Article(id=1311350197721068482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511273, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763568000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579850845, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579850845, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579850845, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579850845, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311350193946194882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579849945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588319569, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385718195315030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311350193946194882, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2689, endPage=2698, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350198652203971, articleId=1311350197721068482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Association between glycemic control indices and the risk of gallstone disease, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aims to investigate the association between blood glucose control level and the risk of developing gallstone disease (GSD).

Methods

Longitudinal cohort data from the UK Biobank (UKB) through 2023 and cohort data from individuals who underwent health examinations at a hospital in Kaizhou District, Chongqing, between 2013 and 2017 were used. Cox proportional hazards models were applied separately in the two cohorts to investigate the associations of fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb), and the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) with the risk of incident GSD, and the results from the two cohorts were pooled using meta-analysis. In addition, trajectory analysis was conducted in the Kaizhou hospital cohort to examine the associations of FBG, GHb, and HGI trajectories with the risk of incident GSD.

Results

Meta-analysis integrating data from the UK Biobank and the Kaizhou cohort showed that each 1-unit increase in FBG was associated with an HR of 1.061 (95% CI: 1.054-1.068) for GSD, and each 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in FBG was associated with an HR of 1.076 (95% CI: 1.067-1.085). Compared to individuals with FBG <6.10 mmol/L, those with FBG between 6.10-<7.0 mmol/L (pooled HR=1.151, 95% CI: 1.095-1.210) and those with FBG ≥7.0 mmol/L (pooled HR=1.398,95% CI: 1.336-1.463) had increased GSD risk. Similarly, compared to individuals with GHb <5.7%, those with GHb between 5.7%-<6.5% (pooled HR=1.044, 95% CI: 1.013-1.076) and those with GHb ≥6.5% (pooled HR=1.187, 95% CI: 1.123-1.255)also showed elevated GSD risk. In the low-HGI group, each 1-unit increase in HGI was associated with an HR of 0.689 (95%CI: 0.570-0.834) for GSD, and each 1-SD increase was associated with an HR of 0.911 (95% CI: 0.868-0.955). In the medium-HGI group, the corresponding HRs were 0.737 (95% CI: 0.562-0.967) per 1-unit increase and 0.962 (95% CI: 0.930-0.995)per 1-SD increase. In the high-HGI group, each 1-unit increase in HGI was associated with an HR of 1.067 (95% CI: 1.006-1.131), and each 1-SD increase was associated with an HR of 1.028 (95% CI: 1.003-1.054). Trajectory analysis revealed that compared to the high-level HGI trajectory group, the low-level HGI trajectory group had a lower risk of GSD (HR=0.187, 95%CI: 0.047-0.743). However, the association between different trajectory groups of FBG and GHb and the risk of GSD did not reach a significant level.

Conclusion

There is a correlation between blood glucose control level and the risk of GSD. Poor blood glucose control will significantly increase the incidence probability of GSD. In future clinical practice, emphasis should be placed on the standardized management of blood glucose. Scientific regulation of blood glucose levels may provide an effective means of reducing the risk of incident GSD.

, authors=Hong YANG1, 2, Yi-ting XU1, 2, Xin WANG1, 2, Wen-qian YU1, 2, Hong-yu LI1, 2, Meng-lin HE1, 2, Jing LUO1, 2, Xuan BAI1, 2, Cui-hua ZHANG1, 2, Zi-jie CHEN1, 2, Guo-heng JIANG1, 2, Yi JIANG1, 2, Xin WANG1, 2, authorsList=Hong YANG, Yi-ting XU, Xin WANG, Wen-qian YU, Hong-yu LI, Meng-lin HE, Jing LUO, Xuan BAI, Cui-hua ZHANG, Zi-jie CHEN, Guo-heng JIANG, Yi JIANG, Xin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350207770620882, articleId=1311350197721068482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=血糖控制与胆囊结石发病风险的关联性研究, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

本研究拟探索血糖控制水平与胆囊结石发病风险之间的关联性。

方法

利用英国生物银行(UK Biobank,UKB)截止2023年的纵向队列数据及重庆市开州区某医院2013—2017年参加健康体检人群的队列数据,采用Cox比例风险模型分别在两中心队列中探讨空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin, GHb)和血红蛋白糖化指数(hemoglobin glycation index, HGI)与胆囊结石发病风险之间的关联性,并利用meta分析方法将两中心研究结果进行整合。此外,在重庆市开州区某医院中进一步采用轨迹分析法探讨空腹血糖、GHb和HGI变化轨迹与胆囊结石发病风险的关联性。

结果

UKB和重庆市开州区某医院队列数据的meta汇总结果显示,空腹血糖每升高1个单位及1个标准差,胆囊结石发病风险的HR分别为1.061(95%CI:1.054 ~ 1.068)和1.076(95%CI:1.067 ~ 1.085)。与空腹血糖<6.10 mmol/L人群相比,6.10 ~ <7.0 mmol/L人群(pooled HR=1.151,95%CI:1.095 ~ 1.210)和≥7.0 mmol/L人群(pooled HR=1.398,95%CI:1.336 ~ 1.463)的胆囊结石发病风险均升高。与GHb<5.7%人群相比,5.7% ~ <6.5%人群(pooled HR=1.044,95%CI:1.013 ~ 1.076)和≥6.5%人群(pooled HR=1.187,95%CI:1.123 ~ 1.255)的胆囊结石发病风险均升高。此外,结果显示,在低水平组中HGI每增加1个单位及1个标准差,胆囊结石的发病风险HR分别为0.689(95%CI:0.570 ~0.834)和0.911(95%CI:0.868 ~ 0.955);在中水平组中胆囊结石的HR分别为0.737(95%CI:0.562 ~ 0.967)和0.962(95%CI:0.930 ~ 0.995);在高水平组中胆囊结石的HR分别为1.067(95%CI:1.006 ~ 1.131)和1.028(95%CI:1.003 ~1.054)。轨迹分析结果显示,与高水平HGI轨迹组相比,低水平HGI轨迹组胆囊结石发病风险降低(HR=0.187,95%CI:0.047 ~ 0.743)。而空腹血糖和GHb不同轨迹组与胆囊结石发病风险未达到显著水平。

结论

血糖控制水平与胆囊结石发病风险存在关联性,血糖控制不佳会明显增加胆囊结石的发病概率。在未来临床实践中,应重视血糖的规范化管理,通过科学调控血糖水平,为降低胆囊结石发病风险提供有效防控手段。

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杨红(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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Risk analysis of the association between different hemoglobin glycation index and poor prognosis in critical patients with coronary heart disease-A study based on the MIMIC-IV database[J].Cardiovascular Diabetology, 2024, 23(1): 113., articleTitle=Risk analysis of the association between different hemoglobin glycation index and poor prognosis in critical patients with coronary heart disease-A study based on the MIMIC-IV database, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350266906112102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=23, issue=1, pageStart=53, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Wang RP, Chen C, Xu GY, journalName=Lipids in Health and Disease, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang RP, Chen C, Xu GY, et al. Association of triglyceride glucose- body mass index and hemoglobin glycation index with heart failure prevalence in hypertensive populations: a study across different glucose metabolism status[J].Lipids in Health and Disease, 2024, 23(1): 53., articleTitle=Association of triglyceride glucose- body mass index and hemoglobin glycation index with heart failure prevalence in hypertensive populations: a study across different glucose metabolism status, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350266989998183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=109, issue=3, pageStart=e1055, pageEnd=e1060, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Nakasone Y, Miyakoshi T, Sakuma T, journalName=Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nakasone Y, Miyakoshi T, Sakuma T, et al. Hemoglobin glycation index: a novel risk factor for incident chronic kidney disease in an apparently healthy population[J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2023, 109(3):e1055-e1060., articleTitle=Hemoglobin glycation index: a novel risk factor for incident chronic kidney disease in an apparently healthy population, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350267354902632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=15, issue=1, pageStart=1465, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Zhao MJ, Sun N, Cheng YR, journalName=Scientific Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao MJ, Sun N, Cheng YR, et al. Hemoglobin glycation index and mortality risk in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease patients: a novel U-shaped association[J]. Scientific Reports, 2025, 15(1): 1465., articleTitle=Hemoglobin glycation index and mortality risk in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease patients: a novel U-shaped association, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350267770138729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=14, issue=4, pageStart=492, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Zhang YH, Zhang Z, Tu CY, journalName=Antioxidants, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang YH, Zhang Z, Tu CY, et al. Advanced glycation end products in disease development and potential interventions[J]. Antioxidants, 2025, 14(4):492., articleTitle=Advanced glycation end products in disease development and potential interventions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350268160209002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=11, issue=8, pageStart=1312, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Twarda-Clapa A, Olczak A, Bia?kowska AM, journalName=Cells (Basel, Switzerland), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Twarda-Clapa A, Olczak A, Bia?kowska AM, et al. Advanced glycation End-Products (AGEs): formation, chemistry, classification, receptors, and diseases related to AGEs[J]. Cells (Basel, Switzerland), 2022, 11(8): 1312., articleTitle=Advanced glycation End-Products (AGEs): formation, chemistry, classification, receptors, and diseases related to AGEs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350269938593899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=404, issue=10448, pageStart=145, pageEnd=155, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Adler AI, Coleman RL, Leal J, journalName=The Lancet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Adler AI, Coleman RL, Leal J, et al. Post-trial monitoring of a randomised controlled trial of intensive glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes extended from 10 years to 24 years (UKPDS 91)[J]. The Lancet, 2024, 404(10448): 145-155., articleTitle=Post-trial monitoring of a randomised controlled trial of intensive glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes extended from 10 years to 24 years (UKPDS 91), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350270341247084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=25, issue=1, pageStart=393, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Cheng SQ, Zhang YP, Jiang L, journalName=BMC Gastroenterology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheng SQ, Zhang YP, Jiang L, et al. The association between inflammatory biomarkers and gallstones in Americans under 50 years old[J]. BMC Gastroenterology, 2025, 25(1): 393., articleTitle=The association between inflammatory biomarkers and gallstones in Americans under 50 years old, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350270769066093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=47, issue=8, pageStart=759, pageEnd=769, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Shapiro SB, Yin H, Yu OHY, journalName=Drug Safety, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shapiro SB, Yin H, Yu OHY, et al.Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and the risk of gallbladder and bile duct disease among patients with type 2 diabetes: a Population-Based cohort study[J].Drug Safety, 2024, 47(8): 759-769., articleTitle=Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and the risk of gallbladder and bile duct disease among patients with type 2 diabetes: a Population-Based cohort study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350271159136366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=79, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Xu XR, Gao JW, Sun J, journalName=Clinics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu XR, Gao JW, Sun J, et al. The role of metabolic factors in the association between obesity and cholelithiasis: A two-step, two-sample multivariable mendelian randomization study[J]. Clinics,2024, 79: 100520., articleTitle=The role of metabolic factors in the association between obesity and cholelithiasis: A two-step, two-sample multivariable mendelian randomization study, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311350249776574525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, awardId=81903398, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年基金(81903398), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350250133090366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, awardId=川峨眉第1841号, language=CN, fundingSource=四川天府峨眉计划青年人才项目(川峨眉第1841号), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350251861143615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, awardId=2026NSFSC0589; 2023NSFSC1927, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省自然科学基金项目(2026NSFSC0589; 2023NSFSC1927), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350252238630976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, awardId=2023ZYD0097, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科学技术厅中央引导地方科技发展专项项目(2023ZYD0097), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350252662255681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, awardId=川健研2025-2401, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省卫生健康委员会普及应用项目(川健研2025-2401), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350252737753154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, awardId=S20250024, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省医学会医学科研项目和青年创新项目(S20250024), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350253111046211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, awardId=KY2025SJ0029, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省医疗卫生与健康促进会科研项目(KY2025SJ0029), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350253509505092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, awardId=2025-3-Y-15, language=CN, fundingSource=临床营养工作高质量发展研究项目(2025-3-Y-15), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350253954101317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, awardId=2025129, language=CN, fundingSource=成都市医学科研项目(2025129), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311350208697562067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350208705950676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, companyId=1311350208697562067, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350209041494997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, companyId=1311350208697562067, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350209444148182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350209481896919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, companyId=1311350209444148182, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350238862995502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Flowchart of study participant selection, figureFileSmall=sUult01VcfpxaJLfIMCSFQ==, figureFileBig=lIE+SuShWhzcabqnQwysAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350239727022127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究对象筛选流程图

注:FBG为空腹血糖。

, figureFileSmall=sUult01VcfpxaJLfIMCSFQ==, figureFileBig=lIE+SuShWhzcabqnQwysAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350243023745073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Restricted cubic spline analysis of HGI and GSD risk, figureFileSmall=t9YKq/EqUy4Pwdui58KQqw==, figureFileBig=ETV4pxOq9dyipwtspdfCqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350243468341298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, language=CN, label=图2, caption=HGI与胆囊结石发病的RCS图

注:图A为UKB队列数据;图B为重庆市开州区某医院数据。

, figureFileSmall=t9YKq/EqUy4Pwdui58KQqw==, figureFileBig=ETV4pxOq9dyipwtspdfCqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350244252676148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Cox proportional hazards model for GSD risk in relation to glycemic control indicators, figureFileSmall=tsIfIgL941UbO3WXT4EHzg==, figureFileBig=ym01ISP+Hx5IAzJXe0CaHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350244772769845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, language=CN, label=图3, caption=血糖控制指标与胆囊结石发病的Cox比例风险模型

注:模型1未调整混杂因素;模型2在模型1的基础上调整年龄和性别,UKB模型3在模型2的基础上调整BMI、吸烟频率、饮酒频率、高血压、HDL-C、LDL-C总胆固醇、甘油三酯、总胆红素、WBC、PLT、白蛋白、CRP、肌酐;重庆市开州区某医院模型3在模型2的基础上调整BMI、高血压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、HDL-C、LDL-C、白蛋白、AST、ALT、GGT 、肌酐。

, figureFileSmall=tsIfIgL941UbO3WXT4EHzg==, figureFileBig=ym01ISP+Hx5IAzJXe0CaHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350245116702774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Forest plot of combined Cox proportional hazards models, figureFileSmall=RcwrEq28rkZS75MGZOUs6A==, figureFileBig=zFJYv/DJasEeSzngk1QI+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350245221560375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Cox比例风险模型合并森林图, figureFileSmall=RcwrEq28rkZS75MGZOUs6A==, figureFileBig=zFJYv/DJasEeSzngk1QI+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350245993312312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Association between trajectories of glycemic control indicators and the risk of GSD, figureFileSmall=W94CgUE/vTLlRigUY9reYQ==, figureFileBig=kT898iOzkqzHjkIuTqzFJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350247280963642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, language=CN, label=图5, caption=血糖控制指标变化轨迹与胆囊结石发病的关联性

注:图A、B、C分别为空腹血糖、GHb、HGI轨迹分组图;图D、E、F分别为空腹血糖、GHb、HGI轨迹分组与胆囊结石发病的Cox比例风险模型森林图;模型1未调整混杂因素;模型2在模型1的基础上调整年龄和性别;模型3在模型2的基础上调整对应基线血糖控制指标、BMI、高血压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、HDL-C、LDL-C、白蛋白、AST、ALT、GGT 、肌酐。

, figureFileSmall=W94CgUE/vTLlRigUY9reYQ==, figureFileBig=kT898iOzkqzHjkIuTqzFJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350248065298491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Baseline characteristics of study participants [(), n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
UKB重庆市开州区某医院
未发生胆囊结石胆囊结石t/χ2/Z值P值未发生胆囊结石胆囊结石t/χ2/Z值P值
年龄(岁)56.00±8.0760.40±7.19-98.061<0.00142.70±12.3047.30±13.10-10.858<0.001
性别(男性)150 384(46.4)14 844(53.3)481.623<0.00134 430(62.1)578(60.0)1.8320.176
BMI(kg/m2)27.30±4.6629.00±5.36-51.488<0.00123.80±3.0524.90±3.02-11.351<0.001
吸烟频率5.055×109<0.001——
每天或几乎每天80 943(25.0)10 191(36.6)——
偶尔46 132(14.2)3 848(13.8)——
只试过1 ~ 2次53 167(16.4)3 325(11.9)——
从不143 655(44.4)10 502(37.7)
饮酒频率4.182×109<0.001——
每天或几乎每天65 122(20.1)5 445(19.5)——
每周3 ~ 4次78 677(24.3)5 530(19.8)——
每周1 ~ 2次85 359(26.4)6 912(24.8)——
每月1 ~ 3次35 671(11.0)3 053(11.0)——
仅在特殊场合34 766(10.7)3 830(13.7)——
从不24 302(7.5)3 096(11.1)——
HDL-C(mmol/L)1.46±0.381.37±0.3837.201<0.0011.44±0.341.38±0.335.522<0.001
LDL-C(mmol/L)3.57±0.863.44±0.9222.051<0.0012.50±0.582.52±0.60-1.0450.296
WBC(109cells/L)6.71±1.717.17±2.28-33.566<0.001————
PLT(109cells/L)252.00±57.90252.00±65.20-0.0820.935————
总胆固醇(mmol/L)5.71±1.135.50±1.2326.618<0.0015.02±0.975.04±0.99-0.5730.567
甘油三酯(mmol/L)1.71±1.001.87±1.05-24.782<0.0011.75±1.571.94±1.77-3.2800.001
总胆红素(mol/L)9.27±4.469.33±4.83-1.8980.058————
AST(U/L)————27.30±16.7028.80±19.40-2.4210.016
ALT(U/L)————27.50±24.2030.20±31.60-2.6790.008
GGT(U/L)————34.40±36.9037.50±36.00-2.6340.009
白蛋白(g/L)45.30±2.6044.70±2.7837.219<0.00146.70±2.4946.50±2.441.9320.054
CRP(mg/L)2.37±4.003.60±5.67-35.379<0.001————
肌酐(mol/L)72.30±16.2076.20±32.50-20.008<0.00172.90±17.0072.20±15.701.4820.139
高血压20 529(6.3)4 311(15.5)3 259.218<0.0011 636(3.0)19(2.0)2.8710.090
空腹血糖(mmol/L)5.09±1.165.43±1.85-29.999<0.0015.44±1.135.62±1.27-4.446<0.001
空腹血糖分组4.222×109<0.0012.528×107<0.001
<6.10 mmol/L组300 756(92.9)24 110(86.5)49 314(89.0)807(83.7)
6.10 ~ <7.0 mmol/L组12 399(3.8)1 601(5.7)3 718(6.7)91(9.4)
≥7.0 mmol/L组10 742(3.3)2 155(7.7)2 371(4.3)66(6.8)
GHb(%)5.42±0.585.64±0.87-43.506<0.0015.62±0.825.67±0.86-0.8040.423
GHb分组4.669×109<0.0019.639×1050.228
<5.7%组291 053(82.8)21 507(70.9)7 063(67.8)124(64.2)
5.7% ~ <6.5%组48 695(13.9)6 150(20.3)2 615(25.1)50(25.9)
≥6.5%组11 800(3.4)2 689(8.9)743(7.1)19(9.8)
HGI-0.00±0.470.06±0.56-9.748<0.0010.00±0.46-0.04±0.541.1520.251
HGI分组1.424×109<0.0011.204×1060.373
K1组36 694(11.3)1 031(11.3)5 292(51.0)107(56.0)
K2组133 250(41.1)3 347(36.5)3 893(37.5)58(30.4)
K3组154 336(47.6)4 780(52.2)1 190(11.5)26(13.6)
空腹血糖轨迹分组——2.297×1060.005
高水平组——1 080(5.1)17(7.1)
中水平组——3 274(15.4)54(22.5)
较低水平组——9 476(44.7)97(40.4)
低水平组——7 383(34.8)72(30.0)
GHb轨迹分组——4.055×1040.004
高水平组——129(8.5)8(18.6)
中水平组——270(17.8)11(25.6)
较低水平组——611(40.2)16(37.2)
低水平组——510(33.6)8(18.6)
HGI轨迹分组——3.848×1040.005
高水平组——350(23.6)4(9.5)
中水平组——682(46.1)19(45.2)
较低水平组——365(24.6)12(28.6)
低水平组——84(5.7)7(16.7)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350248925130812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350197721068482, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究对象基线特征[(),n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
UKB重庆市开州区某医院
未发生胆囊结石胆囊结石t/χ2/Z值P值未发生胆囊结石胆囊结石t/χ2/Z值P值
年龄(岁)56.00±8.0760.40±7.19-98.061<0.00142.70±12.3047.30±13.10-10.858<0.001
性别(男性)150 384(46.4)14 844(53.3)481.623<0.00134 430(62.1)578(60.0)1.8320.176
BMI(kg/m2)27.30±4.6629.00±5.36-51.488<0.00123.80±3.0524.90±3.02-11.351<0.001
吸烟频率5.055×109<0.001——
每天或几乎每天80 943(25.0)10 191(36.6)——
偶尔46 132(14.2)3 848(13.8)——
只试过1 ~ 2次53 167(16.4)3 325(11.9)——
从不143 655(44.4)10 502(37.7)
饮酒频率4.182×109<0.001——
每天或几乎每天65 122(20.1)5 445(19.5)——
每周3 ~ 4次78 677(24.3)5 530(19.8)——
每周1 ~ 2次85 359(26.4)6 912(24.8)——
每月1 ~ 3次35 671(11.0)3 053(11.0)——
仅在特殊场合34 766(10.7)3 830(13.7)——
从不24 302(7.5)3 096(11.1)——
HDL-C(mmol/L)1.46±0.381.37±0.3837.201<0.0011.44±0.341.38±0.335.522<0.001
LDL-C(mmol/L)3.57±0.863.44±0.9222.051<0.0012.50±0.582.52±0.60-1.0450.296
WBC(109cells/L)6.71±1.717.17±2.28-33.566<0.001————
PLT(109cells/L)252.00±57.90252.00±65.20-0.0820.935————
总胆固醇(mmol/L)5.71±1.135.50±1.2326.618<0.0015.02±0.975.04±0.99-0.5730.567
甘油三酯(mmol/L)1.71±1.001.87±1.05-24.782<0.0011.75±1.571.94±1.77-3.2800.001
总胆红素(mol/L)9.27±4.469.33±4.83-1.8980.058————
AST(U/L)————27.30±16.7028.80±19.40-2.4210.016
ALT(U/L)————27.50±24.2030.20±31.60-2.6790.008
GGT(U/L)————34.40±36.9037.50±36.00-2.6340.009
白蛋白(g/L)45.30±2.6044.70±2.7837.219<0.00146.70±2.4946.50±2.441.9320.054
CRP(mg/L)2.37±4.003.60±5.67-35.379<0.001————
肌酐(mol/L)72.30±16.2076.20±32.50-20.008<0.00172.90±17.0072.20±15.701.4820.139
高血压20 529(6.3)4 311(15.5)3 259.218<0.0011 636(3.0)19(2.0)2.8710.090
空腹血糖(mmol/L)5.09±1.165.43±1.85-29.999<0.0015.44±1.135.62±1.27-4.446<0.001
空腹血糖分组4.222×109<0.0012.528×107<0.001
<6.10 mmol/L组300 756(92.9)24 110(86.5)49 314(89.0)807(83.7)
6.10 ~ <7.0 mmol/L组12 399(3.8)1 601(5.7)3 718(6.7)91(9.4)
≥7.0 mmol/L组10 742(3.3)2 155(7.7)2 371(4.3)66(6.8)
GHb(%)5.42±0.585.64±0.87-43.506<0.0015.62±0.825.67±0.86-0.8040.423
GHb分组4.669×109<0.0019.639×1050.228
<5.7%组291 053(82.8)21 507(70.9)7 063(67.8)124(64.2)
5.7% ~ <6.5%组48 695(13.9)6 150(20.3)2 615(25.1)50(25.9)
≥6.5%组11 800(3.4)2 689(8.9)743(7.1)19(9.8)
HGI-0.00±0.470.06±0.56-9.748<0.0010.00±0.46-0.04±0.541.1520.251
HGI分组1.424×109<0.0011.204×1060.373
K1组36 694(11.3)1 031(11.3)5 292(51.0)107(56.0)
K2组133 250(41.1)3 347(36.5)3 893(37.5)58(30.4)
K3组154 336(47.6)4 780(52.2)1 190(11.5)26(13.6)
空腹血糖轨迹分组——2.297×1060.005
高水平组——1 080(5.1)17(7.1)
中水平组——3 274(15.4)54(22.5)
较低水平组——9 476(44.7)97(40.4)
低水平组——7 383(34.8)72(30.0)
GHb轨迹分组——4.055×1040.004
高水平组——129(8.5)8(18.6)
中水平组——270(17.8)11(25.6)
较低水平组——611(40.2)16(37.2)
低水平组——510(33.6)8(18.6)
HGI轨迹分组——3.848×1040.005
高水平组——350(23.6)4(9.5)
中水平组——682(46.1)19(45.2)
较低水平组——365(24.6)12(28.6)
低水平组——84(5.7)7(16.7)
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血糖控制与胆囊结石发病风险的关联性研究
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杨红 1, 2 , 徐逸婷 1, 2 , 王欣 1, 2 , 于文倩 1, 2 , 李鸿钰 1, 2 , 何梦琳 1, 2 , 罗菁 1, 2 , 白轩 1, 2 , 张翠华 1, 2 , 陈梓洁 1, 2 , 江果恒 1, 2 , 江奕 1, 2 , 王新 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(15): 2689-2698
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (15) : 2689 -2698
血糖控制与胆囊结石发病风险的关联性研究
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杨红(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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杨红1, 2, 徐逸婷1, 2, 王欣1, 2, 于文倩1, 2, 李鸿钰1, 2, 何梦琳1, 2, 罗菁1, 2, 白轩1, 2, 张翠华1, 2, 陈梓洁1, 2, 江果恒1, 2, 江奕1, 2, 王新1, 2
作者信息
  • 1. 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
  • 2. 主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041
通讯作者:
王新,E-mail:
作者简介:

杨红(2002—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

Association between glycemic control indices and the risk of gallstone disease
Hong YANG1, 2, Yi-ting XU1, 2, Xin WANG1, 2, Wen-qian YU1, 2, Hong-yu LI1, 2, Meng-lin HE1, 2, Jing LUO1, 2, Xuan BAI1, 2, Cui-hua ZHANG1, 2, Zi-jie CHEN1, 2, Guo-heng JIANG1, 2, Yi JIANG1, 2, Xin WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511273
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目的

本研究拟探索血糖控制水平与胆囊结石发病风险之间的关联性。

方法

利用英国生物银行(UK Biobank,UKB)截止2023年的纵向队列数据及重庆市开州区某医院2013—2017年参加健康体检人群的队列数据,采用Cox比例风险模型分别在两中心队列中探讨空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin, GHb)和血红蛋白糖化指数(hemoglobin glycation index, HGI)与胆囊结石发病风险之间的关联性,并利用meta分析方法将两中心研究结果进行整合。此外,在重庆市开州区某医院中进一步采用轨迹分析法探讨空腹血糖、GHb和HGI变化轨迹与胆囊结石发病风险的关联性。

结果

UKB和重庆市开州区某医院队列数据的meta汇总结果显示,空腹血糖每升高1个单位及1个标准差,胆囊结石发病风险的HR分别为1.061(95%CI:1.054 ~ 1.068)和1.076(95%CI:1.067 ~ 1.085)。与空腹血糖<6.10 mmol/L人群相比,6.10 ~ <7.0 mmol/L人群(pooled HR=1.151,95%CI:1.095 ~ 1.210)和≥7.0 mmol/L人群(pooled HR=1.398,95%CI:1.336 ~ 1.463)的胆囊结石发病风险均升高。与GHb<5.7%人群相比,5.7% ~ <6.5%人群(pooled HR=1.044,95%CI:1.013 ~ 1.076)和≥6.5%人群(pooled HR=1.187,95%CI:1.123 ~ 1.255)的胆囊结石发病风险均升高。此外,结果显示,在低水平组中HGI每增加1个单位及1个标准差,胆囊结石的发病风险HR分别为0.689(95%CI:0.570 ~0.834)和0.911(95%CI:0.868 ~ 0.955);在中水平组中胆囊结石的HR分别为0.737(95%CI:0.562 ~ 0.967)和0.962(95%CI:0.930 ~ 0.995);在高水平组中胆囊结石的HR分别为1.067(95%CI:1.006 ~ 1.131)和1.028(95%CI:1.003 ~1.054)。轨迹分析结果显示,与高水平HGI轨迹组相比,低水平HGI轨迹组胆囊结石发病风险降低(HR=0.187,95%CI:0.047 ~ 0.743)。而空腹血糖和GHb不同轨迹组与胆囊结石发病风险未达到显著水平。

结论

血糖控制水平与胆囊结石发病风险存在关联性,血糖控制不佳会明显增加胆囊结石的发病概率。在未来临床实践中,应重视血糖的规范化管理,通过科学调控血糖水平,为降低胆囊结石发病风险提供有效防控手段。

血糖控制  /  胆囊结石  /  队列研究  /  轨迹分析
Objective

This study aims to investigate the association between blood glucose control level and the risk of developing gallstone disease (GSD).

Methods

Longitudinal cohort data from the UK Biobank (UKB) through 2023 and cohort data from individuals who underwent health examinations at a hospital in Kaizhou District, Chongqing, between 2013 and 2017 were used. Cox proportional hazards models were applied separately in the two cohorts to investigate the associations of fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb), and the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) with the risk of incident GSD, and the results from the two cohorts were pooled using meta-analysis. In addition, trajectory analysis was conducted in the Kaizhou hospital cohort to examine the associations of FBG, GHb, and HGI trajectories with the risk of incident GSD.

Results

Meta-analysis integrating data from the UK Biobank and the Kaizhou cohort showed that each 1-unit increase in FBG was associated with an HR of 1.061 (95% CI: 1.054-1.068) for GSD, and each 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in FBG was associated with an HR of 1.076 (95% CI: 1.067-1.085). Compared to individuals with FBG <6.10 mmol/L, those with FBG between 6.10-<7.0 mmol/L (pooled HR=1.151, 95% CI: 1.095-1.210) and those with FBG ≥7.0 mmol/L (pooled HR=1.398,95% CI: 1.336-1.463) had increased GSD risk. Similarly, compared to individuals with GHb <5.7%, those with GHb between 5.7%-<6.5% (pooled HR=1.044, 95% CI: 1.013-1.076) and those with GHb ≥6.5% (pooled HR=1.187, 95% CI: 1.123-1.255)also showed elevated GSD risk. In the low-HGI group, each 1-unit increase in HGI was associated with an HR of 0.689 (95%CI: 0.570-0.834) for GSD, and each 1-SD increase was associated with an HR of 0.911 (95% CI: 0.868-0.955). In the medium-HGI group, the corresponding HRs were 0.737 (95% CI: 0.562-0.967) per 1-unit increase and 0.962 (95% CI: 0.930-0.995)per 1-SD increase. In the high-HGI group, each 1-unit increase in HGI was associated with an HR of 1.067 (95% CI: 1.006-1.131), and each 1-SD increase was associated with an HR of 1.028 (95% CI: 1.003-1.054). Trajectory analysis revealed that compared to the high-level HGI trajectory group, the low-level HGI trajectory group had a lower risk of GSD (HR=0.187, 95%CI: 0.047-0.743). However, the association between different trajectory groups of FBG and GHb and the risk of GSD did not reach a significant level.

Conclusion

There is a correlation between blood glucose control level and the risk of GSD. Poor blood glucose control will significantly increase the incidence probability of GSD. In future clinical practice, emphasis should be placed on the standardized management of blood glucose. Scientific regulation of blood glucose levels may provide an effective means of reducing the risk of incident GSD.

Glycemic control  /  Gallstone disease  /  Cohort study  /  Trajectory analysis
杨红, 徐逸婷, 王欣, 于文倩, 李鸿钰, 何梦琳, 罗菁, 白轩, 张翠华, 陈梓洁, 江果恒, 江奕, 王新. 血糖控制与胆囊结石发病风险的关联性研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2689 -2698 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511273
Hong YANG, Yi-ting XU, Xin WANG, Wen-qian YU, Hong-yu LI, Meng-lin HE, Jing LUO, Xuan BAI, Cui-hua ZHANG, Zi-jie CHEN, Guo-heng JIANG, Yi JIANG, Xin WANG. Association between glycemic control indices and the risk of gallstone disease[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (15) : 2689 -2698 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511273
胆囊结石是最常见的消化系统疾病之一,近年来发病率逐渐上升,其患病人数约占全球人口的6.1%,给社会带来严重的疾病及经济负担[1]。多项研究证实血糖代谢水平与胆囊结石的发病风险密切相关[2-7],但多聚焦于中国人群的单中心或多中心分析,且仅针对单一血糖指标展开探讨[2-3],或依托国外大型数据库围绕胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance, IR)及肥胖相关指标进行研究[5-7],目前仍缺乏结合国内外队列、纳入多维度血糖控制指标并兼顾其动态变化的综合分析。
临床上常采用空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin, GHb)来评估血糖代谢水平[8-9]。但某些因素如遗传变异、红细胞存活率、血红蛋白糖基化速率等,可能影响GHb反映个体差异的能力,使其数值可持续偏离基于平均血糖水平的理论预测值[10]。血红蛋白糖化指数(hemoglobin glycation index, HGI)可量化这种偏差,揭示个体在血红蛋白糖化过程中的特异性差异[11]。本研究基于英国生物银行(UK Biobank, UKB)大规模人群队列和重庆市开州区某医院健康体检人群队列数据,探究此三项血糖控制指标及其动态变化与胆囊结石发病风险的潜在关联。
本研究选取截至2023年8月31日UKB数据库中493 051例参与者,排除妊娠、癌症、空腹血糖、GHb检测缺失和既往吸烟、饮酒频率资料不明确者,最终纳入符合标准的空腹血糖研究对象351 763例,GHb研究对象381 894例,HGI研究对象333 438例。同时选取了2013年1月—2017年12月在重庆市开州区某医院进行健康体检的58 231例受检者,排除未参与空腹血糖、GHb检测者最终纳入符合标准的空腹血糖研究对象56 367例,GHb研究对象10 614例,HGI研究对象10 566例。此外,选取重庆市开州区某医院随访期间参与空腹血糖、GHb检测≥3次受检者进行轨迹分析,最终纳入符合标准的空腹血糖研究对象21 453例,GHb研究对象1 563例,HGI研究对象1 523例,筛选流程见图1。本研究已经在中国临床试验注册中心注册(注册号:ChiCTR2500095891),该研究已经获得四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院伦理委员会审批(Gwll2021055)。
本研究纳入UKB队列研究对象的性别、年龄、吸烟频率、饮酒频率等基本信息,身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)(kg/m2)等人体测量数据。血液检测相关指标包括高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)(mmol/L)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)(mmol/L)、白细胞计数(white blood cell count, WBC)(109cells/L)、血小板计数(platelet count, PLT)(109cells/L)、总胆固醇(mmol/L)、甘油三酯(mmol/L)、总胆红素(mol/L)、白蛋白(g/L)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)(mg/L)、肌酐(mol/L)、空腹血糖(mmol/L)、GHb(mmol/mol)。
由经过专业培训的调查人员对重庆市开州区某医院受试者的人口学信息及人体测量数据进行采集,记录受试者的年龄、性别等基本信息及身高、体重等人体测量数据。同时采集受试者夜间禁食8 h后10 ml外周静脉血,使用自动生化分析仪测量血液生化指标,包括HDL-C、LDL-C、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate transaminase, AST)(U/L)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)(U/L)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(gamma glutamyltransferase,GGT)(U/L)、白蛋白、肌酐、空腹血糖、GHb(%)。
本研究主要结局指标为胆囊结石,其定义为存在胆囊结石和/或胆囊切除术[12]。UKB队列数据中该结局通过住院病历中作为主要或次要诊断记录的编码(UKB数据字段41270)确定,根据国际疾病分类代码ICD-10标准,胆囊结石定义为ICD-10编码K80.0(胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎)、K80.1(胆囊结石伴其他胆囊炎)、K80.2(无胆囊炎的胆囊结石)。重庆市开州区某医院腹部超声检查由专业超声医师进行,胆囊结石的超声图像定义为胆囊腔有一个或多个明显回声团,内有声学阴影,可随患者体位变化而移动[13]。胆囊切除定义为存在胆囊切除手术史,且腹部超声检查胆囊不可见[14]。
空腹血糖分组:参照《中国糖尿病防治指南(2024版)》[15],空腹血糖分为<6.10 mmol/L组、6.10 ~ <7.0 mmol/L组、≥7.0 mmol/L组。GHb分组:参照世界卫生组织和美国糖尿病协会推荐的诊疗标准[16],GHb分为<5.7%组、5.7% ~ <6.5%组、≥6.5%组。
据国际临床化学与检验医学联合会标准[17],将UKB队列数据中GHb(mmol/mol)转换为GHb(%),并建立空腹血糖与GHb的线性回归方程,预测GHb(%)=0.316×空腹血糖(mmol/L)+3.823(R2=0.402,P<0.001);重庆市开州区某医院队列中,预测GHb(%)=0.457×空腹血糖(mmol/L)+3.023(R2=0.677,P<0.001);计算HGI=实测GHb-预测GHb。
胆囊结石的发生与发展受遗传和环境等多因素共同影响。既往大量研究证实,人口学特征、糖脂代谢水平、饮食结构、生活方式及疾病状况等,均是影响胆囊结石发生的关键因素[4,18-19]。基于广泛的文献回顾与临床知识,结合数据特征与可及性,本研究筛选并收集对胆囊结石有显著影响的核心混杂因素,包括:(1)人口学特征:年龄、性别;(2)生活方式:吸烟频率、饮酒频率;(3)身体测量指标:BMI;(4)炎症标志物:WBC、PLT、CRP;(5)代谢相关指标:HDL-C、LDL-C、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、总胆红素、AST、ALT、GGT、白蛋白、肌酐;(6)基础疾病:高血压。
计量资料用(平均值±标准差)描述,组间差异检验采用Student t-test,计数资料以频数和构成比(%)表示,组间差异检验采用χ2检验,等级资料组间差异检验采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。基于各中心数据,以Cox回归分析探讨多因素调整后UKB人群和重庆市开州区某医院人群中空腹血糖和GHb每上升1个单位或每改变1个标准差以及空腹血糖分组、GHb分组的胆囊结石发病的风险。同时,根据限制性立方样条(restricted cubic splines, RCS)曲线探索HGI与胆囊结石的关联,模型评价指标包括:赤池信息准则(Akaike information criterion, AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion, BIC),其数值越低表示模型拟合越好[20]。以HR=1作平行于RCS曲线x轴的横线,将该线与RCS曲线的交点所对应的HGI值作为分界点,将HGI划分为三组,以Cox回归分析进一步探讨多因素调整后各中心队列人群中HGI每上升1个单位或每改变1个标准差胆囊结石发病的风险。随后采用meta分析方法汇总各中心结果,采用Cochran Q检验和I2统计量评估各中心的异质性。当I2>50%时,采用DerSimonian和Laird随机效应模型合并效应值;当I2<50%时,则采用固定效应模型。
此外,基于组轨迹模型(group-based trajectory modelling, GBTM)探索重庆市开州区某医院健康体检人群各血糖指标的纵向变化轨迹及其与胆囊结石发病风险的关联性。模型评价指标包括:AIC、BIC、一致性赤池信息准则(consistent Akaike information criterion, CAIC)、平均后验概率(average posterior probability, AvePP)、正确分类发生比(odds of correct classification, OCC)。根据Nagin的经验准则,AIC、BIC、CAIC数值越小表明模型拟合越好,AvePP应高于0.7,OCC应大于5[21]。多因素Cox回归用于进一步探讨各血糖指标发展轨迹与胆囊结石发病的关联。Meta分析采用Comprehensive Meta-analysis version 3.7(Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA),其余数据分析采用R 4.4.2软件,双侧检验,检验水准为α=0.05。
本研究基线资料信息见表1。结果显示,在UKB队列中,胆囊结石组空腹血糖、GHb、HGI水平均高于未发生胆囊结石的人群(对照组),重庆市开州区某医院队列中胆囊结石组空腹血糖亦高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。
进一步以RCS曲线探究HGI与胆囊结石发病的关联特征,依次选取3 ~ 6个节点进行曲线拟合,结果显示,UKB队列AIC随节点数增加持续降低,BIC先降后升且在4节点时最低;重庆市开州区某医院队列AIC、BIC逐渐升高。结合样本量、拟合稳定性及结果可解释性,两队列均以4节点为最优拟合节点。
UKB队列RCS曲线显示,在调整年龄、性别后,HGI与胆囊结石风险呈显著的U型非线性剂量-反应关系(P for overall<0.001,P for nonlinear<0.001)。以HR=1作平行于x轴的横线,将其与RCS曲线的交点所对应HGI值作为分界点,按顺序依次划分为K1(低水平,HGI≤-0.460)、K2(中水平,-0.460<HGI<-0.007)和K3(高水平,HGI≥-0.007)三组。重庆市开州区某医院队列采用相同方法进行处理,见图2。
进一步采用Cox比例风险模型探究血糖控制指标与胆囊结石发病风险的关联性,见图3。结果显示,在UKB队列中,空腹血糖与GHb水平升高均与胆囊结石发病风险升高相关。而HGI对胆囊结石发病风险的影响存在异质性:在K1组及K2组中,HGI水平的升高与胆囊结石发病风险降低相关;而在K3组人群中,HGI 水平升高则表现为胆囊结石发病的危险因素。在重庆市开州区某医院队列中,空腹血糖及HGI K1组亦表现出相似的关联趋势。
鉴于不同研究中心间存在研究结果异质性,本研究采用meta分析方法对两个中心血糖控制指标与胆囊结石的关联性的研究结果进行合并。如图4所示,汇总分析结果表明,空腹血糖每上升一个1 mmol/L或每增加1个标准差,胆囊结石发病风险均升高,与<6.10 mmol/L组相比,6.10 ~ <7.0 mmol/L组和≥7.0 mmol/L组胆囊结石发病风险亦升高。在GHb方面,与<5.7%组相比,5.7% ~ <6.5%组和≥6.5%胆囊结石发病风险均升高。
在HGI方面,K1组的HGI每上升1个单位,胆囊结石发病风险降低31.1%,每增加1个标准差,风险降低8.9%。K2的HGI每上升1个单位,胆囊结石发病风险降低26.3%,每增加1个标准差,风险比例降低3.8%。而在K3组,HGI每上升1个单位,胆囊结石发病风险升高6.7%,每增加1个标准差,风险比例升高2.8%。
基于重庆市开州区某医院队列数据进行轨迹分析,逐步拟合1 ~ 5组各血糖控制指标轨迹模型。结果显示随着血糖控制指标轨迹组数的增加,BIC、CAIC逐渐减小,各指标1 ~ 5组轨迹模型的AvePP均大于70%,OCC均大于5。结合模型评价结果、轨迹组样本量大小和专业可解释性,选择GBTM最优模型轨迹数量为4组,见图5A ~ C。根据不同曲线特征,将4组轨迹分别标记为低水平组、较低水平组、中水平组和高水平组。
进一步采用多因素Cox比例风险模型探究血糖控制指标轨迹组与胆囊结石发病风险的关联性。结果显示,与HGI高水平组相比,低水平组的胆囊结石发病风险降低81.3%(HR=0.187,95%CI:0.047 ~ 0.743,P=0.017),其他组别尚未发现统计学显著性,见图5F。而空腹血糖和GHb不同轨迹组与胆囊结石发病风险未达到显著水平,见图5D ~ E。
此前的研究已对空腹血糖、IR、肥胖与胆囊结石之间关联进行了探讨。例如,国内的大型横断面与队列研究证实了较高的空腹血糖水平与胆囊结石风险相关[2-3],而作为IR替代指标的甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数及其衍生指标也被证明对胆囊结石有预测价值[5-7]。多数研究侧重于单一时间点的静态血糖控制相关指标,对于反映慢性血糖水平的GHb及体现个体差异的HGI与胆囊结石风险的前瞻性证据尚不充分,缺乏对血糖控制长期动态变化轨迹的评估。基于此,本研究通过多种分析方法探讨了三项血糖控制指标与胆囊结石发病风险的相关性,补充了现有研究在血糖代谢指标与胆囊结石关联机制探讨方面的不足,并首次通过动态变化分析揭示HGI长期暴露模式与胆囊结石风险的关系。
研究结果显示,空腹血糖、GHb水平升高均会增加胆囊结石发病风险,并且相较于空腹血糖<6.10 mmol/L人群,6.10 ~ <7.0 mmol/L和≥7.0 mmol/L人群胆囊结石发病风险升高。与GHb<5.7%人群相比,5.7% ~ <6.5%和≥6.5%人群的胆囊结石发病风险亦升高。Ⅱ型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)与胆囊结石发生风险的改变存在着直接因果关联,空腹血糖升高、血糖控制不佳是患者常见特征[2,22]。长期高血糖状态与IR和代谢紊乱密切相关,IR可促进肝脏胆固醇的过度合成与分泌,抑制胆囊收缩,并通过调控肝脏LXR和FXR等受体转录因子的表达,干扰胆汁酸及胆固醇代谢,进而影响胆汁成分[5,7,23-24]。
此外,研究结果表明,在低、中水平HGI组中,HGI的上升对胆囊结石的发病具有保护作用,而在高水平HGI组中,HGI的上升则是胆囊结石发病的危险因素,呈现出明显的非线性U型剂量-反应关系。多项研究证据表明,HGI与不良心血管事件[25-26]、肾功能损害[27]以及非酒精性脂肪肝疾病[28]的发生发展密切相关。值得注意的是,在冠心病危重症患者的不良预后及代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病患者的死亡风险方面,HGI水平与临床结局呈现显著的U型剂量-反应关系[25,28]。这些疾病与胆囊结石类似,均与代谢功能障碍相关。现有研究所揭示的这种非线性关联与本研究结果一致,提示HGI处于不同范围的患者可能面临差异化的临床风险,因此针对不同HGI分层的患者群体可能需要制定个体化的血糖管理策略。
HGI反映血糖水平的动态变化,相较于GHb平均血糖的静态测量能更敏感地揭示血糖代谢动力学异常,近年来已成为衡量血糖波动性更精细的指标[11]。长期高血糖状态会促进晚期糖基化终末产物的积累,后者通过激活炎症通路和氧化应激反应,导致血管内皮损伤及脂质代谢紊乱[29-31]。以往研究表明,高HGI或低HGI均与血小板和白细胞等炎症标志物水平升高相关[25-26],而炎症微环境则会通过激活免疫系统、刺激胆囊黏液产生等机制影响胆囊结石的形成[32]。
本研究轨迹分析结果显示,持续低水平HGI与胆囊结石发病风险降低密切相关,这提示虽在低水平HGI范围内,更低的HGI水平或许与更高的胆囊结石发病风险相关,但在长期的健康管理策略上,长期保持更低的HGI水平或许更能降低胆囊结石发病风险。
然而,本研究虽已多维度调整混杂因素,但受数据可及性限制,可能未完全覆盖所有潜在影响因素,如糖尿病及用药史、胆囊功能、饮食模式、家族史等因素因部分数据收集、指标缺失等原因,暂未纳入模型;胆道解剖变异因影像报告完整性不足,难量化校正。降糖药物可能直接影响胆囊功能或胆汁成分,若促结石降糖药在高血糖人群中更常用,则可能高估真实关联[33];胆囊动力功能是结石形成的关键通路,且与代谢状态相关,缺失可能导致对效应的估计产生正向偏倚[4];未测量的高脂饮食既升高血糖又增加结石风险,其混杂作用同样可能高估真实关联[34]。这些未控制的因素或干扰研究结果,解读结论需考量。此外,本研究轨迹分析的研究对象仅来自国内的体检人群,可能会使结果推及到其他人群或地区存在限制。
综上所述,本研究指出空腹血糖与GHb水平升高均增加胆囊结石的发病风险。HGI与胆囊结石发病风险呈非线性U型剂量-反应关系,且长期维持较低HGI水平与胆囊结石发病风险降低相关。研究结果可为胆囊结石高危人群的识别提供理论依据,为其发病机制的探讨提供线索,并为制定个体化预防策略提供重要参考。在未来临床实践中,应重视血糖的规范化管理,通过科学调控血糖水平,为降低胆囊结石发病风险提供有效防控手段。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金(81903398)
  • 四川天府峨眉计划青年人才项目(川峨眉第1841号)
  • 四川省自然科学基金项目(2026NSFSC0589; 2023NSFSC1927)
  • 四川省科学技术厅中央引导地方科技发展专项项目(2023ZYD0097)
  • 四川省卫生健康委员会普及应用项目(川健研2025-2401)
  • 四川省医学会医学科研项目和青年创新项目(S20250024)
  • 四川省医疗卫生与健康促进会科研项目(KY2025SJ0029)
  • 临床营养工作高质量发展研究项目(2025-3-Y-15)
  • 成都市医学科研项目(2025129)
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2026年第53卷第15期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202511273
  • 接收时间:2025-11-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-20
基金
国家自然科学基金青年基金(81903398)
四川天府峨眉计划青年人才项目(川峨眉第1841号)
四川省自然科学基金项目(2026NSFSC0589; 2023NSFSC1927)
四川省科学技术厅中央引导地方科技发展专项项目(2023ZYD0097)
四川省卫生健康委员会普及应用项目(川健研2025-2401)
四川省医学会医学科研项目和青年创新项目(S20250024)
四川省医疗卫生与健康促进会科研项目(KY2025SJ0029)
临床营养工作高质量发展研究项目(2025-3-Y-15)
成都市医学科研项目(2025129)
作者信息
    1. 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
    2. 主动健康与食品营养安全四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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