Article(id=1311350082872631696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349919793905738, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602107, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1770566400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579823462, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579823462, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579823462, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579823462, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349919793905738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='2113', pageEnd='2304', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579784582, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588408144, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311386089701597565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349919793905738, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311386089701597566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349919793905738, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2265, endPage=2271, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350083308839313, articleId=1311350082872631696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of drug resistance and gene mutations in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan, 2018-2025, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyse the rifampicin and isoniazid resistance patterns and mutation sites in 793 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, collected between September 2018 and August 2025, so as to provide scientific basis for local tuberculosis prevention and control.

Methods

DNA microarray gene chips were used to perform rapid molecular detection of rifampicin and isoniazid resistance genes in collected M. tuberculosis isolates. The drug resistance and mutation of resistance genes in the region were analyzed, and chi square analysis was used to compare the drug resistance of different genders, ages, and agricultural landscape areas.

Results

The overall resistance rate of 793 cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to rifampicin and isoniazid was 18.16%, with a rifampicin resistance rate of 12.99%, isoniazid resistance rate of 10.7%, and multidrug resistance rate of 5.55%. According to statistical analysis, there was no significant difference in drug resistance rates between patients of different genders. The overall drug resistance rate (21.67%), isoniazid resistance rate (14.28%), and multidrug resistance rate (6.90%) were highest in patients aged 0-<20, and the rifampicin resistance rate (14.56%) was highest in the 40-<60 age group. Differences in overall resistance, rifampicin resistance, isoniazid resistance and multidrug resistance between age groups were not statistically significant. Drug resistance rates were higher in semi-agricultural/semi-pastoral areas than in purely agricultural or pastoral areas. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between overall drug resistance and rifampicin resistance. A statistically significant difference was found between isoniazid resistance and multidrug resistance(χ2=9.089,13.680,P<0.05). The predominant rifampicin resistance mutation site was rpoB531(C->T) (33.01%), followed by 516(G->T) (25.24%) and 511(T->C) (18.45%). Isoniazid resistance was predominantly mediated by katG gene mutations (92.94%), comprising katG315(G->C) (84.71%) and katG315(G->A) (8.24%), while inhA gene mutations accounted for 8.24%. Multidrug resistance was predominantly mediated by rpoB(516(G->T) katG(315(G->C) mutations, accounting for 52.27%.

Conclusion

Rifampicin and isoniazid resistance in tuberculosis cases from Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture is severe. Resistance is more pronounced in the 0-<20 age group compared to other age cohorts, and is more prevalent in semi-agricultural/semi-pastoral areas than in purely agricultural or pastoral regions. Resistance mutations predominantly involve high-level resistance sites for both rifampicin and isoniazid. The region requires enhanced tuberculosis drug resistance testing and detection, strengthened standardised treatment and management of patients, and reduced generation and transmission of drug-resistant tuberculosis, and pay special attention to tuberculosis drug resistance prevention and control among low-age groups and people living in semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas.

, authors=Dong-li YAN1, Qi-jin TIAN1, Xiao HE2, Ming-hui ZHOU1, Yong-jun DUAN1, Lan XIA2, Feng-gang DUAN1, Shu ZHANG2, authorsList=Dong-li YAN, Qi-jin TIAN, Xiao HE, Ming-hui ZHOU, Yong-jun DUAN, Lan XIA, Feng-gang DUAN, Shu ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shu ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350084151894418, articleId=1311350082872631696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=四川省甘孜州2018—2025年结核分枝杆菌临床分离株耐药及基因突变情况分析, columnId=1228016572288135432, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=实验技术及其应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析2018年9月至2025年8月四川省甘孜州793例结核分枝杆菌临床分离株对利福平和异烟肼的耐药情况及突变位点情况,以便为当地结核病防治工作提供科学依据。

方法

采用DNA微阵列芯片(基因芯片)法对收集得到的结核分枝杆菌进行利福平和异烟肼耐药基因快速分子检测,分析该地区耐药情况和耐药基因突变情况,并使用卡方分析比较不同性别、年龄和不同农业景观区域的耐药情况。

结果

793例结核分枝杆菌对利福平和异烟肼的总体耐药率为18.16%,利福平耐药率为12.99%,异烟肼耐药率为10.7%,耐多药率为5.55%。不同性别患者耐药率无统计学差异。0~<20岁患者总体耐药率(21.67%)、异烟肼耐药率(14.28%)、耐多药率(6.90%)最高,40~<60岁组利福平耐药率(14.56%)最高,不同年龄组总体耐药、利福平耐药、异烟肼耐药、耐多药间差异均无统计学意义。半农半牧地区耐药率高于纯农区和纯牧区,但总体耐药与利福平耐药间差异均无统计学意义,而异烟肼耐药与耐多药间差异具有统计学意义(χ2=9.089,13.680,P<0.05)。利福平耐药基因突变以rpoB531(C->T)最高,占33.01%,其次为516(G->T),占25.24%,再次为511(T->C),占18.45%,异烟肼耐药以katG耐药基因突变为主,占92.94%,其中katG315(G->C)为84.71%,katG315(G->A)为8.24%,inhA耐药基因突变占8.24%。耐多药以rpoB(516(G->T)katG(315(G->C)突变为主,占52.27%。

结论

甘孜州结核病利福平、异烟肼耐药严重,0~<20岁低年龄组较其他年龄组耐药更严重,半农半牧地区较纯农区和纯牧区耐药更严重,利福平与异烟肼耐药基因突变以高水平耐药位点突变为主。该地区需加强结核病耐药检测和发现,加强患者规范化治疗与管理,减少耐药结核病的产生和传播,特别应注意低年龄人群和半农半牧区人群的结核病耐药防控。

, authors=严冬丽1, 田七斤1, 何潇2, 周明辉1, 段勇军1, 夏岚2, 段凤刚1, 张书2, authorsList=严冬丽, 田七斤, 何潇, 周明辉, 段勇军, 夏岚, 段凤刚, 张书, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张书, authorNote=

严冬丽(1979—),女,本科,主任技师,研究方向:结核病检验

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张书,E-mail:
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PLOS One, 2015, 10(3): e0119628., articleTitle=Genetic mutations associated with isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a systematic review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350103382778374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=65, issue=3, pageStart=e02091, pageEnd=20, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Valafar SJ, journalName=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Valafar SJ. Systematic review of mutations associated with isoniazid resistance points to continuing evolution and subsequent evasion of molecular detection, and potential for emergence of multidrug resistance in clinical strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2021, 65(3): e02091-20., articleTitle=Systematic review of mutations associated with isoniazid resistance points to continuing evolution and subsequent evasion of molecular detection, and potential for emergence of multidrug resistance in clinical strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311350095925305812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, awardId=2025ZD01901002, language=CN, fundingSource=新发突发与重大传染病防控国家科技重大专项(2025ZD01901002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311350084588102035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350084596490644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, companyId=1311350084588102035, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Ganzi Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan 626000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350084604879253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, companyId=1311350084588102035, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.甘孜州疾病预防控制中心,四川 甘孜州 626000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311350084676182422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350084902674839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, companyId=1311350084676182422, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.四川省疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350094604100043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Drug resistance of pulmonary tuberculosis patients by gender and age groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人口学特征总患者[例(率,%)]敏感患者[例(率,%)]耐药患者[例(率,%)]
总耐药χ2值P值利福平耐药χ2值P值
性别0.0230.8800.2600.610
男392(49.43)320(81.63)72(18.37)48(12.24)
女401(50.56)329(82.04)72(17.96)55(13.72)
年龄组(岁)4.2080.2401.5980.660
0~<20203(25.60)159(78.32)44(21.67)29(14.28)
20~<40250(31.53)213(85.20)37(14.80)29(11.60)
40~<60158(19.92)126(79.75)32(20.25)23(14.56)
≥60182(22.95)151(82.97)31(17.03)22(12.09)
合计793(100.00)649(81.84)144(18.16)103(12.99)
人口学特征总患者[例(率,%)]敏感患者[例(率,%)]耐药患者[例(率,%)]
异烟肼耐药χ2值P值耐多药χ2值P值
性别0.1820.6700.2450.621
男392(49.43)320(81.63)44(11.22)20(5.10)
女401(50.56)329(82.04)41(10.22)24(5.99)
年龄组(岁)5.4660.1410.2230.637
0~<20203(25.60)159(78.32)29(14.28)14(6.90)
20~<40250(31.53)213(85.20)19(7.60)11(4.40)
40~<60158(19.92)126(79.75)18(11.39)9(5.70)
≥60182(22.95)151(82.97)19(10.44)10(5.49)
合计793(100.00)649(81.84)85(10.70)44(5.55)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350094738317772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同性别、年龄组肺结核患者耐药情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人口学特征总患者[例(率,%)]敏感患者[例(率,%)]耐药患者[例(率,%)]
总耐药χ2值P值利福平耐药χ2值P值
性别0.0230.8800.2600.610
男392(49.43)320(81.63)72(18.37)48(12.24)
女401(50.56)329(82.04)72(17.96)55(13.72)
年龄组(岁)4.2080.2401.5980.660
0~<20203(25.60)159(78.32)44(21.67)29(14.28)
20~<40250(31.53)213(85.20)37(14.80)29(11.60)
40~<60158(19.92)126(79.75)32(20.25)23(14.56)
≥60182(22.95)151(82.97)31(17.03)22(12.09)
合计793(100.00)649(81.84)144(18.16)103(12.99)
人口学特征总患者[例(率,%)]敏感患者[例(率,%)]耐药患者[例(率,%)]
异烟肼耐药χ2值P值耐多药χ2值P值
性别0.1820.6700.2450.621
男392(49.43)320(81.63)44(11.22)20(5.10)
女401(50.56)329(82.04)41(10.22)24(5.99)
年龄组(岁)5.4660.1410.2230.637
0~<20203(25.60)159(78.32)29(14.28)14(6.90)
20~<40250(31.53)213(85.20)19(7.60)11(4.40)
40~<60158(19.92)126(79.75)18(11.39)9(5.70)
≥60182(22.95)151(82.97)19(10.44)10(5.49)
合计793(100.00)649(81.84)85(10.70)44(5.55)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350094977393101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Prevalence of rifampicin resistance, isoniazid resistance and multidrug resistance among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in different agricultural landscape areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区总患者[例(率,%)]敏感患者[例(率,%)]耐药患者[例(率,%)]
总耐药χ2值P值利福平耐药χ2值P值
农区129(16.27)107(82.95)22(17.05)18(13.95)
牧区129(16.27)111(86.05)18(13.95)2.2310.32810(7.75)3.6150.164
半农半牧地区535(67.47)431(80.56)104(19.44)75(14.12)
合计793(100.00)649(81.84)144(18.16)103(12.99)
地区总患者[例(率,%)]敏感患者[例(率,%)]耐药患者[例(率,%)]
异烟肼耐药χ2值P值耐多药χ2值P值
农区129(16.27)107(82.95)6(4.65)2(1.55)
牧区129(16.27)111(86.05)9(6.98)9.0890.0111(0.78)13.6800.001
半农半牧地区535(67.47)431(80.56)70(13.08)41(7.66)
合计793(100.00)649(81.84)85(10.70)44(5.55)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350095065473487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同农业景观区域肺结核患者耐利福平、耐异烟肼及耐多药的情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区总患者[例(率,%)]敏感患者[例(率,%)]耐药患者[例(率,%)]
总耐药χ2值P值利福平耐药χ2值P值
农区129(16.27)107(82.95)22(17.05)18(13.95)
牧区129(16.27)111(86.05)18(13.95)2.2310.32810(7.75)3.6150.164
半农半牧地区535(67.47)431(80.56)104(19.44)75(14.12)
合计793(100.00)649(81.84)144(18.16)103(12.99)
地区总患者[例(率,%)]敏感患者[例(率,%)]耐药患者[例(率,%)]
异烟肼耐药χ2值P值耐多药χ2值P值
农区129(16.27)107(82.95)6(4.65)2(1.55)
牧区129(16.27)111(86.05)9(6.98)9.0890.0111(0.78)13.6800.001
半农半牧地区535(67.47)431(80.56)70(13.08)41(7.66)
合计793(100.00)649(81.84)85(10.70)44(5.55)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350095182914000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Gene mutations associated with rifampicin and isoniazid resistance in drug-resistant tuberculosis patients

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药品耐药菌株数耐药基因突变类型突变菌株数突变率(%)
利福平103rpoB511(T->C)1918.45
513(C->A)10.97
516(A->G)54.85
516(A->T)43.88
516(G->T)2625.24
526(A->T)21.94
526(C->G)43.88
526(C->T)1110.68
531(C->T)3433.01
533(T->C)43.88
异烟肼85katG315(G->A)78.24
315(G->C)7284.71
inhA-15(C->T)78.24
), ArticleFig(id=1311350095388434897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

耐药患者利福平、异烟肼耐药的相关基因突变情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药品耐药菌株数耐药基因突变类型突变菌株数突变率(%)
利福平103rpoB511(T->C)1918.45
513(C->A)10.97
516(A->G)54.85
516(A->T)43.88
516(G->T)2625.24
526(A->T)21.94
526(C->G)43.88
526(C->T)1110.68
531(C->T)3433.01
533(T->C)43.88
异烟肼85katG315(G->A)78.24
315(G->C)7284.71
inhA-15(C->T)78.24
), ArticleFig(id=1311350095497486802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Drug resistance-related gene mutations in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
突变类型菌株数突变率(%)
rpoB(511(T->C) 516(A->G)katG(315(G->A)12.27
rpoB(511(T->C) 516(A->G)katG(315(G->C)12.27
rpoB(511(T->C)katG(315(G->C)49.09
rpoB(516(A->T)katG(315(G->A)12.27
rpoB(516(A->T)katG(315(G->C)12.27
rpoB(516(G->T)katG(315(G->C)2352.27
rpoB(516(G->T)katG(315(G->C)12.27
rpoB(526(C->T)inhA(-15(C->T)12.27
rpoB(531(C->T)katG(315(G->A)12.27
rpoB(531(C->T)katG(315(G->C)818.18
rpoB(533(T->C)katG(315(G->A)12.27
rpoB(533(T->C)katG(315(G->C)12.27
), ArticleFig(id=1311350095564595667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350082872631696, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

耐多药患者耐药相关基因突变情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
突变类型菌株数突变率(%)
rpoB(511(T->C) 516(A->G)katG(315(G->A)12.27
rpoB(511(T->C) 516(A->G)katG(315(G->C)12.27
rpoB(511(T->C)katG(315(G->C)49.09
rpoB(516(A->T)katG(315(G->A)12.27
rpoB(516(A->T)katG(315(G->C)12.27
rpoB(516(G->T)katG(315(G->C)2352.27
rpoB(516(G->T)katG(315(G->C)12.27
rpoB(526(C->T)inhA(-15(C->T)12.27
rpoB(531(C->T)katG(315(G->A)12.27
rpoB(531(C->T)katG(315(G->C)818.18
rpoB(533(T->C)katG(315(G->A)12.27
rpoB(533(T->C)katG(315(G->C)12.27
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四川省甘孜州2018—2025年结核分枝杆菌临床分离株耐药及基因突变情况分析
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严冬丽 1 , 田七斤 1 , 何潇 2 , 周明辉 1 , 段勇军 1 , 夏岚 2 , 段凤刚 1 , 张书 2
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2026,53(12): 2265-2271
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现代预防医学 |实验技术及其应用 2026 , 53 (12) : 2265 -2271
四川省甘孜州2018—2025年结核分枝杆菌临床分离株耐药及基因突变情况分析
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严冬丽1, 田七斤1, 何潇2, 周明辉1, 段勇军1, 夏岚2, 段凤刚1, 张书2
作者信息
  • 1.甘孜州疾病预防控制中心,四川 甘孜州 626000
  • 2.四川省疾病预防控制中心
通讯作者:
张书,E-mail:
作者简介:

严冬丽(1979—),女,本科,主任技师,研究方向:结核病检验

Analysis of drug resistance and gene mutations in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan, 2018-2025
Dong-li YAN1, Qi-jin TIAN1, Xiao HE2, Ming-hui ZHOU1, Yong-jun DUAN1, Lan XIA2, Feng-gang DUAN1, Shu ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • Ganzi Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan 626000, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602107
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目的

分析2018年9月至2025年8月四川省甘孜州793例结核分枝杆菌临床分离株对利福平和异烟肼的耐药情况及突变位点情况,以便为当地结核病防治工作提供科学依据。

方法

采用DNA微阵列芯片(基因芯片)法对收集得到的结核分枝杆菌进行利福平和异烟肼耐药基因快速分子检测,分析该地区耐药情况和耐药基因突变情况,并使用卡方分析比较不同性别、年龄和不同农业景观区域的耐药情况。

结果

793例结核分枝杆菌对利福平和异烟肼的总体耐药率为18.16%,利福平耐药率为12.99%,异烟肼耐药率为10.7%,耐多药率为5.55%。不同性别患者耐药率无统计学差异。0~<20岁患者总体耐药率(21.67%)、异烟肼耐药率(14.28%)、耐多药率(6.90%)最高,40~<60岁组利福平耐药率(14.56%)最高,不同年龄组总体耐药、利福平耐药、异烟肼耐药、耐多药间差异均无统计学意义。半农半牧地区耐药率高于纯农区和纯牧区,但总体耐药与利福平耐药间差异均无统计学意义,而异烟肼耐药与耐多药间差异具有统计学意义(χ2=9.089,13.680,P<0.05)。利福平耐药基因突变以rpoB531(C->T)最高,占33.01%,其次为516(G->T),占25.24%,再次为511(T->C),占18.45%,异烟肼耐药以katG耐药基因突变为主,占92.94%,其中katG315(G->C)为84.71%,katG315(G->A)为8.24%,inhA耐药基因突变占8.24%。耐多药以rpoB(516(G->T)katG(315(G->C)突变为主,占52.27%。

结论

甘孜州结核病利福平、异烟肼耐药严重,0~<20岁低年龄组较其他年龄组耐药更严重,半农半牧地区较纯农区和纯牧区耐药更严重,利福平与异烟肼耐药基因突变以高水平耐药位点突变为主。该地区需加强结核病耐药检测和发现,加强患者规范化治疗与管理,减少耐药结核病的产生和传播,特别应注意低年龄人群和半农半牧区人群的结核病耐药防控。

结核分枝杆菌  /  微阵列基因芯片  /  耐多药结核  /  利福平耐药  /  异烟肼耐药
Objective

To analyse the rifampicin and isoniazid resistance patterns and mutation sites in 793 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, collected between September 2018 and August 2025, so as to provide scientific basis for local tuberculosis prevention and control.

Methods

DNA microarray gene chips were used to perform rapid molecular detection of rifampicin and isoniazid resistance genes in collected M. tuberculosis isolates. The drug resistance and mutation of resistance genes in the region were analyzed, and chi square analysis was used to compare the drug resistance of different genders, ages, and agricultural landscape areas.

Results

The overall resistance rate of 793 cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to rifampicin and isoniazid was 18.16%, with a rifampicin resistance rate of 12.99%, isoniazid resistance rate of 10.7%, and multidrug resistance rate of 5.55%. According to statistical analysis, there was no significant difference in drug resistance rates between patients of different genders. The overall drug resistance rate (21.67%), isoniazid resistance rate (14.28%), and multidrug resistance rate (6.90%) were highest in patients aged 0-<20, and the rifampicin resistance rate (14.56%) was highest in the 40-<60 age group. Differences in overall resistance, rifampicin resistance, isoniazid resistance and multidrug resistance between age groups were not statistically significant. Drug resistance rates were higher in semi-agricultural/semi-pastoral areas than in purely agricultural or pastoral areas. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between overall drug resistance and rifampicin resistance. A statistically significant difference was found between isoniazid resistance and multidrug resistance(χ2=9.089,13.680,P<0.05). The predominant rifampicin resistance mutation site was rpoB531(C->T) (33.01%), followed by 516(G->T) (25.24%) and 511(T->C) (18.45%). Isoniazid resistance was predominantly mediated by katG gene mutations (92.94%), comprising katG315(G->C) (84.71%) and katG315(G->A) (8.24%), while inhA gene mutations accounted for 8.24%. Multidrug resistance was predominantly mediated by rpoB(516(G->T) katG(315(G->C) mutations, accounting for 52.27%.

Conclusion

Rifampicin and isoniazid resistance in tuberculosis cases from Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture is severe. Resistance is more pronounced in the 0-<20 age group compared to other age cohorts, and is more prevalent in semi-agricultural/semi-pastoral areas than in purely agricultural or pastoral regions. Resistance mutations predominantly involve high-level resistance sites for both rifampicin and isoniazid. The region requires enhanced tuberculosis drug resistance testing and detection, strengthened standardised treatment and management of patients, and reduced generation and transmission of drug-resistant tuberculosis, and pay special attention to tuberculosis drug resistance prevention and control among low-age groups and people living in semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis  /  Microarray gene chip  /  Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)  /  Rifampicin resistance  /  Isoniazid resistance
严冬丽, 田七斤, 何潇, 周明辉, 段勇军, 夏岚, 段凤刚, 张书. 四川省甘孜州2018—2025年结核分枝杆菌临床分离株耐药及基因突变情况分析. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (12) : 2265 -2271 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602107
Dong-li YAN, Qi-jin TIAN, Xiao HE, Ming-hui ZHOU, Yong-jun DUAN, Lan XIA, Feng-gang DUAN, Shu ZHANG. Analysis of drug resistance and gene mutations in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan, 2018-2025[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (12) : 2265 -2271 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602107
结核病是由结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)感染引发的慢性传染性疾病,至今仍是全球范围内导致死亡的主要单一传染病之一。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)《2025年全球结核病报告》[1],2024年全球新发结核病患者约1 070万例,其中耐多药/利福平耐药结核病患者为39万例(3.6%),同期因结核病死亡的病例数达123万例。我国结核病2024年新发患者数为69.6万,估算发病率为49/10万,死亡数为2.5万,死亡率1.9/10万,新发耐多药/利福平耐药结核病(MDR/RR-TB)患者为2.8万,占全球7.1%,此类患者治疗周期更长、医疗费用更高、治愈率更低、病死率更高,且易造成耐药菌株传播,加重医疗负担,严重危害公共卫生安全[1]。四川省地处我国西部,是我国结核病高负担地区之一[2,3],甘孜藏族自治州地处四川省西部,属大陆性高原山地气候,产业以高原农牧业为主,有农区、牧区、半农半牧地区[4-6],因高海拔、天气严寒、游牧人口占比高、医疗资源分布不均等特点,结核病疫情重,2020年报告发病率217.01/10万,患者诊断延迟重,且治疗依从性较差[7-8],结核病是甘孜藏区重大公共卫生挑战。
为了解甘孜藏族自治州结核病患者常用一线抗结核药物利福平、异烟肼的耐药情况,及耐药基因突变情况,考虑到结核病传统药敏检测周期长且操作繁琐,而DNA微阵列芯片(基因芯片)结核分枝杆菌分子耐药检测方法可同时进行重要一线抗结核药物利福平(rpoB)与异烟肼(katG、inhA)耐药基因检测,灵敏度和特异度高,操作简单,可在一天内报告结果[9-10],本研究采用该检测方法,对甘孜州18县(市)人民医院培养获得并送至甘孜州疾病预防控制中心的结核分枝杆菌临床分离株进行利福平(rpoB)与异烟肼(katG、inhA)耐药基因检测,共分析了从2018年9月至2025年8月分离的793例结核分枝杆菌临床样本,以便为甘孜州结核病患者抗结核治疗方案选择和当地结核病防控工作提供科学依据。
2018年9月至2025年8月,对四川省甘孜藏族自治州18个县(市)结核病定点医疗机构诊断的结核病患者进行痰样本采集、酸性改良罗氏培养基分离培养和基因芯片法鉴定,得到872株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株,有79株菌株因患者基本信息不全和样本异常无法获得基因芯片结果排除,最终纳入793名研究对象。
仪器包括北京博奥Extractor TM36核酸提取仪、BioMixer TMII四梯度杂交仪(46 ℃/48 ℃/50 ℃/52 ℃)、LuxScan TM10K-B双通道激光扫描仪、Thermo Scientific StepOnePlus实时荧光定量PCR仪。实验试剂为北京博奥晶芯结核分枝杆菌耐药基因检测试剂盒(用于DNA微阵列芯片法)与珠海贝索改良罗氏培养基。
使用磁珠法从收到的临床分离纯培养物提取结核分枝杆菌DNA,加入16S rRNA内参基因,核酸纯度要求A260/A280=1.8~2.0。DNA经过PCR扩增后,产物与芯片使用BioMixer TMII四梯度杂交仪于50℃恒温杂交120分钟,取出芯片采用LuxScan TM10K-B扫描仪读取结果。微阵列芯片结核分枝杆菌耐药检测可检测利福平耐药基因rpoB(511、513、516、526、531、533位点)、异烟肼耐药基因katG(315位点)和inhA(-15位点)。
采用WPS 2022对患者信息和结核分枝杆菌检测结果进行整理,使用R 4.3.0对数据进行统计和分析。服从正态分布的定量数据使用均数和标准差描述,不服从正态分布的定量数据使用中位数和四分位数描述,不同组患者分类计数采用“率,%”进行描述,计数资料比较采用χ2检验,使用Bonferroni法分析不同特征人群两两比较时耐药类型分布的差异。检验水准α=0.05。
2018年9月至2025年8月,从四川省甘孜藏族自治州18个县(市)结核病患者中,经培养阳性获取872株结核分枝杆菌,排除患者基本信息不全和样本异常无法获得基因芯片结果79株,最终793例患者纳入分析。其中来自男性患者392例(49.43%),女性患者401例(50.56%)。患者年龄为5~87岁,中位数33岁。
793例肺结核患者中,敏感患者649例(81.84%),耐药患者144例(18.16%)。利福平耐药患者103例(12.99%),异烟肼耐药患者85例(10.70%),耐多药患者44例(5.55%)。不同性别、年龄组肺结核患者耐利福平、耐异烟肼及耐多药的情况详见表1。不同性别患者与不同年龄组患者总体耐药、耐利福平、耐异烟肼、耐多药间差异均无统计学意义。
农区患者129例(16.27%),牧区患者129例(16.27%),半农半牧地区患者535例(67.47%),不同地区患者耐药、耐利福平、耐异烟肼、耐多药情况详见表2,结核病患者耐药、耐利福平及耐多药情况均呈现半农半牧地区最高,其次为农区,最低为牧区的情况,但不同农业景观区耐药与耐利福平情况差异均无统计学意义,而耐异烟肼与耐多药情况存在统计学意义差异。进一步两两比较分析发现,半农半牧地区与农区的耐异烟肼情况、及半农半牧地区与农区、牧区之间的耐多药情况之间差异均存在统计学意义差异(χ2=6.379,6.066,8.238,P<0.05)。
144例耐药结核患者感染的结核分枝杆菌中耐利福平103例,耐异烟肼85例。耐利福平的rpoB耐药基因突变情况有10种,突变位点包含511、513、516、526、531、533 6个位点,以531(C->T)、516(G->T和511(T->C)为主,分别占33.01%、25.24%和18.45%。异烟肼耐药以katG耐药基因突变为主,占92.94%,inhA耐药基因突变占8.24%,突变位点以katG315(G->C)为主,占84.71%,katG315(G->A)和inhA-15(C->T)突变均占8.24%。详见表3。44例耐多药结核分枝杆菌菌株突变以rpoB(516(G->T)katG(315(G->C)、rpoB(531(C->T)katG(315(G->C)和rpoB(511(T->C)katG(315(G->C)突变为主,分别占52.27%、18.18%和9.09%,其他突变位点均仅为1株,分别占2.27%。详见表4。
本研究中,甘孜州利福平耐药率和异烟肼耐药率分别为12.99%和10.70%,分别远高于四川省平均水平(分别为5.09%和8.96%)[11],以及省内泸州市耐药情况(分别为4.49%和9.80%)[12]。其利福平耐药率虽比省内遂宁高(8.39%),异烟肼耐药率却低于遂宁(11.33%)[13]。不过,利福平、异烟肼两种药物耐药率低于西藏地区平均水平(分别为11.15%和14.08%)[14]。甘孜州结核病耐多药率为5.55%,高于四川省的3.67%[11],也高于同省遂宁市的5.13%和泸州市的3.47%[12-13],但低于西藏地区的7.68%[14]。甘孜州结核病耐药形势严峻,应加强患者规范化治疗和管理,减少患者因不规范治疗产生继发性耐药和因传播导致原发性耐药。现有研究显示国内异烟肼耐药发生率高于利福平[15],且全球异烟肼耐药率高于利福平[16],这可能与分子耐药检测时广泛检测利福平耐药基因,而异烟肼耐药检测较少,导致利福平耐药患者比异烟肼耐药患者获得更多关注,利福平耐药更被重视有关[17-18]。而甘孜州利福平耐药率高于异烟肼,可能与该地区分子耐药检测未大规模开展,利福平耐药检测较少,耐药患者发现不足和规范化治疗不足有关,这也导致该地区利福平、异烟肼耐药率远高于四川省水平。
不同年龄组患者中,0~<20岁组人群耐多药率最高,达到6.90%。该地区地域偏远,耐多药患者接受规范治疗和治愈率低,特别是低龄人群更易因抗结核药物服药周期长、存在肠道反应和肝肾功损伤等不良反应而擅自停药,不规范治疗诱导耐药产生,而低龄人群主要活动于学校这种人员密集场所,更易导致耐药菌株在同龄人群间传播,使该年龄人群耐多药突出[19-20]。因此,更需加强低龄人群耐多药患者管理,使其规范治疗,并重视学生人群结核病筛查、治疗和管理,减少结核耐药产生和传播。
甘孜州农业景观分为农区、半农半牧区、牧区。总耐药率、利福平耐药率、耐多药率以半农半牧地区最高,牧区最低,异烟肼耐药以半农半牧区最高,农区最低。农区主要分布于甘孜州东南部,交通便利,经济条件较好,牧区则集中于西北部,海拔高,气候严寒,交通不便,地广人稀,经济发展滞后。半农半牧区地理位置则介于二者之间,其各项条件亦处于二者过渡状态。受地理环境与交通条件影响,可能导致牧区患者就医难度大,半农半牧地区就医存在一定困难,农区患者则最易接受规范化治疗。基于上述区域差异推测,半农半牧区结核病患者虽具备一定就医可及性,但难以获得规范系统的治疗,进而可能导致该区域患者耐药情况最为严重。在结核病防治工作中,应重点加强半牧半农地区的患者管理,提高规范化治疗率,从而降低耐药情况。
该地区利福平耐药基因突变以531(C->T)为主,占33.01%,这与四川省[21]及省内眉山[22]、遂宁[13]一致,也与福建厦门[23]、龙岩[24]以及上海[25-26]等地一致。531、526、513、511位点突变与利福平中、高水平耐药相关[27],在本研究中,526位点突变占16.50%,513位点突变占0.97%,511位点突变占18.45%,三个位点突变共占68.93%;516、533位点密码子突变一般导致低水平耐药[28],共占37.86%,说明该地区利福平耐药突变主要集中在中高水平耐药突变。据研究,异烟肼耐药突变位点以KatG315和inhA-15位点为主,katG315突变占42%至95%,inhA-15突变占6%至43%,而315位点突变易与高水平耐药相关[29-30]。本研究中异烟肼耐药基因突变主要集中在KatG315(G->C)、315(G->A)和inhA-15(C->T),分别占84.71%、8.24%和8.24%,315位点突变共占92.94%,与全球及国内[22-26]突变情况一致,以高水平耐药突变位点为主,提示需重点关注该地区315位点所致的异烟肼耐药。耐多药的耐药突变中,以rpoB(516(G->T)katG(315(G->C)为主,占52.27%,表现为利福平低水平耐药异烟肼高水平耐药。
针对甘孜州结核病利福平异烟肼耐药高的问题,该地区更应加强县域内患者分子耐药检测,缩短耐药检测时间,将检测出的耐药患者第一时间转诊至耐药结核病定点医疗机构治疗,规范用药,并加强耐药患者管理,增加治疗成功率,减少耐药结核病传播。最终助力实现“消除结核危害、保障藏区人民健康”的核心目标,为健康中国战略在高原藏区的落地提供实践支撑。
  • 新发突发与重大传染病防控国家科技重大专项(2025ZD01901002)
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2026年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202602107
  • 接收时间:2026-02-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-09
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新发突发与重大传染病防控国家科技重大专项(2025ZD01901002)
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    1.甘孜州疾病预防控制中心,四川 甘孜州 626000
    2.四川省疾病预防控制中心

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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