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Article(id=1311350144726041325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601214, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768320000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579838209, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579838209, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579838209, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579838209, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349984730116963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579800064, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588348354, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385838924169507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349984730116963, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2588, endPage=2592, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350144918979310, articleId=1311350144726041325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Dynamic relationship between physical exercise and early insomnia disorders in adolescents and the longitudinal mediating role of depressive symptoms, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the dynamic relationship between physical exercise and early adolescent insomnia disorder, and to examine the longitudinal mediating role of depressive symptoms in this relationship, providing scientific evidence for promoting the physical and mental health of adolescents.

Methods

A total of 1 162 students from four junior high schools in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province were selected using cluster convenience sampling and participated in three follow-up surveys. The research tools included the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for assessing depressive symptoms. Cross-lagged panel modeling (CLPM) was used to analyze the dynamic relationship between physical exercise and insomnia disorder, and to test the longitudinal mediating effect of depressive symptoms.

Results

The detection rates of depressive symptoms were 50.5%, 55.4%, and 48.1%, while those of insomnia disorder were 48.3%, 46.6%, and 50.1% at the three time points. Physical exercise significantly negatively predicted subsequent insomnia disorder (T1→T2:β=-0.087; T1→T3: β=-0.245, allP<0.001). Insomnia disorder also significantly negatively predicted subsequent physical exercise (T1→T2:β=-0.168; T2→T3:β=-0.213, allP<0.001). Depressive symptoms partially mediated the relationship between physical exercise and insomnia disorder (T1 physical exercise→T2 depressive symptoms:β=-0.150, P<0.001; T2 depressive symptoms→T3 insomnia disorder:β=0.110, P<0.001; indirect effect:β=-0.016, 95%CI=-0.025- -0.010, P<0.001). Physical exercise could indirectly affect insomnia disorder through multiple pathways(total indirect effect:β=-0.117,P<0.001).

Conclusion

There is a long-term bidirectional predictive relationship between physical exercise and early adolescent insomnia disorder, and physical exercise can indirectly influence the development of insomnia disorder through depressive symptoms. It is important to emphasize the cultivation of regular physical exercise habits and intervention of depressive symptoms in early adolescence to improve insomnia disorder and promote the physical and mental health development of adolescents.

, authors=Fu-lan ZHANG, Chu-qi YAN, Tian-cheng ZHANG, Ao-lun WANG, Xiang-yu LUO, Lei YANG, authorsList=Fu-lan ZHANG, Chu-qi YAN, Tian-cheng ZHANG, Ao-lun WANG, Xiang-yu LUO, Lei YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fu-lan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350145673954035, articleId=1311350144726041325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍的动态关系及抑郁症状的纵向中介作用, columnId=1228016570031604578, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=儿少卫生与妇幼保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍的动态关系，并考察抑郁症状在二者关系中的纵向中介作用，为促进青少年身心健康提供科学依据。

方法

采用随机整群抽样选取湖南省湘西土家族苗族自治州4所初中学校共1 162名学生开展三次追踪调查。研究工具包括失眠严重指数量表（ISI）、体育锻炼等级量表（PARS-3）和简易抑郁症状自评量表（PHQ-9）。采用交叉滞后模型（CLPM）分析体育锻炼与失眠障碍的动态关系，并检验抑郁症状的纵向中介效应。

结果

三次调查的抑郁症状检出率分别为50.5%、55.4%和48.1%；失眠障碍检出率分别为48.3%、46.6%和50.1%。体育锻炼显著负向预测后续失眠障碍（T1→T2:β=-0.087；T1→T3:β=-0.245，均P<0.001），失眠障碍亦显著负向预测后续体育锻炼（T1→T2:β=-0.168；T2→T3:β=-0.213，均P<0.001）。抑郁症状在体育锻炼与失眠障碍之间发挥部分中介作用（T1体育锻炼→T2抑郁症状:β=-0.150，P<0.001；T2抑郁症状→T3失眠障碍: β=0.110，P<0.001；间接效应：β=-0.016，P<0.001）。体育锻炼可通过多条路径间接影响失眠障碍（总间接效应: β=-0.117，P<0.001）。

结论

体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍存在长期双向预测关系，并可通过抑郁症状间接影响失眠障碍的发展。应重视青少年早期体育锻炼规律性的培养与抑郁症状的干预，以改善失眠障碍促进青少年身心健康发展。

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张福兰（1976—），女，硕士，教授，研究方向：青少年健康行为与健康促进

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Cham: Springer, 2017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311350158638547755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350144726041325, awardId=22XTY003, language=CN, fundingSource=2022年度国家社会科学基金项目(22XTY003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311350145946583796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350144726041325, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350145959166709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350144726041325, companyId=1311350145946583796, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Sports Science, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350145967555318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350144726041325, companyId=1311350145946583796, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=吉首大学体育科学学院，湖南 吉首 416000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350155119526687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350144726041325, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Cross-lagged model of physical exercise and early adolescents insomnia disorders, figureFileSmall=Wo+r9enpqmjCnhJLoZSeXw==, figureFileBig=O1iez5dbPYiyTTfTKwMm4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350155236967200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350144726041325, language=CN, label=图1, caption=体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍的交叉滞后模型, figureFileSmall=Wo+r9enpqmjCnhJLoZSeXw==, figureFileBig=O1iez5dbPYiyTTfTKwMm4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350155429905185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350144726041325, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Longitudinal mediating model of depression symptoms in physical exercise and early adolescents insomnia disorders, figureFileSmall=S4C+IjetxJ1uFIaHh/KrcA==, figureFileBig=Gb3/83KkljhS0b/TdMwzEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350157325730595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350144726041325, language=CN, label=图2, caption=抑郁症状在体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍中的纵向中介模型

注：图中均为标准化系数。

, figureFileSmall=S4C+IjetxJ1uFIaHh/KrcA==, figureFileBig=Gb3/83KkljhS0b/TdMwzEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350157745160996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350144726041325, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Correlation of different variables at three time points

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变量M±SD12345678
1.T1体育锻炼27.35±25.081.000
2. T2体育锻炼26.23±22.410.722c1.000
3. T3体育锻炼25.51±25.160.581c0.749c1.000
4.T1抑郁症状6.57±6.54-0.367c-0.406c-0.395c1.000
5. T2抑郁症状7.53±7.29-0.478c-0.506c-0.488c0.614c1.000
6. T3抑郁症状6.84±7.59-0.329c-0.397c-0.384c0.612 c0.583 c1.000
7. T1失眠障碍8.86±5.80-0.523c-0.517c-0.522c0.626c0.687c0.562c1.000
8. T2失眠障碍8.63±6.57-0.536c-0.550c-0.509c0.600c0.711c0.540c0.795c1.000
9. T3失眠障碍8.74±6.91-0.515c-0.507c-0.508c0.547c0.720c0.522c0.765c0.780c
), ArticleFig(id=1311350157845824294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350144726041325, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三个时间点不同变量相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量M±SD12345678
1.T1体育锻炼27.35±25.081.000
2. T2体育锻炼26.23±22.410.722c1.000
3. T3体育锻炼25.51±25.160.581c0.749c1.000
4.T1抑郁症状6.57±6.54-0.367c-0.406c-0.395c1.000
5. T2抑郁症状7.53±7.29-0.478c-0.506c-0.488c0.614c1.000
6. T3抑郁症状6.84±7.59-0.329c-0.397c-0.384c0.612 c0.583 c1.000
7. T1失眠障碍8.86±5.80-0.523c-0.517c-0.522c0.626c0.687c0.562c1.000
8. T2失眠障碍8.63±6.57-0.536c-0.550c-0.509c0.600c0.711c0.540c0.795c1.000
9. T3失眠障碍8.74±6.91-0.515c-0.507c-0.508c0.547c0.720c0.522c0.765c0.780c
), ArticleFig(id=1311350158210728745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350144726041325, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The mediating effect of depression symptoms on the relationship between physical exercise and early adolescents insomnia disorder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径效应类型β（95%CI）P
T1体育锻炼 → T3失眠障碍直接效应-0.089（-0.134～-0.046）<0.001
T1体育锻炼 → T3失眠障碍总间接效应-0.117（-0.148～-0.087）<0.001
T1体育锻炼 → T2体育锻炼 → T3失眠障碍间接效应-0.044（-0.069～ -0.022）<0.001
T1体育锻炼 → T2抑郁症状 → T3失眠障碍间接效应-0.016（-0.025～-0.010）<0.001
T1体育锻炼 → T2失眠障碍 → T3失眠障碍间接效应-0.056（-0.075～ -0.039）<0.001
T1体育锻炼 → T3失眠障碍总效应-0.206（-0.246～-0.166）<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1311350158307197738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350144726041325, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

抑郁症状在体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍关系间的中介效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径效应类型β（95%CI）P
T1体育锻炼 → T3失眠障碍直接效应-0.089（-0.134～-0.046）<0.001
T1体育锻炼 → T3失眠障碍总间接效应-0.117（-0.148～-0.087）<0.001
T1体育锻炼 → T2体育锻炼 → T3失眠障碍间接效应-0.044（-0.069～ -0.022）<0.001
T1体育锻炼 → T2抑郁症状 → T3失眠障碍间接效应-0.016（-0.025～-0.010）<0.001
T1体育锻炼 → T2失眠障碍 → T3失眠障碍间接效应-0.056（-0.075～ -0.039）<0.001
T1体育锻炼 → T3失眠障碍总效应-0.206（-0.246～-0.166）<0.001
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体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍的动态关系及抑郁症状的纵向中介作用
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张福兰 , 颜楚琦 , 张天成 , 王澳伦 , 罗湘豫 , 杨蕾
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026,53(14): 2588-2592
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现代预防医学 |儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2026 , 53 (14) : 2588 -2592
体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍的动态关系及抑郁症状的纵向中介作用
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张福兰 , 颜楚琦, 张天成, 王澳伦, 罗湘豫, 杨蕾
作者信息
  • 吉首大学体育科学学院，湖南 吉首 416000
通讯作者:
张福兰，E-mail:
作者简介:

张福兰（1976—），女，硕士，教授，研究方向：青少年健康行为与健康促进

Dynamic relationship between physical exercise and early insomnia disorders in adolescents and the longitudinal mediating role of depressive symptoms
Fu-lan ZHANG , Chu-qi YAN, Tian-cheng ZHANG, Ao-lun WANG, Xiang-yu LUO, Lei YANG
Affiliations
  • School of Sports Science, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601214
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摘要
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目的

探讨体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍的动态关系，并考察抑郁症状在二者关系中的纵向中介作用，为促进青少年身心健康提供科学依据。

方法

采用随机整群抽样选取湖南省湘西土家族苗族自治州4所初中学校共1 162名学生开展三次追踪调查。研究工具包括失眠严重指数量表（ISI）、体育锻炼等级量表（PARS-3）和简易抑郁症状自评量表（PHQ-9）。采用交叉滞后模型（CLPM）分析体育锻炼与失眠障碍的动态关系，并检验抑郁症状的纵向中介效应。

结果

三次调查的抑郁症状检出率分别为50.5%、55.4%和48.1%；失眠障碍检出率分别为48.3%、46.6%和50.1%。体育锻炼显著负向预测后续失眠障碍（T1→T2:β=-0.087；T1→T3:β=-0.245，均P<0.001），失眠障碍亦显著负向预测后续体育锻炼（T1→T2:β=-0.168；T2→T3:β=-0.213，均P<0.001）。抑郁症状在体育锻炼与失眠障碍之间发挥部分中介作用（T1体育锻炼→T2抑郁症状:β=-0.150，P<0.001；T2抑郁症状→T3失眠障碍: β=0.110，P<0.001；间接效应：β=-0.016，P<0.001）。体育锻炼可通过多条路径间接影响失眠障碍（总间接效应: β=-0.117，P<0.001）。

结论

体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍存在长期双向预测关系，并可通过抑郁症状间接影响失眠障碍的发展。应重视青少年早期体育锻炼规律性的培养与抑郁症状的干预，以改善失眠障碍促进青少年身心健康发展。

动态关系  /  纵向中介  /  体育锻炼  /  失眠障碍  /  抑郁症状
Objective

To explore the dynamic relationship between physical exercise and early adolescent insomnia disorder, and to examine the longitudinal mediating role of depressive symptoms in this relationship, providing scientific evidence for promoting the physical and mental health of adolescents.

Methods

A total of 1 162 students from four junior high schools in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province were selected using cluster convenience sampling and participated in three follow-up surveys. The research tools included the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for assessing depressive symptoms. Cross-lagged panel modeling (CLPM) was used to analyze the dynamic relationship between physical exercise and insomnia disorder, and to test the longitudinal mediating effect of depressive symptoms.

Results

The detection rates of depressive symptoms were 50.5%, 55.4%, and 48.1%, while those of insomnia disorder were 48.3%, 46.6%, and 50.1% at the three time points. Physical exercise significantly negatively predicted subsequent insomnia disorder (T1→T2:β=-0.087; T1→T3: β=-0.245, allP<0.001). Insomnia disorder also significantly negatively predicted subsequent physical exercise (T1→T2:β=-0.168; T2→T3:β=-0.213, allP<0.001). Depressive symptoms partially mediated the relationship between physical exercise and insomnia disorder (T1 physical exercise→T2 depressive symptoms:β=-0.150, P<0.001; T2 depressive symptoms→T3 insomnia disorder:β=0.110, P<0.001; indirect effect:β=-0.016, 95%CI=-0.025- -0.010, P<0.001). Physical exercise could indirectly affect insomnia disorder through multiple pathways(total indirect effect:β=-0.117,P<0.001).

Conclusion

There is a long-term bidirectional predictive relationship between physical exercise and early adolescent insomnia disorder, and physical exercise can indirectly influence the development of insomnia disorder through depressive symptoms. It is important to emphasize the cultivation of regular physical exercise habits and intervention of depressive symptoms in early adolescence to improve insomnia disorder and promote the physical and mental health development of adolescents.

Dynamic relationship  /  Longitudinal mediation  /  Physical exercise  /  Insomnia disorder  /  Depressive symptoms
张福兰, 颜楚琦, 张天成, 王澳伦, 罗湘豫, 杨蕾. 体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍的动态关系及抑郁症状的纵向中介作用. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2588 -2592 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601214
Fu-lan ZHANG, Chu-qi YAN, Tian-cheng ZHANG, Ao-lun WANG, Xiang-yu LUO, Lei YANG. Dynamic relationship between physical exercise and early insomnia disorders in adolescents and the longitudinal mediating role of depressive symptoms[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (14) : 2588 -2592 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601214
正文
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《教育强国建设规划纲要（2024—2035年）》提出，实施学生体质强健计划，保障中小学生每日体育锻炼时间不低于2小时。青少年早期（10-14岁）是行为习惯养成、身心健康发展的关键阶段，体育锻炼作为促进青少年身心健康发展的重要途径，不仅关系到体格发育和体质提升，还有助于改善睡眠质量[1-2]、减少焦虑[3]、缓解抑郁[4]等。然而，目前青少年早期体育锻炼普遍不足，运动时间和参与率偏低，削弱了其身心健康促进效应[5]。《中国青少年儿童睡眠健康白皮书》显示，超过八成青少年早期个体睡眠时长不足8小时[6]。而抑郁症状作为青少年早期最常见的心理问题之一，近年来呈现高发态势[7]。有关研究发现，失眠障碍与抑郁症状之间存在显著的双向关系[8]，二者相互作用，相互强化，若未能及时识别与干预，不仅会导致更严重的精神健康问题，还会进一步影响青少年的学习效率、情绪稳定、人际适应，甚至波及家庭功能和社会稳定[9-10]。综上可见，体育锻炼、失眠障碍与抑郁症状构成青少年早期身心健康的重要关联链条。但现有研究多为横断面设计，缺乏对三者纵向动态关系及作用机制的系统检验。基于此，本研究利用三波纵向数据，运用相关分析、交叉滞后模型和纵向中介模型，揭示体育锻炼与失眠障碍之间的动态关系，并检验抑郁症状的纵向中介作用，为明确“运动—情绪—睡眠”机制提供纵向证据，促进青少年健康成长。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　被试
根据单纯随机样本量计算公式 ［n=z2×p×（1-p）/d2］计算样本量，中国青少年失眠障碍的发生率约为26%[11]，在置信水平95%（z=1.96）、允许误差 d=0.05 的条件下，则每组样本量为n=296人，考虑到分为男女两个组，则n=296×2=592。再考虑到20%的样本流失率，则n=592/（1-0.2）=740人。为提高估计的精确度，并保证多组比较及纵向分析的稳健性，本研究在计算基础样本量的基础上，进一步扩大1.6倍，最终计划样本1 184人。
采用随机整群抽样选取湖南省湘西土家族苗族自治州城区4所公立初级中学，运用数字随机法从每所学校的初一年级中各抽取7个班级，共28个班级的1 327名学生进行问卷追踪调查，共测试三次。于2023年10月进行第1次测试（T1），发放问卷1 327份，回收1 223份，有效率为92.1%；2024年4月进行第2次测试（T2），发放问卷1 327份，回收1 291份，有效率为97.3%；2024年10月进行第3次测试（T3），发放问卷1 327份，回收1 258份，有效率为94.8%。剔除有缺失值或随意填写的无效问卷后，以全部完成3次施测且问卷编码对应一致的1 162名学生作为有效研究样本，平均年龄（12.74±0.73）。本研究调查取得所调查学校的许可和调查对象及家长的知情同意，已通过吉首大学生物医学伦理委员会审批（批号：No.JSDX-2023-0034）。
1.2　研究工具
1.2.1　失眠严重指数量表（Insomnia Severity Index，ISI）[12]
本研究的青少年早期失眠障碍采用李恩泽编制的失眠严重程度指数量表，该量表是用于对最近1个月失眠症状的自评工具，包括7个条目，每个条目0～4分，总分为0～28分，得分>7分即判定为存在失眠障碍，划界分为轻度：8～14分、中度：15～21分、重度：>21分。本研究三次调查中，该量表的 Cronbach α系数分别为 0.85、0.86、0.84。
1.2.2　体育锻炼等级量表（Physical Activity Rating Scale-3，PARS-3）[13]
本研究采用梁德清等修订的体育锻炼等级量表。该量表包含锻炼强度、锻炼频率和锻炼时间3个指标量表，共3个条目，采取Likert5级计分法，计算公式为：体育锻炼量=体育锻炼强度×（体育锻炼时间-1）×体育锻炼频率，总分为0～100，等级判定标准为：≤19分为小体育锻炼量，20～42分为中体育锻炼量，≥43分为大体育锻炼量。本研究三次调查中，该量表的Cronbach α系数分别为0.82、0.84、0.80。
1.2.3　简易抑郁症状自评量表（Patient Health Questionnaire-9，PHQ-9）[14]
本研究采用抑郁症状自评量表评估青少年早期抑郁症状，量表由9个条目构成，采用0（从未）～3（总是这样）4级评分，总分范围是0～27分，得分>4分即诊断为抑郁症状，5～9分表示轻度抑郁症状；10～14分为中度；15～19分为中重度；20分及以上表示重度抑郁症状。本研究三次调查中，该量表的Cronbach α系数分别为0.87、0.85、0.88。
1.3　质量控制
在实施调查前对发放问卷人员进行统一培训，明确调研目的及问卷内容和构成，清楚问卷填答方式及要求；现场调查时统一进入班级，在班主任配合下进行发放；调查后的问卷数据采用双录入。三次调查均为匿名填写，问卷当场发放、当场回收，剔除有缺失值或随意填写的无效问卷。
1.4　统计学方法
采用SPSS 26.0进行描述性分析、差异性检验和Pearson相关分析，在此基础上，再使用Mplus 8.3构建交叉滞后模型（CLPM），检验体育锻炼与失眠障碍在不同时间点的双向预测效应；为考察抑郁症状在两者关系中的纵向中介作用，控制相关人口学变量后，将抑郁症状作为中介变量纳入CLPM模型。拟合指标CFI>0.90、TLI>0.90、RMSEA<0.08、SRMR<0.08，认为模型拟合是可接受的[15]。检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　共同方法偏差检验
采用Harmam单因子方法对体育锻炼等级量表、简易抑郁症状自评量表、失眠严重指数量表进行共同方法偏差检验。结果显示，三次测量中第一个最大公因子解释率分别为24.17%、23.29%、24.83%，均小于40%的临界标准值。因此，本研究不存在严重的共同方法偏差。
2.2　青少年早期失眠障碍、抑郁症状检出率
三个时间点的抑郁症状检出率分别为50.5%（T1）、55.4%（T2）和48.1%（T3）；失眠检出率分别为48.3%（T1）、46.6%（T2）和50.1%（T3）。
2.3　描述统计与相关分析
结果显示，T1～T3体育锻炼与T1～T3抑郁症状呈负相关（r=-0.506～-0.329，P<0.001），T1～T3体育锻炼与T1～T3失眠障碍呈负相关（r=-0.550～-0.507，P<0.001），T1～T3抑郁症状与T1～T3失眠障碍呈正相关（r=0.522～0.720，P<0.001）。详见表1。
2.4　体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍的交叉滞后模型
控制单因素分析中有统计学意义的性别和是否独生变量，构建CLPM考察体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍的动态关系。模型各拟合指数分别：χ2/df=3.761，CFI=0.996，TLI=0.988，RMSEA=0.049，95%CI：0.031~0.068，SRMR=0.013。结果表明：（1）体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍的自回归路径在3个点之间均显著，表明体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍具有一定的稳定性。（2）体育锻炼预测青少年早期个体的失眠障碍，T1体育锻炼负向预测T2失眠障碍（β=-0.087，P<0.001）、T3失眠障碍（β=-0.245，P<0.001）；青少年早期失眠障碍预测个体的体育锻炼，T1失眠障碍负向预测T2体育锻炼（β=-0.168，P<0.001），T2失眠障碍负向预测T3体育锻炼（β=-0.213，P<0.001）。详见图1。
2.5　抑郁症状在体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍之间的纵向中介作用
本研究构建以体育锻炼为自变量、抑郁症状为中介变量、失眠障碍为因变量的纵向中介模型，并控制性别和是否独生，结果显示模型拟合良好（χ2/df=4.959，CFI=0.997，TLI=0.983，RMSEA=0.058，SRMR=0.006）。在关键路径上，T1体育锻炼显著负向预测T2抑郁症状（β=-0.150，P<0.001），T2抑郁症状显著正向预测T3失眠障碍（β=0.110，P<0.001）。中介效应分析表明，抑郁症状在T1体育锻炼与T3失眠障碍之间发挥显著的部分中介作用（间接效应β=-0.016，95%CI：-0.025～-0.010，P<0.001），且直接效应仍显著（β=-0.089，P<0.001）。此外，进一步分析发现，T1体育锻炼还可通过多条路径间接影响T3失眠障碍，包括经由T2体育锻炼、T2失眠障碍的路径，上述间接效应均达到显著水平。详见图2、表2。
3　讨论
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本研究采用CLPM探讨了体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍的动态关系。结果显示，两者在不同时间点均具有显著的自回归效应，提示体育锻炼和失眠障碍在个体发展过程中均具有较高的稳定性。这与既往研究一致[16]，表明青少年早期在体育锻炼与失眠障碍方面存在一定的连续性模式。青少年早期的体育锻炼能够显著负向预测其后续的失眠障碍水平，即在前一时间点体育锻炼参与较多的个体，在后续阶段出现失眠障碍的风险更低[2]。这一结果与睡眠恢复假说[17]相一致，即规律的体育锻炼通过促进能量消耗和生理恢复，增强睡眠驱动力，从而降低失眠障碍风险。青少年早期的失眠障碍也显著负向预测其后续的体育锻炼水平，表明失眠障碍不仅是睡眠问题结果的表现，也是影响体育锻炼的重要因素。这一结果与压力-脆弱性模型的解释一致，即失眠障碍作为持续性压力源，会削弱青少年维持体育锻炼的能力[18]。CLPM结果揭示了体育锻炼与失眠障碍之间的双向动态作用，表明体育锻炼水平的提升能够在一定程度上预防失眠障碍的发生，而失眠障碍的加重则会进一步抑制青少年体育锻炼。这一发现提示未来干预应当从双向视角出发，既可通过促进规律体育锻炼改善失眠障碍，同时通过提升睡眠质量维持体育锻炼习惯，从而形成良性循环。
本研究通过纳入抑郁症状作为中介变量，进一步构建纵向中介模型。结果显示，体育锻炼水平能够显著负向预测青少年早期后续抑郁症状，并通过抑郁症状间接影响失眠障碍的发展。这一发现符合情绪调节模型[19]，其认为规律体育锻炼可以改善神经递质功能，降低个体消极情绪反应，从而提升情绪调节能力，减少抑郁的发生，进而促进睡眠健康。同时，本研究发现体育锻炼可通过多条路径间接影响失眠障碍的发展，不仅通过抑郁症状发挥情绪中介作用，还通过行为延续及早期失眠状况对后续失眠障碍产生持续影响，提示其作用机制具有多路径特征。其中，体育锻炼的持续参与有助于形成稳定的健康行为模式[20]，从而对睡眠产生长期保护作用[4,18]；而早期失眠状况对后续失眠障碍的显著预测则表明失眠具有一定的时间稳定性与累积效应。本研究还发现抑郁症状与失眠障碍之间存在显著的双向预测关系，抑郁水平升高会增加失眠障碍风险，而持续的失眠障碍又可能反过来加剧抑郁症状，从而形成恶性循环。这与采用随机截距交叉滞后[21]以及一项追踪2年的研究结论相似[8]，也与认知行为模型相契合[22]。此外，抑郁症状对体育锻炼也具有负向预测作用，即抑郁症状较高的青少年更可能减少体育锻炼，这与既往研究一致[23]，均提示抑郁症状不仅直接削弱体育锻炼，还可能通过社会支持和心理韧性间接作用，体现了体育锻炼-抑郁症状关系的复杂性。另外，本研究表明体育锻炼与抑郁症状之间存在双向作用机制，即体育锻炼可缓解抑郁症状，而抑郁症状会降低体育锻炼的参与。对于初中阶段的青少年而言，生理与心理处于快速发展期，激素水平波动加剧情绪不稳，学业压力与同伴关系的挑战也容易诱发抑郁情绪[24]。根据自我决定理论，体育锻炼参与依赖于自主性、胜任感和归属感，而抑郁症状会削弱这些心理需求的满足，从而降低体育锻炼的动机和参与度[25]。提示未来干预应同时关注青少年早期抑郁症状的缓解与体育锻炼习惯的养成，形成身心协同的健康促进干预体系，打破“抑郁症状—体育锻炼不足—失眠障碍”的恶性循环。
本研究揭示了体育锻炼与青少年早期失眠障碍和抑郁症状之间的重要关系，但仍存在一定局限。首先，数据主要来源于自评问卷，可能受到回忆偏差及社会期许效应的影响；其次，样本来自某地区初中生，代表性有限，研究结论的外推性仍需谨慎；再次，随访时间较短，尚不足以揭示三者之间的长期动态作用机制。此外，本研究未纳入学业压力及“被动体育”与“自主锻炼”等情境变量，也未在模型中加以控制，可能影响结果解释。考虑到初中阶段学业压力随年级上升及学校体育活动课程化特征，这些因素均可能对抑郁症状与睡眠问题产生影响。未来研究可进一步扩大样本范围、延长追踪周期，并结合干预研究（如运动处方随机对照试验），同时纳入学业压力及不同类型体育锻炼等变量，以更全面揭示其作用机制。
基金
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  • 2022年度国家社会科学基金项目(22XTY003)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2026年第53卷第14期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601214
  • 接收时间：2026-01-14
  • 首发时间：2026-09-28
  • 出版时间：2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期：2026-01-14
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2022年度国家社会科学基金项目(22XTY003)
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    吉首大学体育科学学院，湖南 吉首 416000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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