Article(id=1311350324510683550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601316, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769011200000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579881073, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579881073, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579881073, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579881073, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311350193946194882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579849945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588319569, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2746, endPage=2751, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350324732981663, articleId=1311350324510683550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Heavy metal pollution status and health risk assessment of rice produced in Wuxi City from 2021 to 2024, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the pollution status of heavy metals (Cr, As, Pb, Cd, and Hg) in rice produced in Wuxi City and assess their potential health risks.

Methods

From 2021 to 2024, 157 rice samples were collected from rice planting areas A and B under the jurisdiction of Wuxi. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to detect target elements. Single factor pollution index (Pi) and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method were used to evaluate the pollution level of rice produced in Wuxi City, and health risks were evaluated by environmental health risk assessment model.

Results

The annual average concentrations of various heavy metals were within the standard limits, with the mean values ranging from high to low as Cr>As>inorganic As>Pb>Cd>Hg. The coefficient of variation for each element ranged from 33.12%to 352.94%. The single factor pollution index and comprehensive pollution index of Cr, As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in areas A and B were all less than 0.6, indicating a safe level. The total carcinogenic risk of heavy metals was 3.51×10-4, with inorganic As having the highest carcinogenic risk of 2.68×10-4. The individual non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals and the combined health risk index of multiple heavy metals were all less than 1, with inorganic As having the highest non-carcinogenic risk of 5.95 × 10-1.

Conclusion

The heavy metal pollution in rice produced in Wuxi was at a safe level, and the distribution of heavy metal pollution in the samples was uneven. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals from rice produced in Wuxi were at acceptable levels.

, authors=Xiao-xin ZHOU, Li-jun CHEN, Yan GONG, Yuan-hua MENG, authorsList=Xiao-xin ZHOU, Li-jun CHEN, Yan GONG, Yuan-hua MENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuan-hua MENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350328272974258, articleId=1311350324510683550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=2021—2024年无锡市自产稻米重金属污染状况及健康风险评估, columnId=1228016573034721597, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=营养与食品卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解无锡市产稻米中重金属[铬(Cr)、砷 (As))、铅(Pb)、镉 (Cd)、汞(Hg)]的污染状况,并评估其潜在健康风险。

方法

2021—2024年从无锡市辖A和B水稻种植区共采集157份稻米样本,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)对目标元素进行检测。采用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数法评价无锡市产稻米的污染水平,运用环境健康风险评价模型评价食用无锡市产稻米的健康风险。

结果

各重金属的年均浓度均在标准限值内,均值从高到低为:Cr>As>无机As>Pb>Cd>Hg,各元素的变异系数范围为33.12%~352.94%。A和B地区的Cr、As、Pb、Cd、Hg单因子污染指数和综合污染指数均小于0.6,处于安全水平。重金属的总致癌风险为3.51×10-4,其中无机As的致癌风险最高,为2.68×10-4;重金属的单独非致癌风险和多种重金属危害健康风险指数均小于1,无机As的非致癌风险最高,为5.95×10-1。

结论

无锡市产稻米中重金属污染处于安全水平,样本中重金属污染分布不均,重金属的致癌和非致癌风险处于可接受水平。

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周小新(1985—),女,本科,副主任医师,研究方向:食品安全、环境卫生检测与风险评估

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孟元华, E-mail:
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[2026-05-10].https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-users-guide., articleTitle=Regional screening levels(RSLs), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311350333285167588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, awardId=JSZJ20251209, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省职业健康科研项目(JSZJ20251209), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350333335499237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, awardId=K20253023, language=CN, fundingSource=无锡市科技发展资金项目(K20253023), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350333402608102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, awardId=LCZX2021006, language=CN, fundingSource=无锡市公共卫生中心(LCZX2021006), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311350328499466675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350328503660980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, companyId=1311350328499466675, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350328512049589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, companyId=1311350328499466675, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=无锡市疾病预防控制中心(南京医科大学附属无锡疾病预防控制中心),江苏 无锡 214023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350330282045906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Annual trend of heavy metal content in rice produced in Wuxi City (2021—2024), figureFileSmall=+OChw0nm7Fj1slTOw4GqzQ==, figureFileBig=GRNir5MYYJDvLgjnH5hdlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350330365931987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2021—2024年无锡市产稻米重金属含量年度变化趋势

注:A~F分别为2021—2024年稻米中元素Cr、As、无机As、Cd、Hg和Pb年均含量的趋势。

, figureFileSmall=+OChw0nm7Fj1slTOw4GqzQ==, figureFileBig=GRNir5MYYJDvLgjnH5hdlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350330550481364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Correlation analysis of heavy metals in rice, figureFileSmall=0kKIG3StP9ABatEmImD5cA==, figureFileBig=SAWtF0FBBndO+Jl3aF2hRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350330625978837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=CN, label=图2, caption=稻米中各重金属的相关性分析

注:A为监测期间不同元素的分布情况;B为监测期间不同元素的相关系数。

, figureFileSmall=0kKIG3StP9ABatEmImD5cA==, figureFileBig=SAWtF0FBBndO+Jl3aF2hRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350330693087702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Grading of heavy metal contamination levels in rice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级单因子污染指数污染程度质量水平
1Pi≤0.6有污染物,污染物接近背景值或略高于背景值安全
20.6<Pi<1.0污染物残留量较多的样本轻度污染
3Pi≥1.0污染产品,污染物超过限量标准重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1311350330764390871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

稻米重金属污染水平分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级单因子污染指数污染程度质量水平
1Pi≤0.6有污染物,污染物接近背景值或略高于背景值安全
20.6<Pi<1.0污染物残留量较多的样本轻度污染
3Pi≥1.0污染产品,污染物超过限量标准重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1311350330831499736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Population exposure parameters for the health risk model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称单位取值文献
C稻米中某重金属的浓度mg/kg本研究本研究
IR稻米日均摄入量g/d191[19]
EF年暴露频率d/年365[19]
ED持续暴露时间年70[19]
BW平均体重kg63.2[19]
AT暴露时长d82.54×3652023年度无锡市期望寿命
), ArticleFig(id=1311350330911191513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

健康风险模型人群暴露参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称单位取值文献
C稻米中某重金属的浓度mg/kg本研究本研究
IR稻米日均摄入量g/d191[19]
EF年暴露频率d/年365[19]
ED持续暴露时间年70[19]
BW平均体重kg63.2[19]
AT暴露时长d82.54×3652023年度无锡市期望寿命
), ArticleFig(id=1311350330974106074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Toxicological parameters for heavy metals via the oral route

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物非致癌效应致癌效应
RfD (mg/kg·d)文献SF [(mg/kg·d)]-1文献
无机As0.000 3[25]1.5[25]
Cd0.000 5IRIS0.64[25]
Cr6+0.003 0[25]0.27IRIS
Hg0.000 3[25]—
Pb0.001 4[25]0.008 5CALEPA
), ArticleFig(id=1311350332500832731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

重金属经口途径毒理学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物非致癌效应致癌效应
RfD (mg/kg·d)文献SF [(mg/kg·d)]-1文献
无机As0.000 3[25]1.5[25]
Cd0.000 5IRIS0.64[25]
Cr6+0.003 0[25]0.27IRIS
Hg0.000 3[25]—
Pb0.001 4[25]0.008 5CALEPA
), ArticleFig(id=1311350332614078940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Monitoring results of heavy metals in rice production in Wuxi City, 2021—2024 (n=157)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份
(年)
元素平均数(mg/kg)标准差(mg/kg)中位数(mg/kg)P25(mg/kg)P75(mg/kg)最小值
(mg/kg)
最大值(mg/kg)变异系数
(%)
检出率
(%)
2021Cr0.2360.1710.1780.1330.2790.0260.69172.49100.00
As0.1240.0290.1220.1110.1440.0490.19223.42100.00
无机As0.0630.0130.0640.0570.0700.0280.09619.76100.00
Cd0.0320.0260.0280.0170.0380.0040.14979.82100.00
Hg0.0040.0130.0020.0010.0020.0010.078308.20100.00
Pb0.0210.0220.0100.0100.0210.0100.100105.5132.43
2022Cr0.1880.1360.1460.1070.2310.0460.63072.54100.00
As0.0850.0270.0870.0690.0970.0380.15931.63100.00
无机As0.0540.0160.0500.0460.0620.0270.11329.70100.00
Cd0.0310.0190.0220.0170.0470.0100.07461.77100.00
Hg0.0010.0010.0010.0010.0020.0010.00466.5947.50
Pb0.0260.0190.0210.0100.0330.0100.07974.7855.00
2023Cr0.3230.1470.2930.2120.3960.1070.69445.48100.00
As0.0910.0300.0890.0680.1110.0270.15032.86100.00
无机As0.0840.0260.0850.0630.1050.0170.14831.16100.00
Cd0.0340.0310.0210.0120.0490.0040.15393.13100.00
Hg0.0020.0010.0010.0010.0020.0010.00347.8085.00
Pb0.0240.0320.0100.0100.0210.0100.179135.7840.00
2024Cr0.4920.2560.4410.2590.7040.1380.99852.08100.00
As0.1160.0360.1160.0900.1450.0380.19530.70100.00
无机As0.0770.0250.0730.0580.0920.0160.12732.81100.00
Cd0.0300.0290.0180.0140.0370.0010.11596.3895.00
Hg0.0010.0000.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.000.00
Pb0.0700.0420.0540.0390.0910.0230.21159.64100.00
合计Cr0.3110.2160.2470.1530.4060.0260.99869.61100.00
As0.1040.0340.0980.0780.1270.0270.19533.12100.00
无机As0.0700.0240.0660.0530.0810.0160.14834.06100.00
Cd0.0320.0270.0220.0140.0440.0010.15383.6398.73
Hg0.0020.0060.0010.0010.0020.0010.078352.9457.32
Pb0.0350.0360.0210.0100.0450.0100.211102.9757.32
), ArticleFig(id=1311350332718936541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2021—2024年无锡市产稻米中重金属的监测结果(n=157)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份
(年)
元素平均数(mg/kg)标准差(mg/kg)中位数(mg/kg)P25(mg/kg)P75(mg/kg)最小值
(mg/kg)
最大值(mg/kg)变异系数
(%)
检出率
(%)
2021Cr0.2360.1710.1780.1330.2790.0260.69172.49100.00
As0.1240.0290.1220.1110.1440.0490.19223.42100.00
无机As0.0630.0130.0640.0570.0700.0280.09619.76100.00
Cd0.0320.0260.0280.0170.0380.0040.14979.82100.00
Hg0.0040.0130.0020.0010.0020.0010.078308.20100.00
Pb0.0210.0220.0100.0100.0210.0100.100105.5132.43
2022Cr0.1880.1360.1460.1070.2310.0460.63072.54100.00
As0.0850.0270.0870.0690.0970.0380.15931.63100.00
无机As0.0540.0160.0500.0460.0620.0270.11329.70100.00
Cd0.0310.0190.0220.0170.0470.0100.07461.77100.00
Hg0.0010.0010.0010.0010.0020.0010.00466.5947.50
Pb0.0260.0190.0210.0100.0330.0100.07974.7855.00
2023Cr0.3230.1470.2930.2120.3960.1070.69445.48100.00
As0.0910.0300.0890.0680.1110.0270.15032.86100.00
无机As0.0840.0260.0850.0630.1050.0170.14831.16100.00
Cd0.0340.0310.0210.0120.0490.0040.15393.13100.00
Hg0.0020.0010.0010.0010.0020.0010.00347.8085.00
Pb0.0240.0320.0100.0100.0210.0100.179135.7840.00
2024Cr0.4920.2560.4410.2590.7040.1380.99852.08100.00
As0.1160.0360.1160.0900.1450.0380.19530.70100.00
无机As0.0770.0250.0730.0580.0920.0160.12732.81100.00
Cd0.0300.0290.0180.0140.0370.0010.11596.3895.00
Hg0.0010.0000.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.000.00
Pb0.0700.0420.0540.0390.0910.0230.21159.64100.00
合计Cr0.3110.2160.2470.1530.4060.0260.99869.61100.00
As0.1040.0340.0980.0780.1270.0270.19533.12100.00
无机As0.0700.0240.0660.0530.0810.0160.14834.06100.00
Cd0.0320.0270.0220.0140.0440.0010.15383.6398.73
Hg0.0020.0060.0010.0010.0020.0010.078352.9457.32
Pb0.0350.0360.0210.0100.0450.0100.211102.9757.32
), ArticleFig(id=1311350332802822622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Heavy metal pollution levels in rice produced in Wuxi City, 2021—2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区单因子污染指数(Pi)内梅罗综合污染指数污染水平
总Cr无机AsCdHgPb
A0.3330.3460.1430.1080.1480.373安全
B0.2880.3500.1740.0660.2060.361安全
合计0.3110.3480.1580.0870.1770.367安全
), ArticleFig(id=1311350332874125791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2021—2024年无锡市产稻米中重金属的污染水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区单因子污染指数(Pi)内梅罗综合污染指数污染水平
总Cr无机AsCdHgPb
A0.3330.3460.1430.1080.1480.373安全
B0.2880.3500.1740.0660.2060.361安全
合计0.3110.3480.1580.0870.1770.367安全
), ArticleFig(id=1311350332962206176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Cancer risk assessment of heavy metals in rice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险2021年2022年2023年2024年均值
Cr6+2.33×10-51.86×10-53.19×10-54.86×10-53.07×10-5
无机As2.43×10-42.09×10-43.22×10-42.94×10-42.68×10-4
Cd5.29×10-55.03×10-55.54×10-54.94×10-55.20×10-5
Pb4.48×10-75.57×10-75.19×10-71.53×10-67.70×10-7
合计3.20×10-42.78×10-44.10×10-43.94×10-43.51×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1311350333041897953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

稻米中重金属的致癌风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险2021年2022年2023年2024年均值
Cr6+2.33×10-51.86×10-53.19×10-54.86×10-53.07×10-5
无机As2.43×10-42.09×10-43.22×10-42.94×10-42.68×10-4
Cd5.29×10-55.03×10-55.54×10-54.94×10-55.20×10-5
Pb4.48×10-75.57×10-75.19×10-71.53×10-67.70×10-7
合计3.20×10-42.78×10-44.10×10-43.94×10-43.51×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1311350333109006818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals in rice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HQ2021年2022年2023年2024年均值
Cr6+2.88×10-22.29×10-23.94×10-26.00×10-23.80×10-2
无机As5.41×10-14.64×10-17.15×10-16.54×10-15.95×10-1
Cd1.65×10-11.57×10-11.73×10-11.54×10-11.62×10-1
Hg3.47×10-29.02×10-31.33×10-24.27×10-31.49×10-2
Pb3.76×10-24.68×10-24.36×10-21.29×10-16.47×10-2
HI8.07×10-17.00×10-19.85×10-11.00×1018.75×10-1
), ArticleFig(id=1311350333176115683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350324510683550, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

稻米中重金属的非致癌风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HQ2021年2022年2023年2024年均值
Cr6+2.88×10-22.29×10-23.94×10-26.00×10-23.80×10-2
无机As5.41×10-14.64×10-17.15×10-16.54×10-15.95×10-1
Cd1.65×10-11.57×10-11.73×10-11.54×10-11.62×10-1
Hg3.47×10-29.02×10-31.33×10-24.27×10-31.49×10-2
Pb3.76×10-24.68×10-24.36×10-21.29×10-16.47×10-2
HI8.07×10-17.00×10-19.85×10-11.00×1018.75×10-1
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2021—2024年无锡市自产稻米重金属污染状况及健康风险评估
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周小新 , 陈丽君 , 龚燕 , 孟元华
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2026,53(15): 2746-2751
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现代预防医学 |营养与食品卫生 2026 , 53 (15) : 2746 -2751
2021—2024年无锡市自产稻米重金属污染状况及健康风险评估
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周小新, 陈丽君, 龚燕, 孟元华
作者信息
  • 无锡市疾病预防控制中心(南京医科大学附属无锡疾病预防控制中心),江苏 无锡 214023
通讯作者:
孟元华, E-mail:
作者简介:

周小新(1985—),女,本科,副主任医师,研究方向:食品安全、环境卫生检测与风险评估

Heavy metal pollution status and health risk assessment of rice produced in Wuxi City from 2021 to 2024
Xiao-xin ZHOU, Li-jun CHEN, Yan GONG, Yuan-hua MENG
Affiliations
  • The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, China
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601316
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目的

了解无锡市产稻米中重金属[铬(Cr)、砷 (As))、铅(Pb)、镉 (Cd)、汞(Hg)]的污染状况,并评估其潜在健康风险。

方法

2021—2024年从无锡市辖A和B水稻种植区共采集157份稻米样本,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)对目标元素进行检测。采用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数法评价无锡市产稻米的污染水平,运用环境健康风险评价模型评价食用无锡市产稻米的健康风险。

结果

各重金属的年均浓度均在标准限值内,均值从高到低为:Cr>As>无机As>Pb>Cd>Hg,各元素的变异系数范围为33.12%~352.94%。A和B地区的Cr、As、Pb、Cd、Hg单因子污染指数和综合污染指数均小于0.6,处于安全水平。重金属的总致癌风险为3.51×10-4,其中无机As的致癌风险最高,为2.68×10-4;重金属的单独非致癌风险和多种重金属危害健康风险指数均小于1,无机As的非致癌风险最高,为5.95×10-1。

结论

无锡市产稻米中重金属污染处于安全水平,样本中重金属污染分布不均,重金属的致癌和非致癌风险处于可接受水平。

重金属  /  风险评估  /  无锡  /  稻米
Objective

To investigate the pollution status of heavy metals (Cr, As, Pb, Cd, and Hg) in rice produced in Wuxi City and assess their potential health risks.

Methods

From 2021 to 2024, 157 rice samples were collected from rice planting areas A and B under the jurisdiction of Wuxi. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to detect target elements. Single factor pollution index (Pi) and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method were used to evaluate the pollution level of rice produced in Wuxi City, and health risks were evaluated by environmental health risk assessment model.

Results

The annual average concentrations of various heavy metals were within the standard limits, with the mean values ranging from high to low as Cr>As>inorganic As>Pb>Cd>Hg. The coefficient of variation for each element ranged from 33.12%to 352.94%. The single factor pollution index and comprehensive pollution index of Cr, As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in areas A and B were all less than 0.6, indicating a safe level. The total carcinogenic risk of heavy metals was 3.51×10-4, with inorganic As having the highest carcinogenic risk of 2.68×10-4. The individual non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals and the combined health risk index of multiple heavy metals were all less than 1, with inorganic As having the highest non-carcinogenic risk of 5.95 × 10-1.

Conclusion

The heavy metal pollution in rice produced in Wuxi was at a safe level, and the distribution of heavy metal pollution in the samples was uneven. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals from rice produced in Wuxi were at acceptable levels.

Heavy metals  /  Health risk assessment  /  Wuxi  /  Rice
周小新, 陈丽君, 龚燕, 孟元华. 2021—2024年无锡市自产稻米重金属污染状况及健康风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2746 -2751 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601316
Xiao-xin ZHOU, Li-jun CHEN, Yan GONG, Yuan-hua MENG. Heavy metal pollution status and health risk assessment of rice produced in Wuxi City from 2021 to 2024[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2746 -2751 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601316
重金属是一类对人体有害的物质,由于其高毒性、生物累积性、持久性以及对人类的潜在健康风险,受到了公众的广泛关注[1-2]。多项证据显示,长期暴露于高浓度重金属可能导致心脏毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性和癌症等各种疾病,从而增加死亡率[3-4]。
铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)是世界卫生组织和联合国粮农组织重点关注的有毒重金属[5-6]。无机砷(As)和六价铬(Cr6+ )也被国际癌症研究中心列为1类致癌物,其致癌性与肾癌、肺癌和前列腺癌等密切相关[7-8]。有证据显示[9],过量摄入重金属(如Hg、Pb、As、Cd等)可能会破坏星形胶质细胞的稳态和神经保护功能,影响抗氧化机制和能量代谢,最终导致神经元损伤并引发神经退行性疾病。研究表明,Pb暴露与骨痛、骨折风险增加相关,机制可能与影响维生素D代谢和骨转换有关[10],Hg、Pb和Cd等金属的联合暴露与股骨颈骨密度下降之间存在关联[11]。此外,有毒金属离子会通过与必需生物分子的相互作用,取代蛋白质、酶或骨骼和牙齿等组织中的重要金属离子,从而产生有害影响[12-13]。
土壤重金属污染具有隐蔽性、累积性、难治理性和不可逆性的特点,重金属在土壤中不断蓄积,迁移和富集至农作物,再经食物进入人体,对人体健康产生威胁[14-18]。无锡是江苏省下辖的地级市,位于长江三角洲中心地带,截至2024年底,常住人口为750.5万,国内生产总值为16 263.29亿元人民币。全年粮食播种面积为82.78千公顷,粮食总产量56.80万吨。稻米是无锡主要的粮食作物之一,大米也是居民主要的口粮,因此,监测和评估稻米的质量安全对于人体健康有重要意义。
有研究已对无锡地区市售谷物中重金属的污染状况和健康风险进行了评估[19],但目前尚无关于无锡地区自产稻米中重金属含量和健康风险的研究,本研究旨在监测无锡市产稻米中重金属(Hg、Pb、As、Cd、Cr)的含量及污染状况,评估食用无锡市产稻米的健康风险,为农产品的质量安全治理提供数据支持。
2021—2024年按照无锡市农村环境卫生监测工作方案,在无锡选择A县和B县作为水稻田水稻重金属项目监测县,每个监测县随机选择5个乡镇,每个乡镇随机选择4个行政村作为监测点,各市(县)采集20份水稻样本。稻谷样品需保证30~40穗,约500 g,现场将样本保存于自封口塑料袋中,记录稻米的采集位置并编号。采集的稻穗用蒸馏水清洗干净,自然晾晒至干燥、脱粒,脱壳制成精米,研磨成粉末状,装入50 ml康宁离心管中待测定。各目标元素按照《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》(GB 5009.268—2016)中第一法 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)进行测定,并按《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2022)进行限量评价。实验过程中,在优化的仪器条件下,测量试剂空白、标准曲线系列、样品溶液和质控样品溶液,保证重金属结果的准确可靠。
Triple Quad 8900型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(美国 Agilent Technologies 公司);XS105DU型 万/十万分之一电子天平(瑞士 梅特勒公司);Touchmin 2.0型微波消解仪(中国 奥普乐仪器有限公司);PURELAB ULTRA纯水系统(英国 UK公司)。
硝酸(UPS级,晶瑞电子材料股份有限公司);双氧水 (AR级,国药集团);多元素标准溶液(Cr、As、Cd和Pb)(质量浓度:100 μg/ml,美国 PE公司);单元素标准溶液(Hg)(质量浓度:10 mg/L,美国 PE公司);内标元素贮备液(100 mg/L):钪(Sc)、锗(Ge)、铟(In)、铑(Rh)和铋(Bi)(美国 Agilent Technologies公司)。
采用单因子污染指数(Pi)和尼梅罗综合污染指数(P综合)对稻米中重金属污染状况进行评价[20],公式如下:
公式中:Ci为样本中某金属的含量(mg/kg);Si代表重金属的限量值(mg/kg)。 Pavg代表稻米中某元素单因子污染指数的平均值; Pmax为稻米中某元素单因子污染指数的最大值。评价方法参考NY/T 398—2000《农、畜、水产品污染监测技术规范》执行。见表1。
本研究采用美国环境保护署(United States Environmental Protection,Agency,US EPA)推荐的“四步法”健康风险评价模型[21],评估无锡市产稻米中重金属的非致癌风险和致癌风险。计算方法如公式(3)~(6):
式中,ADDoral:经口途径非致癌日均暴露剂量(mg/kg·d)[22];C:稻米中某重金属的浓度(mg/kg);IR:经口日均摄入稻米的量(g/day);EF:年暴露频率,d/年;ED:持续暴露时间,年;BW:体重量,kg;AT:暴露时长,期望寿命×365,单位为d。HQ:非致癌效应的危险系数;HI:多种重金属危害健康风险指数;RISK:致癌效应的风险。RfD:参考剂量, mg/(kg·d);SF:致癌斜率因子, [mg/(kg·d)]-1 。
研究表明HQ≤1时,该污染物对暴露人群健康危害较小,风险可接受; HQ>1时,该污染物对暴露人群健康危害较大,需采取管控措施。HI为多种重金属的危害健康风险指数,若HI>1则代表多种重金属产生的复合影响需要引起关注。US EPA 认为,RISK<1×10-6时风险可忽略;RISK在1×10-6~1×10-4之间,风险可接受;若RISK>1×10-4,风险为不可接受, 需要进一步管控。人群暴露和毒理学相关参数见表2、3。
各重金属及类金属毒理学参数来源于加利福尼亚州环保局(The California Environmental Protection Agency, CALEPA)[23]、美国国家环保局综合风险信息查询系统(The Integrated Risk Information System, IRIS)[24]及相关文献[25]。见表3。
所有数据分析均采用R语言(版本4.3.2)。低于检测限的浓度值以检测限的1/2替代。元素浓度以() 或[M(P25,P75)]表示。对金属元素进行相关性分析,计算相关系数;对不同年份的金属元素浓度进行比较,以检验水准α=0.05判断差异是否有统计学意义。本研究采用污染物均值计算健康风险。
2021—2024年无锡市产稻米中各重金属的检测结果见表4,其中Cr、As和无机As的年均检出率最高,均为100%,Hg和Pb的年均检出率最低,为57.32%。2021、2023和2022年Pb的检出率较低,分别为32.43%、40.00%、55.00%;2024年Hg的检出率最低,为0.00%。各重金属元素的平均浓度从高到低为:Cr>As>无机As>Pb>Cd>Hg 。Cr、无机As、Pb、Cd和Hg含量的年均值分别为:0.311、0.070、0.035、0.032和0.002 mg/kg,均低于 《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2022)规定的限量值。各元素的变异系数范围为33.12%~352.94%,其中As的变异系数最小,为33.12%,Hg的变异系数最大,达到352.94%,说明Cr、As、无机As、Pb、Cd和Hg含量的离散程度大,分布不均。见图1。
金属元素之间的相关性反映了它们在环境中可能具有共同的来源或相似的迁移转化路径,可为稻米中金属风险管控提供依据。本研究使用R语言(版本4.3.2)对157 份稻米样品中重金属含量进行了相关性分析,结果如图2所示:无机As和As,无机As和Cr ,Cr和Pb互为显著相关,协同作用强。Cd和As、无机As之间呈现弱相关,结果均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其他金属之间相关性较弱。
采取单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对稻米中重金属污染水平进行评价,见表5。从单因子污染指数看,两个监测区域稻米中的重金属元素Pi都小于0.6,均处于安全水平,稻米受重金属污染的水平排序为无机As>Cr>Pb>Cd>Hg。根据内梅罗综合污染指数法计算,监测区域稻米中重金属的P综合均处于安全水平。
根据公式(6)计算稻米中无机As、Cd、Cr6+和Pb的RISK,结果见表6,无机As、Cd、Cr6+和Pb分别为2.68×10-4、5.20×10-5、3.07×10-5、7.7×10-7。风险值从高到低为无机As>Cd>Cr6+>Pb,根据US EPA指导说明,监测期间Cd和Cr6+的致癌风险在可接受范围内,Pb的致癌风险可忽略。无机As检测结果与其它地区的检测结果相近[26],虽含量没有超过限量标准,但也存在一定健康风险。需注意,Cr有(Cr3+)和(Cr6+)两种价态,Cr3+是人体必需微量元素,Cr6+的毒性远远高于Cr3+,因此在计算健康风险时,以Cr6+占Cr浓度的1/7作为转化比例[27],计算其风险系数。
由表7可见,Cr6+、无机As、Pb、Cd和Hg的HQ均小于1,风险处于可接受水平。分析全部样本得出,无机As的非致癌风险最高,HQ为5.95×10-1,Cd的非致癌风险次之为1.62×10-1,其余重金属的HQ大小依次为Pb>Cr6+>Hg。多种重金属危害健康风险指数 HI 也均小于1,综合风险可接受。
无锡地处江南水乡,大米是大部分居民的主食首选,2021—2024年,无锡市产稻米的重金属浓度范围为ND~0.998 mg/kg,浓度最高的为2024年的Cr元素。Cr、As和无机As在监测期间的检出率,均达到了100%。监测期间无机As、Cr、Cd、Hg和Pb元素的年均含量均达标。需要注意的是本研究选用GB 2762—2022作为限值标准,在该标准中糙米没有总As限值,而无机As要求不超过0.35 mg/kg,后期应加强稻米及其他农产品中As成分的分析研究,为研制地方性食品卫生标准,助力国家级食品质量标准的完善,为食品质量监测提供依据。变异系数结果显示,无锡市产稻米中重金属浓度的分散程度较高,可能本研究的样本来源于不同的市县区,土壤重金属的背景值和种植技术的差异使不同位置重金属的含量差异较大,后续可重点关注浓度较大的监测点。
运用单因子污染指数及尼梅罗综合污染指数分析,结果显示,A地区的综合污染水平略高于B地区但总体污染尚在安全范围内。
运用“四步法”模型评价无锡市产稻米中重金属的健康风险,结果显示无机As的RISK超过1×10-4,Cd、Cr6+的RISK在1×10-6~1×10-4之间,致癌风险在可接受范围内,Pb的RISK<1×10-6,致癌风险可忽略;Cr6+、无机As、Pb、Cd和Hg的HQ均小于1,多种重金属的危害健康风险指数HI也小于1,表明长期暴露不太可能对健康产生不良影响。
本研究仍存在一定的局限性。未计算Hg的致癌风险,主要是致癌斜率因子的不可获得(Hg),不能准确计算该金属的致癌风险,需加强文献阅读和研究,以明确风险。文中AT的期望寿命定值为2023年无锡市期望寿命,若根据其他文献中定的70年,计算出的风险将更高,这一点值得注意。另外Cr3+和Cr6+的风险差异巨大,Cr6+的毒性远高于Cr3+,Cr3+是人体必需的微量营养素,另外Cr6+则被国际癌症研究机构列为I类致癌物,可通过消化、呼吸道、皮肤和粘膜侵入人体,因此本研究在文献的基础上对Cr6+直接进行了转换,评估了Cr6+对健康产生的风险。但未对Cr3+和Cr6+的含量分别进行测量,仅通过查阅文献对Cr6+直接进行了转换,未来的研究应侧重于价态研究,以提供更准确的Cr6+和总铬的风险评估。
  • 江苏省职业健康科研项目(JSZJ20251209)
  • 无锡市科技发展资金项目(K20253023)
  • 无锡市公共卫生中心(LCZX2021006)
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2026年第53卷第15期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601316
  • 接收时间:2026-01-22
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-22
基金
江苏省职业健康科研项目(JSZJ20251209)
无锡市科技发展资金项目(K20253023)
无锡市公共卫生中心(LCZX2021006)
作者信息
    无锡市疾病预防控制中心(南京医科大学附属无锡疾病预防控制中心),江苏 无锡 214023

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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