁夏数据中的现在非吸烟者为研究对象。全国成人烟草流行监测采用分层多阶段与人口规模成比例(population-proportional sampling,PPS)的抽样方法,于2024年3—10月在宁夏抽取5个区(城市点)和5个县/市(农村点)共10个监测点,30个乡镇/街道,60个居委会/村(片区),在每个片区中随机抽取120户家庭,每户随机抽取1名≥15岁常住居民进行面对面问卷调查。采用SPSS 27.0软件,用基于复杂抽样设计的加权数据进行描述性分析和统计推断。

结果

本次监测共完成问卷7 200份,清理后有效问卷6 259份,有效率为86.93%。本研究共纳入4 821名现在非吸烟者为研究对象。2024年宁夏≥15岁现在非吸烟人群二手烟总体暴露率为47.1%(95%CI:41.8~52.5);室内场所中餐馆的二手烟暴露率最高,为53.2%(95%CI:40.1~65.8);二手烟危害综合认知水平为54.8%(95%CI:43.1~66.0)。多因素logistic回归分析显示:人群二手烟暴露方面,城市居民(OR=0.733,P<0.05)低于农村居民;以≥65岁年龄组为参照,25~<45岁组(OR=1.905,P<0.01)及45~<64岁组(OR=1.864,P<0.001)人群二手烟暴露风险较高。二手烟危害综合认知水平方面,男性(OR=0.788,P<0.05)低于女性;小学及以下文化程度人群(OR=0.338,P<0.001)低于大专及以上文化程度的参照组;与其他职业人群为参照,农林牧渔水利业生产人员(OR=0.556,P<0.01)、企业/商业/服务业工作人员(OR=0.672,P<0.05)及未就业人群(OR= 0.715,P<0.01)的二手烟危害综合认知水平较低。

结论

宁夏非吸烟人群二手烟暴露率较高,男性、低文化及特定职业人群对二手烟危害认知不足。应加强农村地区、不同职业人群控烟干预,降低二手烟暴露危害。

现在非吸烟人群  /  二手烟暴露  /  危害认知  /  Logistic回归
Objective

To investigate the status of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and hazard cognition among current non-smokers aged ≥15 years in Ningxia, analyze its main influencing factors, and provide scientific evidence for developing effective tobacco control intervention strategies and measures.

Methods

This study selected current non-smokers from the 2024 National Adult Tobacco Surveillance data for Ningxia as the study population. The National Adult Tobacco Surveillance employed a stratified, multistage sampling method with probability proportional to size (PPS). Between March and October 2024, the survey covered 5 districts (urban sites) and 5 counties/cities (rural sites), comprising 30 townships/subdistricts and 60 neighborhood committees/villages (sub-districts). Within each sub-district, 120 households were randomly selected, and one permanent resident aged 15 years or older was randomly selected from each household to participate in a face-to-face questionnaire survey. SPSS 27.0 software was used to perform descriptive analysis and statistical inference on the weighted data derived from the complex sampling design.

Results

A total of 7 200 questionnaires were completed during this survey. After data cleaning, 6 259 valid questionnaires remained, resulting in a valid response rate of 86.93%. This study included 4 821 current nonsmokers as study subjects. In 2024, the overall prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure among current nonsmokers aged ≥15 years in Ningxia was 47.1% (95% CI: 41.8-52.5). Among indoor venues, restaurants had the highest rate of secondhand smoke exposure at 53.2% (95% CI: 40.1-65.8). The overall level of comprehensive awareness regarding the hazards of secondhand smoke was 54.8% (95% CI: 43.1-66.0). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that regarding population exposure to secondhand smoke, urban residents (OR=0.733, P<0.05) had lower exposure rates than rural residents.Compared to the ≥65 age group, the 25~<45 age group (OR=1.905, P<0.01) and the 45~<64 age group (OR=1.864, P<0.001)had higher risks of exposure to secondhand smoke. Regarding the overall level of awareness of the hazards of secondhand smoke, men (OR=0.788, P<0.05) had lower awareness than women, and individuals with an education level of primary school or below (OR=0.338, P<0.001) had lower awareness than the reference group with a college degree or higher. Compared with those in other occupational groups, workers in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, and water conservancy (OR=0.556, P<0.01), employees in enterprises, commerce, and services (OR=0.672, P<0.05), and the unemployed (OR=0.715, P<0.01) had lower levels of comprehensive awareness of the hazards of secondhand smoke.

Conclusion

The SHS exposure rate among non-smokers in Ningxia is relatively high. Males, individuals with low education level, and specific occupational groups have insufficient cognition of SHS hazards. Tobacco control interventions should be strengthened in rural areas and among different occupational groups to reduce SHS exposure.

Current non-smokers  /  Secondhand smoke exposure  /  Hazard cognition  /  Logistic regression
贺宝福, 唐文静, 李艳妮, 崔鹏. 2024年宁夏15岁及以上现在非吸烟人群二手烟暴露现状、危害认知水平及其影响因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2840 -2846 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202603274
Bao-fu HE, Wen-jing TANG, Yan-ni LI, Peng CUI. Status and influencing factors of secondhand smoke exposure and hazard cognition among current non-smokers aged ≥15 years in Ningxia, 2024[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2840 -2846 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202603274
二手烟中含有大量有害物质及致癌物,有证据表明,二手烟暴露会同样增加成人罹患肺癌、冠心病以及儿童哮喘等疾病的风险[1-2]。二手烟暴露已成为全球重要的公共卫生问题之一[3]。据估计,全球每年约超过160万非吸烟者死于二手烟暴露[4]。2024年全国成人烟草流行调查结果显示,我国二手烟暴露率达46.5%,意味着我国近一半的现在非吸烟人群正在遭受二手烟的危害[5]。为准确掌握宁夏现在非吸烟人群二手烟暴露现状、危害认知水平及其影响因素,本研究对≥15岁现在非吸烟人群进行调查,旨在为制定有针对性的控烟策略、措施提供科学依据。
本研究数据来源于2024年全国成人烟草流行监测宁夏数据中的4 821名现在非吸烟者为研究对象。
使用“2024年中国成人烟草调查问卷”调查。内容包括调查对象的人口学特征、吸烟行为、二手烟暴露及二手烟危害认知等。
采用分层多阶段与人口规模成比例(population proportional sampling,PPS)的抽样方法。按城乡进行分层,在宁夏全区共抽取5个区(城市点)和5个县/市(农村点)共10个监测点,随后在每个监测点内继续采用PPS法随机抽取3个街道(乡镇),将每个街道或乡镇的居委会(村)按邻近原则进行拆分或合并为片区,使每个片区的家庭户数控制在750~1 500户之间。进而在每个街道(乡镇)中随机抽取2个片区,并在每个片区中采用简单随机抽样法抽取120户家庭。最终在每个被抽中的家庭户中,随机抽取1名≥15岁常住居民作为调查对象,通过入户面对面问卷调查的方式收集吸烟、二手烟暴露及危害认知等信息。所有调查对象均知情同意。该项目已通过中国疾病预防控制中心伦理审查委员会审批(批准文号:202409)。
(1)人群二手烟暴露率[6]为每周至少有1天曾暴露于二手烟的人占现在非吸烟者的比例。(2)场所二手烟暴露率[7]为调查对象过去30 d内在特定室内场所看到有人吸烟或闻到烟味的人占去过该场所的人群比例。(3)二手烟危害单种疾病认知水平为在调查时分别知晓“二手烟可引起成人心脏病”“二手烟可引起儿童肺部疾病”或“二手烟可引起成人肺癌”中任意一项的现在非吸烟者占全部现在非吸烟者(不包括拒绝回答者)的百分比。(4)二手烟危害综合认知水平为在调查时均知晓“二手烟可引起成人心脏病”“二手烟可引起儿童肺部疾病”“二手烟可引起成人肺癌”全部三项的现在非吸烟者占全部现在非吸烟者(不包括拒绝回答者)的百分比。
使用SPSS 27.0对加权数据进行校正和统计分析。依据抽样方案,最终样本权重的计算为基础权重、无应答调整系数和分层调整系数的乘积。本文中涉及的构成比、率等指标均基于复杂抽样设计的加权方法统计的结果。计数资料采用率或构成比及95%置信区间进行描述,组间比较采用Rao-Scott χ2检验,采用多因素logistic回归分析二手烟暴露及危害认知水平的影响因素。检验水准α=0.05。
4 821名调查对象中,男性占37.9%;城市居民占41.3%;年龄构成上,以25~<45岁和45~<64岁为主,合计占69.8%;文化程度以初中、高中/中专占比最高,达44.2%;职业分布以农林牧渔水利业生产人员居多,占23.4%。见表1。
宁夏≥15岁现在非吸烟人群二手烟总体暴露率为47.1%(95%CI:41.8~52.5)。不同年龄组、文化程度及职业人群二手烟暴率差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
有16.9%(95%CI:12.8~22.0)的现在非吸烟者几乎每天暴露于二手烟;7.1%(95%CI:5.9~8.5)每周暴露4~6 d;23.1%(95%CI:20.6~25.9)每周暴露1~3 d。不同年龄组、文化程度及职业人群在二手烟暴露频次上的分布差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
调查前30 d内曾到访过各类场所的现在非吸烟人群中,餐馆的二手烟暴露率最高,为53.2%(95%CI:40.1~65.8),其次为室内工作场所(27.3%)和家庭(24.5%)。各类场所的二手烟暴露情况见表3。
现在非吸烟人群对“二手烟可引起成人肺癌、心脏病及儿童肺部疾病”这三种疾病的综合认知水平为54.8%(95%CI:43.1~66.0)。不同年龄组、文化程度及职业人群对二手烟危害综合认知水平差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。见表4。
对二手烟可引起成人肺癌的危害认知水平最高,为71.8%(95%CI:63.5~78.8);其次为二手烟可引起儿童肺部疾病,为70.1%(95%CI:62.6~76.7);对二手烟可引起成人心脏病的危害认知水平相对较低,为58.7%(95%CI:46.9~69.5)。不同年龄组、性别、城乡、文化程度及职业人群对上述三种疾病的危害认知水平差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。见表4。
以是否暴露于二手烟为因变量,单因素分析中所有因素为自变量,赋值见表5,进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果显示,居住地、年龄组及文化程度是现在非吸烟人群二手烟暴露的独立影响因素(均p<0.05)。与农村居民相比,城市居民(OR=0.733)的二手烟暴露风险较低,以大专及以上文化程度人群为参照,小学及以下文化程度(OR=0.684)人群的二手烟暴露风险较低;以≥65岁年龄组为参照,25~<45岁(OR=1.905)及45~<64岁(OR=1.864)人群的二手烟暴露风险显著更高。见表6。
以是否均知晓二手烟可引起成人心脏病、成人肺癌及儿童肺部疾病为因变量,单因素分析中所有因素为自变量,赋值见表5,进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果显示,性别、年龄组、文化程度及职业是现在非吸烟人群二手烟危害综合认知水平的独立影响因素(均P<0.05)。与女性相比,男性(OR=0.788)认知水平更低;以≥65岁人群为参照,45~<64岁(OR=1.396)认知水平较高;以大专及以上文化程度者为参照,小学及以下文化程度者(OR=0.338)认知水平显著较低;农林牧渔水利业生产人员(OR=0.556)、企业/商业/服务业工作人员(OR=0.672)及未就业人群(OR=0.715)的认知水平均低于职业为其他的参照组。见表6。
本次调查显示,宁夏≥15岁现在非吸烟人群二手烟暴露率为47.1%,其中几乎每天都暴露于二手烟的比例为16.9%。该结果与全国同期平均水平基本持平[5]。场所中餐馆的二手烟暴露率最高,医疗卫生机构相对较低。然而,仍高于控烟工作较为发达的北京市[8]、深圳市[9]同期发布的数据。现在非吸烟人群对二手烟导致单个疾病的危害认知水平依次为成人肺癌、儿童肺部疾病和成人心脏病,对这三种疾病的危害综合认知水平为54.8%。这一结果与全国发布的结果在疾病知晓顺位上趋势一致[5]。揭示了宁夏≥15岁现在非吸烟人群二手烟暴露问题依然较为普遍,室内场所二手烟暴露水平仍处于相对高位,二手烟危害认知水平不高,整体控烟形势严峻。
多因素分析结果显示:在人群二手烟暴露方面,城市居民二手烟暴露风险低于农村居民。这与吉林省研究结果一致[10],这可能与农村地区对室内吸烟行为的限制更为宽松有关,同时对“无烟环境”概念认知相对滞后[11]等因素共同导致了农村二手烟暴露率高于城市的现状。25~<45岁组及45~<64岁组人群的二手烟暴露风险高于65岁及以上人群,与相关研究结[12-14]果一致。这可能与中青年群体的社会活动特征密切相关,中青年是社会经济活动的主体,活动半径大,暴露场景更多元。而老年人退休后生活重心回归家庭,活动范围缩小,暴露机会相应减少。小学及以下教育程度二手烟暴露风险低于大专及以上文化程度人群,这与天津、广州的研究结果一致[13-14]。这可能与不同教育程度人群的职业构成有关,教育程度对二手烟暴露的影响可能并非直接作用,而是通过职业类型这一中介因素实现。教育程度高的人群更多集中于室内职业,其室内工作场所的比例显著高于教育程度低的人群。若这些室内场所控烟措施不完善,反而可能导致高学历人群的工作场所二手烟暴露风险升高。在二手烟危害综合认知方面,男性、小学及以下文化程度、农林牧渔水利业生产人员、企业/商业/服务业工作人员及未就业人群的二手烟危害综合认知水平较低。这一结果与既往研究揭示的低文化程度和特定职业人群的健康认知水平的关联趋势一致[15]。
综上,宁夏非吸烟人群二手烟流行形式严峻,应针对男性、低文化水平及不同职业人群开展精准化分众化控烟健康教育,提升二手烟危害认知水平。此外,加强公共场所控烟干预,借鉴北京市[16]、深圳市[17]等地的控烟先进经验,尽快推动区域控烟立法并有效执法,明确室内公共场所禁烟范围,同时加强农村地区二手烟暴露的干预,不断降低人群及场所二手烟暴露率,保护公众健康。
本研究存在一定的局限性。一是数据来源于横断面调查,无法推断二手烟暴露与危害认知之间的因果关联;二是二手烟暴露及危害认知均为自报数据,可能存在回忆偏倚和社会期望偏倚,导致暴露率被低估而认知水平被高估;三是由于纳入的自变量多为性别、教育程度等不易改变的人口学特征,缺乏对行为和环境可干预因素的分析,研究结论对制定针对性干预策略的证据支持力度有限。未来研究可采用不同年度数据的纵向比较分析,或引入室内场所二手烟浓度等客观环境监测指标,以获取更可靠的数据进行深入验证。
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2026年第53卷第15期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202603274
  • 接收时间:2026-03-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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2024年中央转移支付地方重大公共卫生服务项目
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    宁夏回族自治区健康教育所健康促进科,宁夏 银川 750000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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