Article(id=1311350024504705941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349919793905738, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767456000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579809546, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579809546, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579809546, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579809546, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349919793905738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='2113', pageEnd='2304', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579784582, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588408144, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311386089701597565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349919793905738, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311386089701597566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349919793905738, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2243, endPage=2251, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311350024722809750, articleId=1311350024504705941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=A prospective cohort study on the relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of diabetes mellitus incidence in adult males, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) in adult males.

Methods

This study utilized data from the Guizhou Natural Population Cohort Study. The cohort was established between November 2010 and December 2012, and a follow-up survey was conducted on the baseline participants from April 2016 to October 2020. Participants were divided based on their baseline alcohol consumption including daily alcohol consumption, drinking frequency, and type of alcohol consumed. Cox proportional hazards regression model were employed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for evaluating the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of DM. Restricted cubic spline analysis was performed to characterize the dose-response relationship between daily alcohol consumption and the incidence of DM. Additionally,subgroup analysis was conducted for different baseline variables.

Results

A total of 3 232 participants were enrolled in this study, and 346 cases of DM were identified during a median follow-up period of 6.64 years. The incidence rate of DM in this study population was 15.03/1 000 person-years. Compared with non-drinking participant, those with moderate alcohol consumption(aHR=1.40, 95%CI=1.04-1.89), heavy alcohol consumption(aHR=1.47, 95%CI=1.09-2.00), drinking 1-7 times per week(aHR=1.33,95%CI=1.01-1.73), drinking >7 times per week(aHR=1.57, 95%CI=1.12-2.19), consuming high degree liquor (aHR=1.58, 95%CI=1.15-2.17) had a higher risk of incident DM. A linear relationship was observed between daily alcohol consumption and the risk of DM, with an increased risk of DM found at all levels of alcohol consumption exceeding 22.13g/d. Subgroup analysis revealed that heavy alcohol consumption, drinking >7 times per week, consumption of high degree liquor in individuals aged <45 years, smoking, BMI ≥24 kg/m2, and low physical activity were significantly associated with the risk of DM.

Conclusion

Alcohol consumption is closely associated with the incidence of DM. Hence, reducing alcohol consumption can be used as a measure for DM prevention.

, authors=Ji ZHANG, Jie ZHOU, Ling LI, Yan-li WU, Xue-jiao LI, Wei JI, Yu-jin REN, Qi ZHANG, Tao LIU, authorsList=Ji ZHANG, Jie ZHOU, Ling LI, Yan-li WU, Xue-jiao LI, Wei JI, Yu-jin REN, Qi ZHANG, Tao LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tao LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311350029449790389, articleId=1311350024504705941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=成年男性饮酒与糖尿病发病风险的前瞻性队列研究, columnId=1228016572640461823, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=健康与社会行为, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨成年男性饮酒与糖尿病(DM)发病风险的关系。

方法

本研究使用贵州省自然人群队列研究数据,该队列于2010年11月至2012年12月建立,并于2016年4月至2020年10月对研究对象完成随访。根据基线饮酒行为将研究对象分组,采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析饮酒行为与DM发病风险的关联,计算其风险比(HR)及对应的95%置信区间(95%CI)。通过限制性立方样条法评估饮酒量与DM发病的剂量-反应关系,并针对不同特征人群进行亚组分析。

结果

本研究共纳入3 232名研究对象,中位随访时间为6.64年,随访期间共发生346例DM,发病率为15.03/千人年。与不饮酒相比,中度饮酒(aHR=1.40,95%CI=1.04~1.89)、重度饮酒(aHR=1.47,95%CI=1.09~2.00)、饮酒1~7次/周(aHR=1.33,95%CI=1.01~1.73)、饮酒>7次/周(aHR=1.57,95%CI=1.12~2.19)、饮用高度白酒(aHR=1.58,95%CI=1.15~2.17)均增加了DM发病风险。限制性立方样条分析表明饮酒量与DM呈现显著线性趋势,超过22.13 g/d的饮酒水平会导致DM风险的增加。亚组分析显示:重度饮酒、饮酒>7次/周、饮用高度白酒在年龄<45岁、吸烟、BMI≥24 kg/m2及低体力活动人群,与DM的发病风险显著相关。

结论

饮酒与DM发病密切相关,减少饮酒可作为预防DM的措施。

, authors=张骥, 周婕, 李凌, 吴延莉, 李雪娇, 吉维, 任豫晋, 张琦, 刘涛, authorsList=张骥, 周婕, 李凌, 吴延莉, 李雪娇, 吉维, 任豫晋, 张琦, 刘涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘涛, authorNote=

张骥(1993—),男,硕士,副主任医师,研究方向:慢性病预防与控制

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刘涛,E-mail:
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European Journal of Epidemiology, 2023, 38(11): 1185-1196., articleTitle=Moderate alcohol consumption, types of beverages and drinking pattern with cardiometabolic biomarkers in three cohorts of US men and women, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350040539529240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=8, issue=1, pageStart=56, pageEnd=68, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Huang J, Wang XL, Zhang YD, journalName=Journal of Diabetes Investigation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang J, Wang XL, Zhang YD, et al. Specific types of alcoholic beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. 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Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2023, 16: 85-93., articleTitle=The interaction between age and risk factors for diabetes and prediabetes:a community-based cross-sectional study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350040745050138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=15, issue=1, pageStart=7985, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Reed ZE, Sallis HM, Richmond RC, journalName=Scientific Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Reed ZE, Sallis HM, Richmond RC, et al. Investigating whether smoking and alcohol behaviours influence risk of type 2 diabetes using a Mendelian randomisation study[J]. Scientific Reports, 2025, 15(1): 7985., articleTitle=Investigating whether smoking and alcohol behaviours influence risk of type 2 diabetes using a Mendelian randomisation study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350040820547611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=35, issue=8, pageStart=364, pageEnd=372, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Wang Y, Inoue Y, Yamamoto S, journalName=Journal of Epidemiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Y, Inoue Y, Yamamoto S, et al. Association between alcohol consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus across different body mass index categories among Japanese workers[J]. Journal of Epidemiology, 2025, 35(8): 364-372., articleTitle=Association between alcohol consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus across different body mass index categories among Japanese workers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350040896045084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=42, issue=7, pageStart=1167, pageEnd=1173, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=36, authorNames=陈松建, 高文静, 吕筠, journalName=中华流行病学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈松建,高文静,吕筠,等.体力活动对2型糖尿病遗传效应的修饰作用——中国双生子队列研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2021,42(7):1167-1173., articleTitle=体力活动对2型糖尿病遗传效应的修饰作用——中国双生子队列研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311350040958959645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=42, issue=7, pageStart=1167, pageEnd=1173, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Chen SJ, Gao WJ, Lv J, journalName=Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen SJ, Gao WJ, Lv J,et al. Modification of physical activity on genetic effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a twin pairs cohort study in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2021, 42(7): 1167-1173. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Modification of physical activity on genetic effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a twin pairs cohort study in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311350036357809143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, awardId=黔科合支撑〔2018〕2819, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑〔2018〕2819), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311350036420723704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省卫生健康委省级重点建设学科项目, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311350029667894199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350029676282808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, companyId=1311350029667894199, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311350029680477113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, companyId=1311350029667894199, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=贵州省疾病预防控制中心,贵州 贵阳 550004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311350033832838125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Dose-response relationship between daily alcohol consumption and risk of DM, figureFileSmall=2OlheYkfa08Gdexhaq7Q0Q==, figureFileBig=OwQ6byH6Swv2PiG0c12lEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350033904141294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, language=CN, label=图1, caption=每日饮酒量与DM发病风险的剂量-反应关系, figureFileSmall=2OlheYkfa08Gdexhaq7Q0Q==, figureFileBig=OwQ6byH6Swv2PiG0c12lEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350034109662191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Sensitivity analysis of correlation of alcohol consumption with DM, figureFileSmall=5DmzPYSNOTeOTT+EZZsmnQ==, figureFileBig=6yOhJavOvj6qfkYHA/DD/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350034172576752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, language=CN, label=图2, caption=饮酒与DM发病关系的敏感性分析, figureFileSmall=5DmzPYSNOTeOTT+EZZsmnQ==, figureFileBig=6yOhJavOvj6qfkYHA/DD/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311350034243879921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of study participants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征合计非DM(2 886)DM(346)F/χ2值P值
年龄(岁,)43.09±15.1642.72±15.2646.13±13.9915.664<0.001
居住地[n(%)]
城市1 185(36.66)1 077(37.32)108(31.21)4.958 0.026
农村2 047(63.34)1 809(62.68)238(68.79)
受教育程度[n(%)]
文盲804(24.88)709(24.57)95(27.46)9.588 0.048
小学727(22.49)639(22.14)88(25.43)
初中1 194(36.94)1 086(37.63)108(31.21)
高中339(10.49)296(10.26)43(12.43)
大学及以上168(5.20)156(5.41)12(3.47)
吸烟[n(%)]
是1 868(57.80)1 234(42.76)130(37.57)3.406 0.065
否1 364(42.20)1 652(57.24)216(62.43)
食用盐过量[n(%)]
是2 663(82.39)2 375(82.29)288(83.24)0.189 0.663
否569(17.61)511(17.71)58(16.76)
食用油过量[n(%)]
是2 507(77.57)2 231(77.30)276(79.77)1.079 0.299
否725(22.43)655(22.70)70(20.23)
蔬菜水果摄入不足[n(%)]
是1 560(48.27)1 396(48.37)164(47.40)0.117 0.732
否1 672(51.73)1 490(51.63)182(52.60)
体力活动[MET-h/week,M(P25,P75)]64.00(16.00,176.00)64.00(16.00,180.00)60.00(17.33,168.00)0.010 0.919
静态时间(h,)4.06±2.124.09±2.153.89±1.92
BMI[kg/m2,]22.65±3.2422.56±3.1723.41±3.7421.107 <0.001
WC(cm,)77.41±9.2677.12±9.0779.87±10.3527.661<0.001
SBP(mm Hg,)126.34±20.37126.16±20.44127.83±19.752.073 0.150
DBP(mm Hg,)79.12±11.9179.07±1279.54±11.130.494 0.482
FPG(mm Hg,)5.07±0.765.08±0.755.05±0.780.256 0.613
TC(mm Hg,)4.77±1.244.76±1.234.84±1.301.474 0.225
TG(mm Hg,)a1.23(1.00,2.00)1.20(1.00,2.00)1.47(1.00,2.18)12.910 <0.001
HDL-C(mm Hg,)1.48±0.551.49±0.551.44±0.562.556 0.110
LDL-C(mm Hg,)2.64±1.132.64±1.132.64±1.150.014 0.905
RHR(bmp,)77.01±12.2076.82±11.8278.58±14.916.475 0.011
每日饮酒量[n(%)]
不饮酒1 578(48.82)1 423(49.31)155(44.8)8.918 0.030
轻度551(17.05)502(17.39)49(14.16)
中度537(16.62)465(16.11)72(20.81)
重度566(17.51)496(17.19)70(20.23)
饮酒频率[n(%)]
不饮酒1 578(48.82)1 423(49.31)155(44.8)10.5290.015
<1次/周412(12.75)379(13.13)33(9.54)
1~7次/周869(26.89)763(26.44)106(30.64)
>7次/周373(11.54)321(11.12)52(15.03)
饮酒种类[n(%)]
不饮酒1 578(48.82)1 423(49.31)155(44.80)16.8770.005
高度白酒395(12.22)331(11.47)64(18.50)
低度白酒164(5.07)145(5.02)19(5.49)
啤酒184(5.69)171(5.93)13(3.76)
米酒342(10.58)309(10.71)33(9.54)
混合饮酒569(17.61)507(17.57)62(17.92)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350034315183090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究对象特征分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征合计非DM(2 886)DM(346)F/χ2值P值
年龄(岁,)43.09±15.1642.72±15.2646.13±13.9915.664<0.001
居住地[n(%)]
城市1 185(36.66)1 077(37.32)108(31.21)4.958 0.026
农村2 047(63.34)1 809(62.68)238(68.79)
受教育程度[n(%)]
文盲804(24.88)709(24.57)95(27.46)9.588 0.048
小学727(22.49)639(22.14)88(25.43)
初中1 194(36.94)1 086(37.63)108(31.21)
高中339(10.49)296(10.26)43(12.43)
大学及以上168(5.20)156(5.41)12(3.47)
吸烟[n(%)]
是1 868(57.80)1 234(42.76)130(37.57)3.406 0.065
否1 364(42.20)1 652(57.24)216(62.43)
食用盐过量[n(%)]
是2 663(82.39)2 375(82.29)288(83.24)0.189 0.663
否569(17.61)511(17.71)58(16.76)
食用油过量[n(%)]
是2 507(77.57)2 231(77.30)276(79.77)1.079 0.299
否725(22.43)655(22.70)70(20.23)
蔬菜水果摄入不足[n(%)]
是1 560(48.27)1 396(48.37)164(47.40)0.117 0.732
否1 672(51.73)1 490(51.63)182(52.60)
体力活动[MET-h/week,M(P25,P75)]64.00(16.00,176.00)64.00(16.00,180.00)60.00(17.33,168.00)0.010 0.919
静态时间(h,)4.06±2.124.09±2.153.89±1.92
BMI[kg/m2,]22.65±3.2422.56±3.1723.41±3.7421.107 <0.001
WC(cm,)77.41±9.2677.12±9.0779.87±10.3527.661<0.001
SBP(mm Hg,)126.34±20.37126.16±20.44127.83±19.752.073 0.150
DBP(mm Hg,)79.12±11.9179.07±1279.54±11.130.494 0.482
FPG(mm Hg,)5.07±0.765.08±0.755.05±0.780.256 0.613
TC(mm Hg,)4.77±1.244.76±1.234.84±1.301.474 0.225
TG(mm Hg,)a1.23(1.00,2.00)1.20(1.00,2.00)1.47(1.00,2.18)12.910 <0.001
HDL-C(mm Hg,)1.48±0.551.49±0.551.44±0.562.556 0.110
LDL-C(mm Hg,)2.64±1.132.64±1.132.64±1.150.014 0.905
RHR(bmp,)77.01±12.2076.82±11.8278.58±14.916.475 0.011
每日饮酒量[n(%)]
不饮酒1 578(48.82)1 423(49.31)155(44.8)8.918 0.030
轻度551(17.05)502(17.39)49(14.16)
中度537(16.62)465(16.11)72(20.81)
重度566(17.51)496(17.19)70(20.23)
饮酒频率[n(%)]
不饮酒1 578(48.82)1 423(49.31)155(44.8)10.5290.015
<1次/周412(12.75)379(13.13)33(9.54)
1~7次/周869(26.89)763(26.44)106(30.64)
>7次/周373(11.54)321(11.12)52(15.03)
饮酒种类[n(%)]
不饮酒1 578(48.82)1 423(49.31)155(44.80)16.8770.005
高度白酒395(12.22)331(11.47)64(18.50)
低度白酒164(5.07)145(5.02)19(5.49)
啤酒184(5.69)171(5.93)13(3.76)
米酒342(10.58)309(10.71)33(9.54)
混合饮酒569(17.61)507(17.57)62(17.92)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350035980321779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cox regression analysis of correlation between alcohol consumption and risk of DM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
饮酒分组发病人数发病密度(千人年)模型1
HR(95%CI)
模型2
HR(95%CI)
模型3
HR(95%CI)
全人群34615.03
每日饮酒量
不饮酒15513.59 1.00 1.001.00
轻度4912.43 0.93(0.67~1.28)0.96(0.69~1.33)0.95(0.68~1.32)
中度7219.06 1.47(1.11~1.94)a1.50(1.11~2.01)a1.40(1.04~1.89)a
重度7017.94 1.46(1.10~1.94)a1.48(1.09~1.99)a1.47(1.09~2.00)a
P趋势0.0050.0030.019
饮酒频率
不饮酒15513.59 1.00 1.00 1.00
<1次/周3311.220.83(0.57~1.21)0.89(0.61~1.31)0.87(0.59~1.27)
1~7次/周10617.351.35(1.05~1.73)a1.41(1.08~1.83)a1.33(1.01~1.73)a
>7次/周5220.251.63(1.19~2.24)a1.50(1.08~2.09)a1.57(1.12~2.19)a
P趋势<0.0010.0060.004
饮酒种类
不饮酒15513.59 1.00 1.00 1.00
高度白酒6423.441.90(1.42~2.54)a1.75(1.28~2.39)a1.58(1.15~2.17)a
低度白酒1916.861.33(0.83~2.15)1.18(0.72~1.91)1.07(0.65~1.76)
啤酒139.580.62(0.35~1.09)0.76(0.43~1.35)0.78(0.44~1.40)
米酒3313.771.17(0.80~1.71)1.21(0.82~1.81)1.36(0.91~2.03)
混合饮酒6215.471.18(0.88~1.58)1.24(0.91~1.69)1.18(0.86~1.61)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350036076790772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

饮酒行为与DM发病风险的COX回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
饮酒分组发病人数发病密度(千人年)模型1
HR(95%CI)
模型2
HR(95%CI)
模型3
HR(95%CI)
全人群34615.03
每日饮酒量
不饮酒15513.59 1.00 1.001.00
轻度4912.43 0.93(0.67~1.28)0.96(0.69~1.33)0.95(0.68~1.32)
中度7219.06 1.47(1.11~1.94)a1.50(1.11~2.01)a1.40(1.04~1.89)a
重度7017.94 1.46(1.10~1.94)a1.48(1.09~1.99)a1.47(1.09~2.00)a
P趋势0.0050.0030.019
饮酒频率
不饮酒15513.59 1.00 1.00 1.00
<1次/周3311.220.83(0.57~1.21)0.89(0.61~1.31)0.87(0.59~1.27)
1~7次/周10617.351.35(1.05~1.73)a1.41(1.08~1.83)a1.33(1.01~1.73)a
>7次/周5220.251.63(1.19~2.24)a1.50(1.08~2.09)a1.57(1.12~2.19)a
P趋势<0.0010.0060.004
饮酒种类
不饮酒15513.59 1.00 1.00 1.00
高度白酒6423.441.90(1.42~2.54)a1.75(1.28~2.39)a1.58(1.15~2.17)a
低度白酒1916.861.33(0.83~2.15)1.18(0.72~1.91)1.07(0.65~1.76)
啤酒139.580.62(0.35~1.09)0.76(0.43~1.35)0.78(0.44~1.40)
米酒3313.771.17(0.80~1.71)1.21(0.82~1.81)1.36(0.91~2.03)
混合饮酒6215.471.18(0.88~1.58)1.24(0.91~1.69)1.18(0.86~1.61)
), ArticleFig(id=1311350036156482549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The subgroup analysis for the association of alcohol consumption with DM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
饮酒行为年龄吸烟
<45岁≥45岁是否
每日饮酒量
不饮酒1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
轻度0.93(0.51~1.68)1.11(0.72~1.69)1.06(0.73~1.56)0.71(0.35~1.43)
中度1.46(1.07~2.00)a1.16(0.76~1.79)1.14(0.78~1.66)1.63(0.96~2.77)
重度1.71(1.10~2.66)a1.36(0.77~2.41)1.53(1.06~2.21)a1.44(0.97~2.14)
P趋势0.015 0.029 0.020 0.228
P交互0.0180.223
饮酒频率
不饮酒1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
<1次/周0.81(0.55~1.19)0.90(0.49~1.63)0.74(0.38~1.46)0.88(0.54~1.41)
1~7次/周1.57(1.06~2.32)a1.20(0.82~1.75)1.52(0.72~3.21)1.22(0.87~1.70)
>7次/周1.69(1.21~2.36)a1.56(1.02~2.39)a1.68(1.07~2.63)a1.56(1.06~2.30)a
P趋势0.036 0.011 0.028 0.036
P交互0.1250.034
饮酒种类
不饮酒1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
高度白酒1.84(1.12~3.03)a1.44(0.95~2.19)1.63(1.12~2.37)a1.34(0.86~2.09)
低度白酒0.98(0.39~2.51)1.31(0.72~2.36)0.93(0.50~1.70)1.91(0.81~4.49)
啤酒0.72(0.35~1.46)1.07(0.38~2.97)0.60(0.29~1.27)0.88(0.35~2.25)
米酒1.79(0.96~3.32)1.23(0.72~2.10)1.16(0.69~1.94)1.96(1.03~3.73)a
混合饮酒1.37(0.90~2.10)1.02(0.63~1.64)1.17(0.81~1.69)0.97(0.51~1.86)
P交互0.7360.521
饮酒行为BMI体力活动
<24(kg/m2)≥24(kg/m2)≤64
(MET-h/week)
>64
(MET-h/week)
每日饮酒量
不饮酒1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
轻度0.85(0.56~1.30)1.22(0.73~2.06)0.92(0.57~1.49)1.07(0.69~1.67)
中度1.47(0.94~2.30)1.33(0.80~2.22)1.23(0.79~1.92)1.49(0.77~2.89)
重度1.27(0.86~1.87)1.76(1.04~2.99)a1.65(1.08~2.53)a1.39(0.90~2.14)
P趋势0.146 0.025 0.012 0.131
P交互0.2030.031
饮酒频率
不饮酒1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
<1次/周0.81(0.49~1.32)0.98(0.52~1.83)0.81(0.47~1.39)0.89(0.51~1.54)
1~7次/周1.20(0.85~1.69)1.48(1.03~2.13)a1.36(0.92~2.00)1.30(0.89~1.90)
>7次/周1.40(0.93~2.11)1.72(1.07~2.76)a1.83(1.11~3.02)a1.34(0.85~2.13)
P趋势0.094 0.017 0.035 0.331
P交互0.4950.027
饮酒种类
不饮酒1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
高度白酒1.30(0.85~2.00)2.20(1.32~3.65)a2.14(1.36~3.36)a1.29(0.81~2.04)
低度白酒1.06(0.57~1.97)1.09(0.47~2.53)1.28(0.62~2.64)0.98(0.49~1.96)
啤酒0.54(0.25~1.18)1.06(0.45~2.53)0.81(0.38~1.73)0.56(0.22~1.41)
米酒1.35(0.85~2.16)1.42(0.62~3.26)1.12(0.58~2.17)1.68(0.99~2.84)
混合饮酒1.20(0.80~1.78)1.17(0.69~1.96)1.09(0.69~1.72)1.24(0.80~1.93)
P交互0.4030.518
), ArticleFig(id=1311350036240368630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311350024504705941, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

饮酒行为与DM发病关系的亚组分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
饮酒行为年龄吸烟
<45岁≥45岁是否
每日饮酒量
不饮酒1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
轻度0.93(0.51~1.68)1.11(0.72~1.69)1.06(0.73~1.56)0.71(0.35~1.43)
中度1.46(1.07~2.00)a1.16(0.76~1.79)1.14(0.78~1.66)1.63(0.96~2.77)
重度1.71(1.10~2.66)a1.36(0.77~2.41)1.53(1.06~2.21)a1.44(0.97~2.14)
P趋势0.015 0.029 0.020 0.228
P交互0.0180.223
饮酒频率
不饮酒1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
<1次/周0.81(0.55~1.19)0.90(0.49~1.63)0.74(0.38~1.46)0.88(0.54~1.41)
1~7次/周1.57(1.06~2.32)a1.20(0.82~1.75)1.52(0.72~3.21)1.22(0.87~1.70)
>7次/周1.69(1.21~2.36)a1.56(1.02~2.39)a1.68(1.07~2.63)a1.56(1.06~2.30)a
P趋势0.036 0.011 0.028 0.036
P交互0.1250.034
饮酒种类
不饮酒1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
高度白酒1.84(1.12~3.03)a1.44(0.95~2.19)1.63(1.12~2.37)a1.34(0.86~2.09)
低度白酒0.98(0.39~2.51)1.31(0.72~2.36)0.93(0.50~1.70)1.91(0.81~4.49)
啤酒0.72(0.35~1.46)1.07(0.38~2.97)0.60(0.29~1.27)0.88(0.35~2.25)
米酒1.79(0.96~3.32)1.23(0.72~2.10)1.16(0.69~1.94)1.96(1.03~3.73)a
混合饮酒1.37(0.90~2.10)1.02(0.63~1.64)1.17(0.81~1.69)0.97(0.51~1.86)
P交互0.7360.521
饮酒行为BMI体力活动
<24(kg/m2)≥24(kg/m2)≤64
(MET-h/week)
>64
(MET-h/week)
每日饮酒量
不饮酒1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
轻度0.85(0.56~1.30)1.22(0.73~2.06)0.92(0.57~1.49)1.07(0.69~1.67)
中度1.47(0.94~2.30)1.33(0.80~2.22)1.23(0.79~1.92)1.49(0.77~2.89)
重度1.27(0.86~1.87)1.76(1.04~2.99)a1.65(1.08~2.53)a1.39(0.90~2.14)
P趋势0.146 0.025 0.012 0.131
P交互0.2030.031
饮酒频率
不饮酒1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
<1次/周0.81(0.49~1.32)0.98(0.52~1.83)0.81(0.47~1.39)0.89(0.51~1.54)
1~7次/周1.20(0.85~1.69)1.48(1.03~2.13)a1.36(0.92~2.00)1.30(0.89~1.90)
>7次/周1.40(0.93~2.11)1.72(1.07~2.76)a1.83(1.11~3.02)a1.34(0.85~2.13)
P趋势0.094 0.017 0.035 0.331
P交互0.4950.027
饮酒种类
不饮酒1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
高度白酒1.30(0.85~2.00)2.20(1.32~3.65)a2.14(1.36~3.36)a1.29(0.81~2.04)
低度白酒1.06(0.57~1.97)1.09(0.47~2.53)1.28(0.62~2.64)0.98(0.49~1.96)
啤酒0.54(0.25~1.18)1.06(0.45~2.53)0.81(0.38~1.73)0.56(0.22~1.41)
米酒1.35(0.85~2.16)1.42(0.62~3.26)1.12(0.58~2.17)1.68(0.99~2.84)
混合饮酒1.20(0.80~1.78)1.17(0.69~1.96)1.09(0.69~1.72)1.24(0.80~1.93)
P交互0.4030.518
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成年男性饮酒与糖尿病发病风险的前瞻性队列研究
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张骥 , 周婕 , 李凌 , 吴延莉 , 李雪娇 , 吉维 , 任豫晋 , 张琦 , 刘涛
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2026,53(12): 2243-2251
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现代预防医学 |健康与社会行为 2026 , 53 (12) : 2243 -2251
成年男性饮酒与糖尿病发病风险的前瞻性队列研究
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张骥, 周婕, 李凌, 吴延莉, 李雪娇, 吉维, 任豫晋, 张琦, 刘涛
作者信息
  • 贵州省疾病预防控制中心,贵州 贵阳 550004
通讯作者:
刘涛,E-mail:
作者简介:

张骥(1993—),男,硕士,副主任医师,研究方向:慢性病预防与控制

A prospective cohort study on the relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of diabetes mellitus incidence in adult males
Ji ZHANG, Jie ZHOU, Ling LI, Yan-li WU, Xue-jiao LI, Wei JI, Yu-jin REN, Qi ZHANG, Tao LIU
Affiliations
  • Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601023
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目的

探讨成年男性饮酒与糖尿病(DM)发病风险的关系。

方法

本研究使用贵州省自然人群队列研究数据,该队列于2010年11月至2012年12月建立,并于2016年4月至2020年10月对研究对象完成随访。根据基线饮酒行为将研究对象分组,采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析饮酒行为与DM发病风险的关联,计算其风险比(HR)及对应的95%置信区间(95%CI)。通过限制性立方样条法评估饮酒量与DM发病的剂量-反应关系,并针对不同特征人群进行亚组分析。

结果

本研究共纳入3 232名研究对象,中位随访时间为6.64年,随访期间共发生346例DM,发病率为15.03/千人年。与不饮酒相比,中度饮酒(aHR=1.40,95%CI=1.04~1.89)、重度饮酒(aHR=1.47,95%CI=1.09~2.00)、饮酒1~7次/周(aHR=1.33,95%CI=1.01~1.73)、饮酒>7次/周(aHR=1.57,95%CI=1.12~2.19)、饮用高度白酒(aHR=1.58,95%CI=1.15~2.17)均增加了DM发病风险。限制性立方样条分析表明饮酒量与DM呈现显著线性趋势,超过22.13 g/d的饮酒水平会导致DM风险的增加。亚组分析显示:重度饮酒、饮酒>7次/周、饮用高度白酒在年龄<45岁、吸烟、BMI≥24 kg/m2及低体力活动人群,与DM的发病风险显著相关。

结论

饮酒与DM发病密切相关,减少饮酒可作为预防DM的措施。

饮酒  /  糖尿病  /  队列研究
Objective

To explore the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) in adult males.

Methods

This study utilized data from the Guizhou Natural Population Cohort Study. The cohort was established between November 2010 and December 2012, and a follow-up survey was conducted on the baseline participants from April 2016 to October 2020. Participants were divided based on their baseline alcohol consumption including daily alcohol consumption, drinking frequency, and type of alcohol consumed. Cox proportional hazards regression model were employed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for evaluating the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of DM. Restricted cubic spline analysis was performed to characterize the dose-response relationship between daily alcohol consumption and the incidence of DM. Additionally,subgroup analysis was conducted for different baseline variables.

Results

A total of 3 232 participants were enrolled in this study, and 346 cases of DM were identified during a median follow-up period of 6.64 years. The incidence rate of DM in this study population was 15.03/1 000 person-years. Compared with non-drinking participant, those with moderate alcohol consumption(aHR=1.40, 95%CI=1.04-1.89), heavy alcohol consumption(aHR=1.47, 95%CI=1.09-2.00), drinking 1-7 times per week(aHR=1.33,95%CI=1.01-1.73), drinking >7 times per week(aHR=1.57, 95%CI=1.12-2.19), consuming high degree liquor (aHR=1.58, 95%CI=1.15-2.17) had a higher risk of incident DM. A linear relationship was observed between daily alcohol consumption and the risk of DM, with an increased risk of DM found at all levels of alcohol consumption exceeding 22.13g/d. Subgroup analysis revealed that heavy alcohol consumption, drinking >7 times per week, consumption of high degree liquor in individuals aged <45 years, smoking, BMI ≥24 kg/m2, and low physical activity were significantly associated with the risk of DM.

Conclusion

Alcohol consumption is closely associated with the incidence of DM. Hence, reducing alcohol consumption can be used as a measure for DM prevention.

Alcohol consumption  /  Diabetes mellitus  /  Cohort study
张骥, 周婕, 李凌, 吴延莉, 李雪娇, 吉维, 任豫晋, 张琦, 刘涛. 成年男性饮酒与糖尿病发病风险的前瞻性队列研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (12) : 2243 -2251 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601023
Ji ZHANG, Jie ZHOU, Ling LI, Yan-li WU, Xue-jiao LI, Wei JI, Yu-jin REN, Qi ZHANG, Tao LIU. A prospective cohort study on the relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of diabetes mellitus incidence in adult males[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (12) : 2243 -2251 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601023
国际糖尿病联盟(International Diabetes Federation, IDF)数据显示,2024年全球约有5.89亿20至79岁成年人确诊为糖尿病(Diabetes mellitus, DM),预计到2050年将增加至8.53亿,其中2型DM占所有病例的90%以上[1]。中国DM年龄标准化患病率在2005至2023年间增长近50%,从2005年的7.53%攀升至2023年的13.67%[2],疾病负担持续增加。探讨DM的发病风险因素,开展针对性干预,对降低其发病率和死亡率至关重要[3]。研究已证实,饮酒行为与冠心病、酒精性肝病和癌症等慢性疾病密切相关[4-5]。但饮酒与DM发病关系的相关研究结论仍存在争议[6-10]。有研究表明,适量饮酒可降低DM风险[6,9],也有研究显示适量饮酒与DM未发现明显关联[7],或显著增加患病风险[10],且饮酒量与DM发病风险呈现“J”型曲线关系[7],这些差异可能源于饮酒定义的不同,以及研究人群种族和性别构成的差异,研究表明,遗传因素会影响饮酒行为,且其作用在不同族群间不一致[11]。目前针对中国人群饮酒与DM关系的前瞻性队列研究相对较少。为此,本研究探讨贵州成年男性饮酒对DM发生风险的影响,为制定DM干预措施提供依据。
本研究使用的数据来源于贵州省自然人群队列,是一项于2010年11月至2012年12月开展的社区自然人群前瞻性队列研究。该研究将贵州省12个县(市、区)的48个乡镇(街道)作为调查点,在此招募9 280名≥18岁常住居民作为研究对象进行基线调查。所有研究对象均需满足以下条件:(1)在该地区居住6个月及以上,且无搬迁计划;(2)无明显意识障碍或智力缺陷,可以配合正常完成基线资料收集。研究从2016年4月至2020年10月持续随访,其中8 163例完成随访。在此基础上,本研究纳入4 442例男性研究对象,通过进一步排除失访(570例)、基线时确诊糖尿病(364例)或糖尿病患病信息不完整(14例)、随访时糖尿病数据缺失(8例)、基线时饮酒数据缺失(254例)的对象,最终纳入3 232例进行分析。贵州省疾控中心伦理委员会对本研究进行了伦理审核,并批准实施(审批号为:S2017-02)。所有研究对象均了解此次研究的目的及相关事项,并于研究开始前自愿签署知情同意文件。
基线资料通过问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检测获得。问卷调查由调查员使用结构化问卷面对面访谈,收集内容包括社会人口学特征(如年龄、性别、居住地、教育程度、家庭收入等)、生活行为方式(如吸烟、饮酒、静态时间、体力活动等)、慢性疾病史(糖尿病、高血压)、药物治疗史等。体格检查由经过正规培训,考核合格的专业医务人员使用标准仪器按标准流程完成。测量身高、体重时,研究对象需去除鞋帽和外衣,女性还要解开发辫(发髻),以立正姿势站立,结果分别精确至0.1 cm和0.1 kg。测量腰围(Waist circumference,WC)时,以研究对象最低肋缘和髂前上嵴连线的中点为测量标记点,软尺以此沿水平方向绕腹部一周读数,结果精确至0.1 cm。研究对象安静休息后,在静坐状态下使用电子血压计测量右上臂血压(Blood pressure, BP)和静息心率(Resting heart rate , RHR),其中收缩压(Systolic blood pressure, SBP)、舒张压(Diastolic blood pressure, DBP)分别测量3次,每次间隔1 min,计算3次的平均值,若3次测量值相差较大(>10 mm Hg),则以2次相近读数的平均值作为最终血压值。在清晨现场采集研究对象的肘静脉血,采血前禁食至少8 h,血样送至贵州省疾控中心实验室完成检测,同时在现场对研究对象进行2小时口服糖耐量试验(2-hour oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT-2 h)。实验室检测主要检测空腹血糖(Fasting blood glucose, FBG)、OGTT-2 h、糖化血红蛋白(Glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c)、甘油三酯(Triglycerides, TG)、总胆固醇(Total cholesterol, TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholestero, HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)等指标。
通过问卷调查获取研究对象的饮酒信息。问卷可用于区分不饮酒者与饮酒者,以及饮酒种类(高度白酒,酒精含量≥42%;低度白酒,酒精含量<42%;啤酒;米酒;葡萄酒;黄酒;青稞酒等)、饮酒频率(每日、每周、每月、每年)、每次饮酒量。对于饮酒者,每日饮酒量根据饮酒频率、每次饮酒量及酒精含量计算得到,并以纯酒精克数表示。本研究根据基线是否饮酒及每日饮酒量的三分位数分布,将研究对象分为4个组:不饮酒、轻度饮酒(<5.70 g/d)、中度饮酒(≥5.70至<21.60 g/d)和重度饮酒(≥21.60 g/d)。
(1)DM的诊断标准:(a)FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L,(b)2h-OGTT ≥11.1 mmol/L,(c)HbA1c ≥6.5%,(d)自我报告在二级或以上医疗机构诊断为糖尿病,或目前服用抗DM药物[12]。(2)体重指数(Body mass index, BMI)=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2。(3)吸烟:研究对象接受调查时有吸烟行为,且累积吸烟量 ≥100支。(4)静态时间:通常1天内,研究对象安静坐着、靠着或躺着(不含睡眠)的累计时间。(5)体力活动:根据研究对象进行的体力活动类型及其相应时长换算成代谢当量(MET-h/week)。(6)每日蔬菜水果摄入不足[13]:蔬菜水果合计摄入量<400 g/d。(7)食盐和油摄入过量:食盐摄入量 >5 g/d,食用油摄入量 >25 g/d[14]。(8)随访人年:从基线调查日期起至发生DM、死亡或开展随访的日期计算,以上述事件中最先出现的时间为准。
使用R 3.6.2和SPSS 31.0软件进行统计分析。连续型变量符合正态分布以表示,组间比较采用F检验,不符合正态分布以M(P25,P75)表示,组间比较采用非参数检验。分类变量以频数(n)和构成比(%)表示,通过χ2检验比较基线特征组间差异。通过Cox比例风险模型分析饮酒行为与DM发病的关系,计算其风险比(Hazard ratio, HR)及95%可信区间(95% confidence interval, 95%CI)。利用限制性立方样条法评估饮酒量与DM的剂量-反应关系。针对不同人群进行亚组分析,分析不同特征人群中饮酒行为与DM的关系。敏感性分析用于验证结果的稳定性。所有检验均采为双侧检验,检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共纳入3 232例研究对象,基线平均年龄为(43.09±15.16)岁,基线BMI和FPG的平均值分别为(22.65±3.24)kg/m2和(5.07±0.76) mmol/L。随访未发生DM人群与随访发生DM人群的平均年龄、居住地、受教育程度、BMI、WC、TG、RHR、日均饮酒量、饮酒频率、饮酒种类差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
本队列累计随访23 027.66人年,中位随访时间为6.64年,在随访期间共发生346例DM,其发病密度为15.03/千人年。不饮酒、轻度、中度、重度饮酒的DM发病密度分别为13.59/千人年、12.43/千人年、19.06/千人年、17.94/千人年。见表2。
调整相关因素后,随着饮酒量增加,DM风险呈现上升趋势(P趋势=0.019)。与不饮酒人群比较,中度饮酒(aHR=1.40,95%CI=1.04~1.89)、重度饮酒(aHR=1.47,95%CI=1.09~2.00)均增加了DM发病风险。饮酒频率<1次/周、1~7次/周、>7次/周的DM发病密度分别为11.22/千人年、17.35/千人年、20.25/千人年,调整相关因素后,随着饮酒频率增加,DM风险呈现上升趋势(P趋势=0.004)。与不饮酒人群比较,饮酒1~7次/周(aHR=1.33,95%CI=1.01~1.73)、>7次/周(aHR=1.57,95%CI=1.12~2.19)均增加了DM发病风险。在不同饮酒类型中,与不饮酒相比,仅饮用高度白酒(aHR=1.58,95%CI=1.15~2.17)增加了DM发病风险。表2。限制性立方样条分析结果表明,每日饮酒量与DM风险的关联整体呈线性增加趋势(P非线性=0.277),超过22.13 g/d的饮酒水平会显著增加DM的发病风险。图1。
亚组分析探讨了不同年龄、吸烟状况、BMI和体力活动人群饮酒行为与DM的关系,结果如表3所示。在不同特征人群中,就饮酒量与DM发病风险的关系而言,中度饮酒量仅增加<45岁(aHR=1.46,95%CI=1.07~2.00)人群的DM发病风险,重度饮酒增加<45岁(aHR=1.71,95%CI=1.10~2.66)、吸烟(aHR=1.53,95%CI=1.06~2.21)、BMI≥24 kg/m2(aHR=1.76,95%CI=1.04~2.99)及体力活动<64MET-h/week(aHR=1.65,95%CI=1.08~2.53)人群的DM发病风险。就饮酒频率与DM发病风险的关系而言,1~7次/周的饮酒频率增加<45岁(aHR=1.57,95%CI=1.06~2.32)、BMI≥24 kg/m2(aHR=1.48,95%CI=1.03~2.13)人群的DM发病风险,>7次/周的饮酒频率增加除BMI<24 kg/m2、体力活动<64MET-h/week外,其他所有人群的DM发病风险。就不同饮酒类型与DM发病风险的关系而言,高度白酒增加<45岁(aHR=1.84,95%CI=1.12~3.03)、吸烟(aHR=1.63,95%CI=1.12~2.37)、BMI≥24 kg/m2(aHR=2.20,95%CI=1.32~3.65)、体力活动<64MET-h/week(aHR=2.14,95%CI=1.36~3.36)人群的DM发病风险。
为验证结果稳健性,本研究通过(1)删除随访时间<2年的研究对象;(2)将BMI调整为分类变量,进行敏感性分析。结果显示,与本研究的主要分析结果相比,敏感性分析的结果与其基本保持一致,未见明显变化。见图2。
本研究基于前瞻性队列,探讨了贵州成年人群饮酒与DM发病风险的关系。结果表明,中度至重度饮酒量对DM风险的有害影响显著,而轻度饮酒量并不能降低DM的风险,就饮酒频率而言,1~7次/周和>7次/周均增加了DM发病风险,在所有饮酒种类中,高度白酒增加了DM的发病风险。值得注意的是,重度饮酒、饮酒频率>7次/周、饮用高度白酒与DM风险之间的关联在年龄小于45岁、吸烟、BMI≥24 kg/m2以及体力活动较少的人群中更为明显。这些发现表明,减少饮酒行为可能是预防和控制DM发生发展的重要干预措施。
以往大多数流行病学研究表明,中度饮酒对预防DM具有保护作用[6,15]。然而另一项研究指出,中度饮酒的潜在益处可能仅在女性和非亚裔人群中显现,而在亚裔男性中未观察到显著关联[16],后续针对中国男性的研究也得出了类似结论[9]。此外,孟德尔随机化研究表明中度饮酒可能对DM无保护作用[17]。这可能是因为男女间生物通路存在差异,研究表明适量饮酒可能降低女性空腹胰岛素和HbA1c水平,但对男性没有这样的效果[18]。本研究发现中度饮酒与DM风险升高相关,与前述研究结果不一致。因现存证据有限,中度饮酒导致DM的机制仍需深入研究。本研究还发现,长期重度饮酒与DM发病风险呈正相关。这一结论得到了亚洲人群前瞻性队列研究的Meta分析[7],以及中国男性[19-20]和日本男性[21-22]等群体研究结果的支持。重度饮酒与DM之间的关联可能涉及多种生物学机制,一方面,过量饮酒通过增加热量摄入和促进肥胖,破坏碳水化合物及葡萄糖代谢,进而导致DM发生[23];另一方面,过量乙醇摄入会干扰胰岛β细胞信号通路,同时损害葡萄糖代谢功能,最终抑制胰岛素分泌[24]。在剂量-反应分析中,本研究发现酒精摄入量与DM发病率之间存在线性关系,与一项孟德尔随机化研究结果一致[25],未发现以往研究中常见的“J”型或“U”型曲线,可能与研究对象的饮酒种类不同有关。尤其是男性酒精摄入量超过22.13 g/d和DM风险升高相关,与另一项中国男性人群的研究结果相似[19],但本研究的饮酒量阈值显著低于以往Meta分析报告的结果[7],该研究指出,酒精摄入量低于57 g/d与DM风险无关,超过57 g/d的酒精摄入量则增加亚洲男性DM风险,鉴于前述Meta主要纳入了日本和韩国的研究,我们的结果进一步证实了低酒精摄入对中国成年人群高血糖症的潜在不良影响。
饮酒频率与DM发病风险之间的关联在以往尚未得到充分研究。Li等通过综合分析三个美国人群的前瞻性队列研究发现与1~2次/周相比,>5次/周的饮酒频率减少了20~30%的DM发病风险[26]。丹麦人群的研究发现与每周饮酒<1天相比,每周饮酒3~4天与男性糖尿病发病风险降低相关(HR=0.73,95%CI:0.59~0.94)[27],日本的研究也呈现相似结果[28]。研究认为频繁饮酒的有益效应可能与短时间内饮酒相关的C肽和脂联素水平较低有关[29]。本研究发现,与不饮酒相比,每周饮酒1~7次和>7次,DM的发病风险分别增加了33%和57%,关联强度大于此前中国男性人群队列的报道[19]。此次研究结果与上述国外研究不一致,可能与研究人群的乙醇代谢遗传多态性有关[7],但其潜在生物学机制需要更多后续研究加以验证。以往Meta分析显示不同饮酒类型对糖尿病风险的影响存在差异,相较于饮用啤酒或烈酒,葡萄酒对降低糖尿病风险的效果更显著[30]。本研究发现饮用高度白酒增加了DM风险,但未观察到葡萄酒的保护作用,推测与本研究人群饮用葡萄酒的比例较低,无法观察到显著效果有关。此外,既往研究已揭示年龄[31]、吸烟[32]、BMI[33]和体力活动[34]是影响DM发病的重要因素。本研究基于上述因素进行了亚组分析,结果显示在不同年龄组,饮酒频率越高,罹患DM的风险均越大,但仅在<45岁人群发现中、重度饮酒与高度白酒可增加DM的发病风险。这提示饮酒行为对不同年龄段的生理效应可能存在差异,但减少饮酒频率和饮酒量是必要的,尤其是年轻人群。此外,当体重指数≥24 kg/m2、吸烟或缺乏运动的人群同时存在重度饮酒、较高饮酒频率或饮用高度白酒时,其DM风险会显著增加。因此,针对这些亚组人群实施控酒措施至关重要,这将有助于降低DM的发病。
本研究具有前瞻性队列设计、随访周期长且应答率较高、收集研究对象信息丰富等优点。但本研究也存在以下局限:首先,当前仅分析基线饮酒状况,未考虑随访期间研究对象饮酒习惯的变化;其次,饮酒量基于研究对象的自述估算,可能存在故意少报饮酒量的情况,尤其在重度饮酒者中。因此,重度饮酒与新发DM的关联强度可能被低估。第三,虽然调整了部分潜在混杂因素,但由于存在大量缺失数据如糖尿病家族史和抗糖尿病药物使用,许多因素未纳入模型进行调整,可能导致残余混杂。最后,因本研究仅在贵州省自然人群开展,研究结果可能不适用于其他地区。综上所述,饮酒与DM发病密切相关,减少饮酒可作为预防DM的干预措施。
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑〔2018〕2819)
  • 贵州省卫生健康委省级重点建设学科项目
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202601023
  • 接收时间:2026-01-04
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-04
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贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑〔2018〕2819)
贵州省卫生健康委省级重点建设学科项目
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    贵州省疾病预防控制中心,贵州 贵阳 550004

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