Article(id=1311350455708508245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511166, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762963200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579912354, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579912354, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579912354, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579912354, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311350193946194882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579849945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588319569, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2779, endPage=2785, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350455905640534, articleId=1311350455708508245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Disease burden and temporal trends of birth defects in China,1990—2023, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aims to assess the trends in the disease burden of birth defects (BDs) in China from 1990 to 2023, to inform evidence-based optimization of prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Data on the standardized incidence rate, standardized disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate, and standardized mortality rate for total BDs and 10 major subtypes were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2023 for China. Temporal trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC). Pairwise comparisons were conducted to examine differences by sex.

Results

From 1990 to 2023, the disease burden of total BDs in China showed a significant downward trend,with AAPCs of -0.39%, -4.31%, and -4.84% for each indicator, respectively (all P<0.001). Stage-specific analysis showed that during the low-middle sociodemographic index (SDI) stage, all three indicators exhibited significant decreasing trends,with AAPCs of -0.92%, -2.13%, and -2.32%, respectively (all P<0.001). During the middle SDI stage, the standardized incidence rate showed a slight increase (AAPC=0.24%, P<0.05), whereas the standardized DALY rate and standardized mortality rate continued to decline more markedly, with AAPCs of -8.40% and -9.40%, respectively (both P<0.001). The disease burden of total BDs was consistently higher in males than in females; the decline in standardized incidence rate was faster in females than in males, whereas the declines in standardized DALY rate and standardized mortality rate were faster in males than in females (all P<0.001). Congenital musculoskeletal and limb anomalies had the highest standardized incidence rate in both 1990 and 2023. Congenital heart disease had the highest standardized DALY rate and standardized mortality rate in both years. The most marked declines were observed for neural tube defects (AAPCs:-3.85%, -7.87%, -8.50%) and cleft lip and palate (AAPCs: -1.58%, -9.38%, -12.89%) (all P<0.001).

Conclusion

The disease burden of BDs in China has declined markedly, with notable sex-based differences. Significant progress has been made in the prevention and control of neural tube defects and cleft lip and palate. Future efforts should focus on congenital musculoskeletal and limb anomalies and congenital heart disease, with an emphasis on primary prevention and life-cycle health management.

, authors=Min GUO1, Chen-xing MA2, Hai-shuang LI1, Yu-xia YANG1, Hong-zhen ZHANG3, Jian-hui WU4, 5, authorsList=Min GUO, Chen-xing MA, Hai-shuang LI, Yu-xia YANG, Hong-zhen ZHANG, Jian-hui WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jian-hui WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350458418028635, articleId=1311350455708508245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=1990—2023年中国出生缺陷疾病负担与趋势分析, columnId=1228016570031604578, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=儿少卫生与妇幼保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

评估1990—2023年中国出生缺陷(birth defects)疾病负担的变化趋势,为优化防控策略提供依据。

方法

基于全球疾病负担研究(Global Burden of Disease Study,GBD)2023数据,提取中国总体出生缺陷和10种主要亚型的标化发病率、标化伤残调整生命年(disability-adjusted life year,DALY)率及标化死亡率数据。Joinpoint回归计算平均年度变化百分比(average annual percentage change,AAPC),成对比较分析性别变化趋势的差异。

结果

1990—2023年,中国总体出生缺陷疾病负担呈明显下降趋势,标化发病率、标化DALY率及标化死亡率相应AAPC分别为-0.39%、-4.31%和-4.84%(均P<0.001)。分阶段分析显示,中-低社会人口指数(sociodemographic index,SDI)阶段三项指标均呈明显下降趋势,AAPC分别为-0.92%、-2.13%、-2.32%(均P<0.001);中SDI阶段标化发病率呈小幅上升(AAPC=0.24%,P<0.05),而标化DALY率与标化死亡率下降速度更为显著,AAPC分别为-8.40%和-9.40%(均P<0.001)。总体出生缺陷疾病负担男性始终高于女性;标化发病率的下降速度女性快于男性,而标化DALY率与标化死亡率的下降速度男性快于女性(均P<0.001)。1990和2023年先天性肌肉骨骼及肢体畸形均居标化发病率首位,先天性心脏病均居标化DALY率与标化死亡率首位。各指标在神经管缺陷(AAPC:-3.85%、-7.87%和-8.50%)与唇腭裂(AAPC:-1.58%、-9.38%和-12.89%)中下降趋势最为显著(均P<0.001)。

结论

中国出生缺陷疾病负担明显下降,但存在显著的性别差异,神经管缺陷与唇腭裂防控成效显著。未来应重点关注先天性肌肉骨骼及肢体畸形与先天性心脏病,加强一级预防和全周期健康管理。

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郭敏(1987—),女,博士在读,副主任医师,研究方向:环境污染与母婴健康

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武建辉,E-mail:
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American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2024, 231(5): 490-500.e73., articleTitle=Very young and advanced maternal age strongly elevates the occurrence of nonchromosomal congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350468064927933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=26, issue=2, pageStart=e89, pageEnd=e99, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Taylor L, Hood A, Mancuso F, journalName=NeoReviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Taylor L, Hood A, Mancuso F, et al. Effects of assisted reproductive technology on genetics, obstetrics,and neonatal outcomes[J].NeoReviews, 2025, 26(2): e89-e99., articleTitle=Effects of assisted reproductive technology on genetics, obstetrics,and neonatal outcomes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350468132036798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=40, issue=2, pageStart=132, pageEnd=137, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Chattopadhyay M, Mukherjee A, Sahana PK, journalName=J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chattopadhyay M, Mukherjee A, Sahana PK. Clinical and genotypic insights into turner syndrome: emphasis on cardiovascular abnormalities[J]. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc, 2025, 40(2): 132-137., articleTitle=Clinical and genotypic insights into turner syndrome: emphasis on cardiovascular abnormalities, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350468186562751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=52, issue=8, pageStart=1412, pageEnd=1417, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=29, authorNames=李晓华, 轩妍, 郭朝金, journalName=现代预防医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李晓华,轩妍,郭朝金,等.海南省2016-2021年围产儿出生缺陷分析[J].现代预防医学,2025,52(8):1412-1417., articleTitle=海南省2016-2021年围产儿出生缺陷分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350468253671616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=52, issue=8, pageStart=1412, pageEnd=1417, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Li XH, Xuan Y, Guo CJ, journalName=Modern Preventive Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li XH, Xuan Y, Guo CJ, et al. Analysis of birth defects in perinatal infants,Hainnan Province,2016-2021[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025, 52(8): 1412-1417.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of birth defects in perinatal infants,Hainnan Province,2016-2021, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311350464214556830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, awardId=20241296, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省2024年度医学科学研究课题计划(20241296), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311350458690658396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350458699047005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, companyId=1311350458690658396, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Obstetrics, Tangshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350458707435614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, companyId=1311350458690658396, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.唐山市妇幼保健院产科,河北 唐山 063000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350458774544479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350458782933088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, companyId=1311350458774544479, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.唐山中心医院内分泌科)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350458866819169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350458879402082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, companyId=1311350458866819169, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.河北医科大学第一医院妇产科)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350458971676771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350458980065380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, companyId=1311350458971676771, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.华北理工大学公共卫生学院,河北 唐山 063210)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350459063951461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350459072340070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, companyId=1311350459063951461, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.华北理工大学唐山临床流行病学重点实验室,河北 唐山 063210)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350461215629454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Disease burden of total birth defects in China, 1990—2023, figureFileSmall=VdqCAetyjIrfY+H8H25EFQ==, figureFileBig=WGBU5w4myoPCC/OfojLDYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350462830436495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1990—2023年中国总体出生缺陷疾病负担

注:图A为标化发病率;图B为标化DALY率;图C为标化死亡率。

, figureFileSmall=VdqCAetyjIrfY+H8H25EFQ==, figureFileBig=WGBU5w4myoPCC/OfojLDYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350463035957392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Sex-specific disease burden of total birth defects in China, 1990—2023, figureFileSmall=GnchZMYzXeZJHMn7E+nM9Q==, figureFileBig=frvi9agTTOVeTbc7W+020A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350463119843473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1990—2023年中国总体出生缺陷不同性别疾病负担

注:图A为标化发病率;图B为标化DALY率;图C为标化死亡率。

, figureFileSmall=GnchZMYzXeZJHMn7E+nM9Q==, figureFileBig=frvi9agTTOVeTbc7W+020A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350463199535250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Temporal trends in the disease burden of total birth defects in China, 1990—2023 (/100 000)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标1990年率(95%CI)2023年率(95%CI)AAPC(95%CI)
标化发病率122.95(104.22~146.66)108.39(92.43~129.85)-0.39(-0.40~-0.38)**
标化DALY率1 302.59(1018.27~1607.78)305.53(267.56~351.75)-4.31(-4.36~-4.28)**
标化死亡率14.00(10.83~17.55)2.74(2.40~3.16)-4.84(-4.89~-4.79)**
), ArticleFig(id=1311350463279227027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990—2023年中国总体出生缺陷疾病负担变化趋势(/10万)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标1990年率(95%CI)2023年率(95%CI)AAPC(95%CI)
标化发病率122.95(104.22~146.66)108.39(92.43~129.85)-0.39(-0.40~-0.38)**
标化DALY率1 302.59(1018.27~1607.78)305.53(267.56~351.75)-4.31(-4.36~-4.28)**
标化死亡率14.00(10.83~17.55)2.74(2.40~3.16)-4.84(-4.89~-4.79)**
), ArticleFig(id=1311350463363113108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Temporal trends in the disease burden of total birth defects in China at different SDI stages, 1990—2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中国SDI阶段起始—终止年份标化发病率标化DALY率标化死亡率
相关系数AAPC(%)相关系数AAPC(%)相关系数AAPC(%)
低SDI1990年-0.758+—-0.959 +—-0.961 +—
中-低SDI1991—2007年-0.92(-0.93~-0.91)**-2.13(-2.28~-1.99)**-2.32(-2.46~-2.19)**
中SDI2008—2020年0.24(0.09~0.39)*-8.40(-8.66~-8.14)**-9.40(-9.73~-9.08)**
高-中SDI2021—2023年———
), ArticleFig(id=1311350463434416277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1990—2023年中国不同SDI阶段总体出生缺陷疾病负担变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中国SDI阶段起始—终止年份标化发病率标化DALY率标化死亡率
相关系数AAPC(%)相关系数AAPC(%)相关系数AAPC(%)
低SDI1990年-0.758+—-0.959 +—-0.961 +—
中-低SDI1991—2007年-0.92(-0.93~-0.91)**-2.13(-2.28~-1.99)**-2.32(-2.46~-2.19)**
中SDI2008—2020年0.24(0.09~0.39)*-8.40(-8.66~-8.14)**-9.40(-9.73~-9.08)**
高-中SDI2021—2023年———
), ArticleFig(id=1311350463497330838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sex-specific temporal trends in disease burden of total birth defects in China, 1990—2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标男性女性
1990年率(/10万)2023年率(/10万)AAPC(%)1990年率(/10万)2023年率(/10万)AAPC(%)
标化发病率a125.60
(107.57~146.26)
112.53
(95.40~135.07)
-0.34**
(-0.35~-0.33)
119.95
(101.32~143.22)
103.62
(87.78~123.89)
-0.46**
(-0.49~-0.42)
标化DALY率b1427.56
(977.22~1951.49)
325.48
(279.04~385.60)
-4.42**
(-4.47~-4.38)
1161.16
(854.15~1563.13)
282.72
(236.85~331.59)
-4.20**
(-4.24~-4.16)
标化死亡率c15.32
(10.17~21.37)
2.96
(2.46~3.63)
-4.90**
(-4.96~-4.85)
12.50
(9.10~17.00)
2.49
(2.07~3.08)
-4.80**
(-4.85~-4.76)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350463577022615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

1990—2023年中国总体出生缺陷不同性别疾病负担变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标男性女性
1990年率(/10万)2023年率(/10万)AAPC(%)1990年率(/10万)2023年率(/10万)AAPC(%)
标化发病率a125.60
(107.57~146.26)
112.53
(95.40~135.07)
-0.34**
(-0.35~-0.33)
119.95
(101.32~143.22)
103.62
(87.78~123.89)
-0.46**
(-0.49~-0.42)
标化DALY率b1427.56
(977.22~1951.49)
325.48
(279.04~385.60)
-4.42**
(-4.47~-4.38)
1161.16
(854.15~1563.13)
282.72
(236.85~331.59)
-4.20**
(-4.24~-4.16)
标化死亡率c15.32
(10.17~21.37)
2.96
(2.46~3.63)
-4.90**
(-4.96~-4.85)
12.50
(9.10~17.00)
2.49
(2.07~3.08)
-4.80**
(-4.85~-4.76)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350463673491608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Temporal trends in the standardized incidence rates of major birth defect subtypes in China, 1990—2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出生缺陷亚型标化发病率(/10万)AAPC(%)
1990年2023年
先天性肌肉骨骼及肢体畸形44.70(30.71~62.97)44.94(31.91~63.02)0.02(0.01~0.04)*
先天性心脏病39.97(30.72~52.74)32.59(24.55~44.59)-0.62(-0.64~-0.60)**
泌尿生殖系统先天性畸形14.12(10.19~18.96)11.63(8.38~15.82)-0.57(-0.60~-0.53) **
消化道先天性畸形8.76(6.58~11.22)9.02(7.02~11.17)0.05(-0.01~0.11)
染色体不平衡重组6.30(5.47~7.41)5.09(4.38~5.96)-0.64(-0.66~-0.63)**
唇腭裂3.82(2.89~4.72)2.28(1.72~2.91)-1.58(-1.70~-1.50)**
唐氏综合征1.69(1.38~2.03)1.22(1.00~1.50)-0.97(-1.00~-0.94) **
神经管缺陷2.66(2.12~3.20)0.73(0.64~0.83)-3.85(-3.88~-3.81)**
克兰费尔特综合征0.72(0.51~0.97)0.68(0.48~0.92)-0.16(-0.17~-0.14)**
特纳综合征0.23(0.17~0.30)0.21(0.16~0.28)-0.23(-0.26~-0.21)**
), ArticleFig(id=1311350463765766297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

1990—2023年中国主要出生缺陷亚型标化发病率变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出生缺陷亚型标化发病率(/10万)AAPC(%)
1990年2023年
先天性肌肉骨骼及肢体畸形44.70(30.71~62.97)44.94(31.91~63.02)0.02(0.01~0.04)*
先天性心脏病39.97(30.72~52.74)32.59(24.55~44.59)-0.62(-0.64~-0.60)**
泌尿生殖系统先天性畸形14.12(10.19~18.96)11.63(8.38~15.82)-0.57(-0.60~-0.53) **
消化道先天性畸形8.76(6.58~11.22)9.02(7.02~11.17)0.05(-0.01~0.11)
染色体不平衡重组6.30(5.47~7.41)5.09(4.38~5.96)-0.64(-0.66~-0.63)**
唇腭裂3.82(2.89~4.72)2.28(1.72~2.91)-1.58(-1.70~-1.50)**
唐氏综合征1.69(1.38~2.03)1.22(1.00~1.50)-0.97(-1.00~-0.94) **
神经管缺陷2.66(2.12~3.20)0.73(0.64~0.83)-3.85(-3.88~-3.81)**
克兰费尔特综合征0.72(0.51~0.97)0.68(0.48~0.92)-0.16(-0.17~-0.14)**
特纳综合征0.23(0.17~0.30)0.21(0.16~0.28)-0.23(-0.26~-0.21)**
), ArticleFig(id=1311350463887401114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Temporal trends in the standardized DALY rates of major birth defect subtypes in China, 1990—2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出生缺陷亚型标化DALY率(/10万)AAPC(%)
1990年2023年
先天性心脏病811.94(605.46~1046.80)173.45(141.26~205.41)-4.59(-4.64~-4.54)**
先天性肌肉骨骼及肢体畸形56.05(37.83~76.54)39.22(25.30~57.76)-1.09(-1.12~-1.06)**
消化道先天性畸形90.39(49.33~148.89)22.79(15.55~31.35)-4.13(-4.20~-4.08)**
唐氏综合征48.46(28.22~76.32)16.87(10.58~24.23)-3.17(-3.24~-3.09)**
神经管缺陷127.44(69.40~202.51)8.60(6.22~11.60)-7.87(-7.93~-7.80)**
染色体不平衡重组8.49(6.29~11.17)7.65(5.72~10.09)-0.31(-0.38~-0.25)**
泌尿生殖系统先天性畸形5.00(2.94~9.69)3.68(2.24~5.86)-0.94(-1.00~-0.89)**
唇腭裂66.73(21.42~151.90)2.64(1.79~3.75)-9.38(-9.50~-9.25)**
特纳综合征0.08(0.03~0.14)0.08(0.04~0.14)0.15(0.14~0.16)**
克兰费尔特综合征0.06(0.03~0.13)0.07(0.03~0.15)0.39(0.38~0.40)**
), ArticleFig(id=1311350463971287195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350455708508245, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

1990—2023年中国主要出生缺陷亚型标化DALY率变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出生缺陷亚型标化DALY率(/10万)AAPC(%)
1990年2023年
先天性心脏病811.94(605.46~1046.80)173.45(141.26~205.41)-4.59(-4.64~-4.54)**
先天性肌肉骨骼及肢体畸形56.05(37.83~76.54)39.22(25.30~57.76)-1.09(-1.12~-1.06)**
消化道先天性畸形90.39(49.33~148.89)22.79(15.55~31.35)-4.13(-4.20~-4.08)**
唐氏综合征48.46(28.22~76.32)16.87(10.58~24.23)-3.17(-3.24~-3.09)**
神经管缺陷127.44(69.40~202.51)8.60(6.22~11.60)-7.87(-7.93~-7.80)**
染色体不平衡重组8.49(6.29~11.17)7.65(5.72~10.09)-0.31(-0.38~-0.25)**
泌尿生殖系统先天性畸形5.00(2.94~9.69)3.68(2.24~5.86)-0.94(-1.00~-0.89)**
唇腭裂66.73(21.42~151.90)2.64(1.79~3.75)-9.38(-9.50~-9.25)**
特纳综合征0.08(0.03~0.14)0.08(0.04~0.14)0.15(0.14~0.16)**
克兰费尔特综合征0.06(0.03~0.13)0.07(0.03~0.15)0.39(0.38~0.40)**
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Temporal trends in the standardized mortality rates of major birth defect subtypes in China, 1990—2023

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出生缺陷亚型标化死亡率(/10万)AAPC(%)
1990年2023年
先天性心脏病9.25(6.91~11.91)1.93(1.58~2.31)-4.66(-4.71~-4.61)**
消化道先天性畸形0.99(0.53~1.65)0.24(0.15~0.33)-4.28(-4.35~-4.22)**
唐氏综合征0.51(0.29~0.82)0.16(0.09~0.24)-3.49(-3.57~-3.40)**
神经管缺陷1.40(0.74~2.24)0.08(0.05~0.11)-8.50(-8.60~-8.43)**
泌尿生殖系统先天性畸形0.04(0.02~0.10)0.03(0.01~0.05)-1.17(-1.25~-1.09)**
染色体不平衡重组0.04(0.02~0.05)0.03(0.02~0.04)-0.63(-0.75~-0.53)**
先天性肌肉骨骼及肢体畸形0.14(0.08~0.24)0.02(0.01~0.02)-5.98(-6.09~-5.90)**
唇腭裂0.72(0.22~1.66)0.01(0.00~0.01)-12.89(-13.11~-12.68)**
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1990—2023年中国主要出生缺陷亚型标化死亡率变化趋势

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出生缺陷亚型标化死亡率(/10万)AAPC(%)
1990年2023年
先天性心脏病9.25(6.91~11.91)1.93(1.58~2.31)-4.66(-4.71~-4.61)**
消化道先天性畸形0.99(0.53~1.65)0.24(0.15~0.33)-4.28(-4.35~-4.22)**
唐氏综合征0.51(0.29~0.82)0.16(0.09~0.24)-3.49(-3.57~-3.40)**
神经管缺陷1.40(0.74~2.24)0.08(0.05~0.11)-8.50(-8.60~-8.43)**
泌尿生殖系统先天性畸形0.04(0.02~0.10)0.03(0.01~0.05)-1.17(-1.25~-1.09)**
染色体不平衡重组0.04(0.02~0.05)0.03(0.02~0.04)-0.63(-0.75~-0.53)**
先天性肌肉骨骼及肢体畸形0.14(0.08~0.24)0.02(0.01~0.02)-5.98(-6.09~-5.90)**
唇腭裂0.72(0.22~1.66)0.01(0.00~0.01)-12.89(-13.11~-12.68)**
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1990—2023年中国出生缺陷疾病负担与趋势分析
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郭敏 1 , 马辰星 2 , 李海双 1 , 杨玉侠 1 , 张红真 3 , 武建辉 4, 5
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026,53(15): 2779-2785
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现代预防医学 |儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026 , 53 (15) : 2779 -2785
1990—2023年中国出生缺陷疾病负担与趋势分析
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郭敏1, 马辰星2, 李海双1, 杨玉侠1, 张红真3, 武建辉4, 5
作者信息
  • 1.唐山市妇幼保健院产科,河北 唐山 063000
  • 2.唐山中心医院内分泌科
  • 3.河北医科大学第一医院妇产科
  • 4.华北理工大学公共卫生学院,河北 唐山 063210
  • 5.华北理工大学唐山临床流行病学重点实验室,河北 唐山 063210
通讯作者:
武建辉,E-mail:
作者简介:

郭敏(1987—),女,博士在读,副主任医师,研究方向:环境污染与母婴健康

Disease burden and temporal trends of birth defects in China,1990—2023
Min GUO1, Chen-xing MA2, Hai-shuang LI1, Yu-xia YANG1, Hong-zhen ZHANG3, Jian-hui WU4, 5
Affiliations
  • Department of Obstetrics, Tangshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511166
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目的

评估1990—2023年中国出生缺陷(birth defects)疾病负担的变化趋势,为优化防控策略提供依据。

方法

基于全球疾病负担研究(Global Burden of Disease Study,GBD)2023数据,提取中国总体出生缺陷和10种主要亚型的标化发病率、标化伤残调整生命年(disability-adjusted life year,DALY)率及标化死亡率数据。Joinpoint回归计算平均年度变化百分比(average annual percentage change,AAPC),成对比较分析性别变化趋势的差异。

结果

1990—2023年,中国总体出生缺陷疾病负担呈明显下降趋势,标化发病率、标化DALY率及标化死亡率相应AAPC分别为-0.39%、-4.31%和-4.84%(均P<0.001)。分阶段分析显示,中-低社会人口指数(sociodemographic index,SDI)阶段三项指标均呈明显下降趋势,AAPC分别为-0.92%、-2.13%、-2.32%(均P<0.001);中SDI阶段标化发病率呈小幅上升(AAPC=0.24%,P<0.05),而标化DALY率与标化死亡率下降速度更为显著,AAPC分别为-8.40%和-9.40%(均P<0.001)。总体出生缺陷疾病负担男性始终高于女性;标化发病率的下降速度女性快于男性,而标化DALY率与标化死亡率的下降速度男性快于女性(均P<0.001)。1990和2023年先天性肌肉骨骼及肢体畸形均居标化发病率首位,先天性心脏病均居标化DALY率与标化死亡率首位。各指标在神经管缺陷(AAPC:-3.85%、-7.87%和-8.50%)与唇腭裂(AAPC:-1.58%、-9.38%和-12.89%)中下降趋势最为显著(均P<0.001)。

结论

中国出生缺陷疾病负担明显下降,但存在显著的性别差异,神经管缺陷与唇腭裂防控成效显著。未来应重点关注先天性肌肉骨骼及肢体畸形与先天性心脏病,加强一级预防和全周期健康管理。

中国  /  出生缺陷  /  疾病负担  /  趋势分析
Objective

This study aims to assess the trends in the disease burden of birth defects (BDs) in China from 1990 to 2023, to inform evidence-based optimization of prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Data on the standardized incidence rate, standardized disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate, and standardized mortality rate for total BDs and 10 major subtypes were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2023 for China. Temporal trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC). Pairwise comparisons were conducted to examine differences by sex.

Results

From 1990 to 2023, the disease burden of total BDs in China showed a significant downward trend,with AAPCs of -0.39%, -4.31%, and -4.84% for each indicator, respectively (all P<0.001). Stage-specific analysis showed that during the low-middle sociodemographic index (SDI) stage, all three indicators exhibited significant decreasing trends,with AAPCs of -0.92%, -2.13%, and -2.32%, respectively (all P<0.001). During the middle SDI stage, the standardized incidence rate showed a slight increase (AAPC=0.24%, P<0.05), whereas the standardized DALY rate and standardized mortality rate continued to decline more markedly, with AAPCs of -8.40% and -9.40%, respectively (both P<0.001). The disease burden of total BDs was consistently higher in males than in females; the decline in standardized incidence rate was faster in females than in males, whereas the declines in standardized DALY rate and standardized mortality rate were faster in males than in females (all P<0.001). Congenital musculoskeletal and limb anomalies had the highest standardized incidence rate in both 1990 and 2023. Congenital heart disease had the highest standardized DALY rate and standardized mortality rate in both years. The most marked declines were observed for neural tube defects (AAPCs:-3.85%, -7.87%, -8.50%) and cleft lip and palate (AAPCs: -1.58%, -9.38%, -12.89%) (all P<0.001).

Conclusion

The disease burden of BDs in China has declined markedly, with notable sex-based differences. Significant progress has been made in the prevention and control of neural tube defects and cleft lip and palate. Future efforts should focus on congenital musculoskeletal and limb anomalies and congenital heart disease, with an emphasis on primary prevention and life-cycle health management.

China  /  Birth defect  /  Disease burden  /  Temporal trend
郭敏, 马辰星, 李海双, 杨玉侠, 张红真, 武建辉. 1990—2023年中国出生缺陷疾病负担与趋势分析. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2779 -2785 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511166
Min GUO, Chen-xing MA, Hai-shuang LI, Yu-xia YANG, Hong-zhen ZHANG, Jian-hui WU. Disease burden and temporal trends of birth defects in China,1990—2023[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2779 -2785 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511166
出生缺陷(birth defects)是指在胚胎发育过程中发生的结构、功能或代谢异常,可严重影响身体机能与认知发育,甚至危及生命[1-2]。根据全球疾病负担研究(Global Burden of Disease Study,GBD)2021数据,出生缺陷已成为导致20岁以下人群死亡的第三大原因,全球约3%~6%的婴儿受累,其对全球疾病负担的影响十分显著[3]。
社会人口指数(sociodemographic index,SDI)与疾病负担关系密切。过去30年间,我国经历了从低SDI到高-中SDI的经济发展过程[4],居民收入增长、孕产妇营养及保健水平提升,为出生缺陷防控创造了有利条件[5-7]。与此同时,我国逐步构建了从婚前期至儿童期的三级预防体系,为降低出生缺陷发生率和改善预后提供了政策支持[8-9]。已有研究显示,1990—2021年,我国五岁以下儿童出生缺陷的疾病负担呈下降趋势[10]。
然而,在总体进展之下,我国出生缺陷防控仍面临诸多挑战,如高龄妊娠增多、辅助生殖技术应用扩展及环境内分泌干扰物暴露等[2,11-12]。现有基于GBD数据的研究多集中在全球或国家层面的较早年份,缺乏基于最新GBD 2023数据对中国出生缺陷疾病负担的分析。因此,本研究利用GBD 2023数据,系统评估了1990—2023年中国总体出生缺陷与各主要亚型的疾病负担与变化趋势,以期为制定针对性干预措施、优化卫生资源配置和推进精准公共卫生实践提供参考。
本研究所有数据均来源于GBD结果工具(https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/),提取了1990—2023年中国出生缺陷的汇总数据,数据无任何可识别个人信息。GBD 2023根据国际疾病分类编码提供了11类主要出生缺陷的疾病负担数据,包括先天性心脏病、神经管缺陷、消化道先天性异常、唐氏综合征、唇腭裂、特纳综合征、克氏综合征、染色体不平衡重组、先天性肌肉骨骼及四肢畸形、泌尿生殖系统先天性异常以及其他先天性出生缺陷。本研究疾病类型为总体出生缺陷和除外其他先天性出生缺陷的10种主要亚型。
疾病负担的评价指标包括标化发病率、标化伤残调整生命年(disability-adjusted life year,DALY)率与标化死亡率,即发病率、DALY率与死亡率,统一采用 GBD 2023 参照标准人口进行年龄标化,以保证跨地区与跨时期的可比性。
SDI是一个复合指数,由三个标准化指标的几何平均数计算得出:25岁以下总生育率、15岁及以上人群的平均受教育年限以及滞后分布的人均收入,取值范围为0~1。基于SDI值,GBD的204个国家和地区被划分为五个发展水平:低SDI地区[0~0.465 8)、中-低SDI地区[0.465 8~0.618 8)、中SDI地区[0.618 8~0.712 0)、高-中SDI地区[0.712 0~0.810 3)与高SDI地区[0.810 3~1.000 0]。
华盛顿大学机构审查委员会已审核并批准GBD研究的知情同意豁免(https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd)。
采用R 4.3.1版本和Joinpoint Regression Program 5.4.0软件进行统计分析和可视化。描述中国总体出生缺陷及10个主要亚型的疾病负担时,标化发病率、标化DALY率与标化死亡率以每10万人的估算值表示,均附有95%的不确定性区间(uncertainty interval,UI)。计算总变化率评估相应指标的总体变动幅度,其公式为:总变化率(%)=(指标终止年-指标起始年)/指标起始年×100%。Joinpoint回归分析评估出生缺陷疾病负担的变化趋势。该模型采用对数线性回归方法,通过置换检验选择节段数,计算平均年度变化百分比(average annual percentage change,AAPC)及95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)。此外,利用该模型的成对比较分析,探索不同性别间出生缺陷的趋势变化差异。检验水准α=0.05。
1990—2023年中国总体出生缺陷疾病负担各指标呈现出不同的变化模式。标化发病率在34年间呈现“先降后升”的波动趋势,见图1A;从1990年的122.95/10万下降至2014年的最低点102.55/10万,总变化率达16.59%;随后呈现回升趋势,2023年上升到108.39/10万,比最低时升高5.69%,但相较于1990年仍低11.84%。标化DALY率和标化死亡率均表现出“先升后降”的波动趋势,见图1B和图1C;从1990年的1 302.59/10万和14.00/10万升至2000年的1 325.22/10万和14.16/10万,升幅分别为1.70%和1.14%;随后呈现连续下降趋势至2023年的305.53/10万和2.74/10万,较1990年降幅高达76.54%和80.43%。
如表1所示,1990—2023年中国总体出生缺陷标化发病率、标化DALY率及标化死亡率均呈明显下降趋势,AAPC(95%CI)分别为-0.39%(-0.40~-0.38)、-4.31%(-4.36~-4.28)和-4.84%(-4.89~-4.79)(均P<0.001)。
如表2所示,Spearman相关性分析显示,1990—2023年,中国总体出生缺陷的标化发病率、标化DALY率及标化死亡率均与SDI呈强负相关(均P<0.001),其中标化DALY率和标化死亡率与SDI的相关性较标化发病率更强。
进一步分析不同SDI阶段的变化趋势发现,中国总体出生缺陷疾病负担呈现阶段性差异。在中-低SDI阶段,标化发病率、标化DALY率及标化死亡率均呈明显下降趋势,AAPC(95%CI)分别为-0.92%(-0.93~-0.91)、-2.13%(-2.28~-1.99)和-2.32%(-2.46~-2.19) (均P<0.001)。进入中SDI阶段后,标化发病率出现小幅上升趋势(AAPC=0.24%,95%CI:0.09~0.39,P<0.05);而标化DALY率与标化死亡率仍保持明显下降趋势,AAPC(95%CI)分别为-8.40%(-8.66~-8.14)和-9.40%(-9.73~-9.08)(均P<0.001),且这两项指标在该阶段的下降速度较中-低SDI阶段更为显著。
如图2所示,1990—2023年中国总体出生缺陷疾病负担男性始终高于女性,至2023年标化DALY率和标化死亡率不同性别间差距有所缩小(男性: 325.48/10万和2.96/10万;女性:282.72/10万和2.49/10万)。
如表3所示,1990—2023年中国男性总体出生缺陷年标化发病率、标化DALY率及标化死亡率均呈明显下降趋势,AAPC(95%CI)分别为-0.34%(-0.35~-0.33)、-4.42%(-4.47~-4.38)和-4.90%(-4.96~-4.85)(均P<0.001)。同期中国女性各指标也表现出明显下降趋势,AAPC(95%CI)分别为-0.46%(-0.49~-0.42)、-4.20%(-4.24~-4.16)和-4.80%(-4.85~-4.76)(均P<0.001)。研究期间,男性与女性之间总体出生缺陷标化发病率、标化DALY率及标化死亡率的AAPC成对比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。具体而言,女性标化发病率的下降速度快于男性,而男性标化DALY率与标化死亡率的下降速度快于女性。
如表4所示,1990和2023年中国出生缺陷标化发病率前五顺位保持一致,先天性肌肉骨骼及肢体畸形居首位。1990—2023年,除先天性肌肉骨骼及肢体畸形(AAPC=0.02%,95%CI:0.01~0.04)和消化道先天畸形(AAPC=0.05%,95%CI:-0.01~0.11)标化发病率表现出上升趋势外,其他各亚型均表现出明显下降趋势,其中神经管缺陷畸形下降速度最快(AAPC=-3.85%,95%CI:-3.88~-3.81),其次为唇腭裂(AAPC=-1.58%,95%CI:-1.70~-1.50)。
1990和2023年,先天性心脏病均居于标化DALY率和标化死亡率首位,其余亚型在不同疾病负担指标中的排序存在差异。在整个研究期间,特纳综合征(AAPC=0.15%,95%CI:0.14~0.16)和克兰费尔特综合征(AAPC=0.39%,95%CI:0.38~0.40)标化DALY率呈现小幅上升趋势,其余8种亚型均呈明显下降趋势。其中,唇腭裂的下降趋势最为显著(AAPC=-9.38%,95%CI:-9.50~-9.25),其次为神经管缺陷(AAPC=-7.87%,95%CI:-7.93~-7.80),见表5。10种出生缺陷亚型标化死亡率均呈明显下降趋势。唇腭裂下降速度最快(AAPC=12.89%,95%CI:-13.11~-12.68),其次为神经管缺陷(AAPC=8.50%,95%CI:-8.60~-8.43)。见表6。
本研究基于GBD 2023发现,1990—2023年中国总体出生缺陷疾病负担呈明显下降趋势,主要归因于自1990年起逐步完善的三级防控体系[8-9]。一级预防通过全民推广围孕期叶酸补充有效降低了神经管缺陷;婚前医学检查与孕前优生健康检查加强了对风险因素的筛查与干预。二级预防方面,产前筛查与诊断技术(超声、血清学、分子遗传学)的普及加强了对严重缺陷的早期干预。三级预防中,新生儿疾病筛查及多学科联合诊疗显著提高了非严重唇腭裂等患儿的存活率与生活质量[13]。这些成果证明了公共卫生干预与临床管理策略的有效性[14-15]。
进一步分析显示,出生缺陷标化发病率、标化DALY率和标化死亡率均与SDI呈强负相关,提示社会经济发展是推动出生缺陷疾病负担下降的重要宏观因素。分阶段看,中-低SDI阶段三项指标均已明显下降,说明早期防控体系在经济发展不充分的条件下仍能发挥作用。中SDI阶段标化DALY率和标化死亡率下降速度进一步加快,彰显了中国特色的公共卫生治理效能[8,16]。值得注意的是,中SDI阶段标化发病率有小幅上升,对此需审慎解读:在诊断技术不断进步的背景下,应建立标准化解释框架,区分“检出率提升”与“真实发病风险变化”。尽管发病率小幅上升,但DALY率和死亡率显著下降,说明防治措施在减少健康寿命损失方面取得了根本性成功。
本研究还观察到中国出生缺陷疾病负担存在性别差异,可能源于:男性因仅有一条X染色体,遗传缓冲能力较弱,X连锁缺陷表现更显著[17];男性胎儿对母体内环境中的化学污染物、内分泌干扰物等环境风险因素更敏感[18];男性胎儿生长快、代谢需求高,在母体供给胎儿受限时更脆弱[19]。此外,社会文化背景下对男性后代的健康关注度更高,可能提高了检出率[20]。值得注意的是,女性出生缺陷标化发病率下降速度快于男性,提示以母亲为重点的生殖健康干预对女性胎儿产生了更直接的保护效应。
在总体成效背景下,近期社会与环境变迁带来了新挑战。首先,国家推进产前筛查网络建设及高分辨率超声等设备更新,显著提升了对轻微或非致死性缺陷(如某些肌肉骨骼畸形)的检出能力[21]。其次,“全面二孩”及“三孩”政策后高龄孕产妇比例上升,而高龄妊娠是染色体非整倍体等出生缺陷的独立风险因素[22]。第三,环境内分泌干扰物、大气污染物等致畸因子的健康效应可能长期累积,辅助生殖技术的普及也可能引入新风险[12,23]。此外,性染色体数目异常负担凸显,除诊断率提高外,更反映了儿科内分泌等专科健康管理进步使患者生存期延长,累积健康损失在统计上更为突出[24]。疾病顺位已从神经管缺陷等致死性疾病转向先天性心脏病、肌肉骨骼畸形等可治性非致死性畸形[6,25],标志着防治重点需从“降低发生率”向“优化全生命周期健康管理与生存质量”战略转向。
本研究的优势在于利用GBD 2023和Joinpoint回归模型,系统展示了中国34年间的出生缺陷疾病负担的变化趋势。局限性包括:GBD数据为模型估算而非实际监测数据,可能因基础假设中的数据缺口引入偏倚;不能对发病率回升等现象进行直接因果分析;缺乏省级数据,无法分析各省份差异。
综上,1990—2023年中国出生缺陷疾病负担显著下降,神经管缺陷与唇腭裂防控尤为突出。未来应重点关注先天性心脏病与先天性肌肉骨骼及肢体畸形,推动防治体系从单一卫生部门主导向环境治理、健康促进与医疗保障多部门协同转型,通过强化全生命周期管理,最大限度改善患儿长期功能与生活质量。
  • 河北省2024年度医学科学研究课题计划(20241296)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511166
  • 接收时间:2025-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-13
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河北省2024年度医学科学研究课题计划(20241296)
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    1.唐山市妇幼保健院产科,河北 唐山 063000
    2.唐山中心医院内分泌科
    3.河北医科大学第一医院妇产科
    4.华北理工大学公共卫生学院,河北 唐山 063210
    5.华北理工大学唐山临床流行病学重点实验室,河北 唐山 063210

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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